Pigeon scabiosis

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Pigeon scabiosis
Pigeon Scabiosis (Scabiosa columbaria)

Pigeon Scabiosis ( Scabiosa columbaria )

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Cardigans (Dipsacales)
Family : Honeysuckle Family (Caprifoliaceae)
Subfamily : Cardaceae (Dipsacoideae)
Genre : Marsh ( Scabiosa )
Type : Pigeon scabiosis
Scientific name
Scabiosa columbaria
L.

The Dove Skabiose ( Scabiosa columbaria ), also Dove scabious called, is a plant from the genus of the Marsh ( Scabiosa ) within the family of the Caprifoliaceae (Caprifoliaceae).

description

Illustration from storm
Stems and leaves
Globular infructescence

Vegetative characteristics

The pigeon scabiosa grows as a deciduous, perennial , herbaceous plant that reaches heights of between 20 and 80 centimeters. The stem is mostly multi-branched. The vegetative reproduction takes place through root shoots.

The constantly against arranged on the stem leaves are on the edge and on the leaf veins hairy, but otherwise bare, at most with each scattered hair. The leaf color is dull green. The lower leaves are usually undivided, egg-shaped and only notched at the edge. The upper leaves are pinnate one to two, with linear-lanceolate sections that are 1 to 3 mm wide.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from late June to October. The head-shaped inflorescences have a diameter of 15 to 35 millimeters. The bracts are narrow-lanceolate and shorter to slightly longer than the actual flower . They form an outer cup 1 to 2 millimeters long. Many flowers stand together in the inflorescence. At the bottom of the head there are husk-like chaff leaves. The calyx has 3 to 5 millimeters long, round bristles. They are dark brown to black and slightly keeled on the inside. The keels have a 0.1 to 0.2 millimeter wide base. The bluish-purple to purple crown is five-lobed.

The fruit stands are spherical. The fruit is enclosed by a membranous, elongated outer calyx and provided with five long, black, hygroscopic calyx bristles. The lonely and achena-like fruit is 2.5 to 3 millimeters long.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 16.

Inflorescences with rams

ecology

The pigeon scabiosis is a hemicryptophyte and a half-rosette plant. This deep-rooting plant reaches depths of up to 1.5 meters. The vegetative reproduction takes place through root shoots.

From an ecological point of view, these are "head flowers " with hidden nectar . Instead of the individual flowers, there are compressed partial inflorescences (cymes) in the basket. The flowers are pre-male. In addition to plants with hermaphrodite flowers, there are also purely female plants. The flowers are self-sterile . Various insects can be used as pollinators , e.g. B. bees and butterflies , typically about the checkerboard butterfly Melanargia galathea , especially rams .

The fruits are achenes, which are enclosed by a membranous, elongated outer calyx, which forms a hem that serves as a parachute at the upper end, and is equipped with five long, black, hygroscopic calyx bristles. The fruit ripening begins in August. During the ripening period, the individual fruits are lifted up by the pressure of the chaff leaves and are therefore able to fly: little umbrella flyers (in strong winds). In addition, hook-and-loop fasteners, more adhesive when wet and, because of the hygroscopic calyx bristles, also creeps on the floor. Spread by ants also occurs. The seeds are long-lived.

distribution

The pigeon scabiosis is a flora element of the submeridional to subatlantic zone. It is found in almost all of Europe , but is absent in the Atlantic area and in the far north. The northern border of the range lies in southern Scotland and southern Scandinavia and then continues to Estonia. The southern border extends from northern Spain through southern Italy to the northeastern Balkans. Disjoint occurrences can be found in the Crimea and in the Caucasus region. Although it is often claimed that the species does not occur in West and South Africa, closely related species are native here. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises to an altitude of around 1000 meters.

The pigeon scabiosa thrives best on moderately nutrient-rich, moderately dry, mostly calcareous soils . But they can also be found on moderately acidic, humus-rich, loose, medium to deep clay soils .

