Pond rushes
| Pond rushes | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Common pond rush ( Schoenoplectus lacustris , right), illustration |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Schoenoplectus | ||||||||||||
| ( Rchb. ) Palla |
Pond rushes ( Schoenoplectus ), also pond rushes , lake rushes or plaited rushes , are a species of the sour grass family that is widespread worldwide . Occasionally they were included in the genus Scirpus . The name Schoenoplectus is derived from the Greek schoinos = rush and plektos = woven.
features
Pond rushes reach heights of over 250 (400) centimeters. The stem is round below, either oval or triangular and leafless above. At the top it has an apparently lateral spiral of brown spikelets - a bract appears like a "continuation" of the stem. The color of the stem varies between fresh green and gray-green.
Occurrence
Pond rushes usually grow in damp places, especially on the banks of bodies of water. The common pond rush, for example, in ideally zoned lakes, forms its own plant community (Scirpetum lacustris) in the form of reeds , which on the lake side, i.e. in already quite deep water, are connected to reeds . In some bodies of water, dominant populations are also developed without other large reeds and areas. Several Schoenoplectus species are salt-tolerant and accordingly colonize salty waters near the coast or at inland salt points . With the exception of Schoenoplectus lacustris , the Central European species mentioned are scattered to very rare and are on the red list . The species S. litoralis is a very widespread marsh plant that inhabits the entire Palaeotropis , the Australis and the Mediterranean-Oriental region and has been a locally naturalized neophyte in Germany in the Palatinate in a gravel pit east of Jockgrim since around 1985 .
Economic use
In the Neolithic Age, people wove mats and baskets from rushes, as they do today. Pond rushes are also used in biological sewage treatment plants.
species
A total of about 30 species belong to the genus.
The following species and hybrids occur in Central Europe :
- Common pond rush , Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla
- Beach rush , Schoenoplectus litoralis (Schrad.) Palla : It occurs in two subspecies from temperate Eurasia to Africa.
- Small triangular pond rush , Schoenoplectus pungens (Vahl) Palla : It occurs in three subspecies in Europe, from eastern Canada to Mexico, on Hispaniola, from Peru to Argentina and from Australia to New Zealand.
- Salt pond rush , Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (CC Gmel.) Palla
- Triangular pond rush , Schoenoplectus triqueter (L.) Palla
Hybrids in Central Europe:
-
Keeled pond rush , Schoenoplectus × carinatus (Sm.) Palla = Schoenoplectus lacustris × Schoenoplectus triqueter . With two subspecies:
- Schoenoplectus × carinatus nothosubsp. carinatus (Syn .: Scirpus × kalmusii Asch., Abrom. & Graebn. , Schoenoplectus × kalmussii (Asch., Abrom. & Graebn.) Palla ) = Schoenoplectus lacustris × Schoenoplectus triqueter : It occurs in Europe.
- Schoenoplectus × carinatus nothosubsp. triquetriformis (VIKrecz.) Govaerts = Schoenoplectus lacustris subsp. hippolyti × Schoenoplectus triqueter : It occurs from Central Asia to the western Himalayas.
- Keeled salt pond rush , Schoenoplectus × kuekenthalianus (young) DH Kent = Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani × Schoenoplectus triqueter : It occurs in Europe and from eastern Canada to the northern USA.
The other species of the genus are:
- Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. Ex Bigelow) Á.Löve & D.Löve : The home is Alaska, Canada and the USA. With two varieties.
- Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Folk species : Home is North, Central and South America, the islands of the Caribbean and New Zealand.
- Schoenoplectus annamicus (Raymond) T.Koyama : The home is Vietnam.
- Totora reed ( Schoenoplectus californicus (CAMey.) Soják ): The home is the USA, Central America, Ecuador to Argentina and Easter Island .
- Schoenoplectus corymbosus (Roth ex Roem. & Schult.) J.Raynal : The home is Africa to India and southwestern Spain.
- Schoenoplectus decipiens (Nees) J.Raynal : The home is southern Africa.
- Schoenoplectus deltarum (Schuyler) Soják : The home is the central and eastern USA.
- Schoenoplectus ehrenbergii (Boeckeler) Soják : The range extends from European Russia to northern China.
- Schoenoplectus etuberculatus (Steud.) Soják : The range extends from Rhode Island to Texas.
- Schoenoplectus halophilus Papch. & Laktionov : The home of the species, which was only newly described in 2012, is southern European Russia.
- Schoenoplectus heptangularis Cabezas & Jim.Mejías : The home of the species, which was only newly described in 2009, is Bioko in the Gulf of Guinea.
- Schoenoplectus heterochaetus (Chase) Soják : The home is Canada and the northern USA.
- Schoenoplectus monocephalus (