The pigeon scabiosis is a brometalia order character , it is found mainly in stocks of the mesobromion , but also thrives in the xerobromion . She flees from fertilized areas and loves sunny, limestone grasslands and poor moor meadows. It is a deep-rooted light plant.

The Pigeon Skabiose likes to grow along with the upright brome ( Bromus erectus ), with Meadow Sage ( Salvia pratensis ) seed sainfoin ( Onobrychis viciifolia ), bulbous buttercup ( Ranunculus bulbosus ) and the ordinary horseshoe vetch ( Hippocrepis comosa ).

Systematics

The pigeon scabiosis ( Scabiosa columbaria ) has other subspecies in addition to the nominotypical taxon :

  • Scabiosa columbaria L. subsp. columbaria (Syn .: Scabiosa columnae Ten. , Scabiosa communis Rouy , Scabiosa ceratophylla Ten. , Scabiosa affinis Gren. & Godr. , Scabiosa dubia Velen. non Moench )
  • Scabiosa columbaria subsp. balcanica (Velen.) Kokkini : It occurs in Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece.
  • Scabiosa columbaria subsp. banatica (Waldst. & Kit.) Diklić
  • Meadow scabiosis ( Scabiosa columbaria subsp. Pratensis (Jord.) Braun-Blanq. ): From France and Belgium, it barely reaches western Germany, e.g. B. in the Moselle valley. Before the first mowing, it blooms in late May and early June. Even the basal leaves are usually very pinnate. The stem leaves do not decrease in size towards the top and are fairly evenly distributed over the stem.
  • Scabiosa columbaria subsp. pseudobanatica (Schur) Jáv. & Csapody (Syn .: Scabiosa pseudobanatica (Schur) Jáv. ): It is native to the eastern and central Carpathians.
  • Scabiosa columbaria subsp. tomentosa (Cav.) Font Quer : It occurs in Spain.

It is no longer expected here:

  • Scabiosa columbaria subsp. portae (A.Kern. ex Huter) Hayek ( Scabiosa portae A.Kern. ex Huter ): It is native to Italy and the northwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula. => Scabiosa taygetea subsp. portae (A.Kern. ex Huter) Kokkini

Pigeon scabiosis and man

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In Germany, pigeon scabiosis is not endangered overall, but is listed as endangered on the Red List of Endangered Species in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Brandenburg and even as endangered in Schleswig-Holstein and Saxony.

The 'Pink Mist' variety

In Germany the pigeon scabiosis is an archaeophyte . The first archaeological find dates from the 1st to 3rd centuries and was found near Rottweil . This species was first recorded in a herbarium by Hieronymus Harder in 1562 near Geislingen an der Steige .

In 2000 the Pigeon Scabiosis was named Perennial Plant of the Year by the Perennial Plant Association . Varieties are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.

Pigeon scabiosis, often just called scabiosis , was previously used as a remedy for skin rashes ( scabies : medical = scabies, botanical = roughness).

literature

  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • Oskar Sebald: Guide through nature. Wild plants of Central Europe . ADAC Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-87003-352-5 .
  • Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi, Arno Wörz (eds.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 6 : Special part (Spermatophyta, subclass Asteridae): Valerianaceae to Asteraceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8001-3343-1 , p. 53-54 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species . 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 .
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Bruno P. Kremer et al. a .: wildflowers. Recognize & determine. Edited by Gunter Steinbach . Mosaik, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-576-11456-4 ; 2nd, revised edition 2010 ibid. ISBN 978-3-8001-5933-8 .

Web links

Commons : Pigeon Scabiosa ( Scabiosa columbaria )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 888 .
  2. ^ Pigeon scabiosis . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  3. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 544.
  4. ↑ a b c d G. Domina (2017): Dipsacaceae. : Datasheet Scabiosa columbaria , In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  5. ↑ 2000 Perennial Plant of the Year - 'Butterfly Blue' (English)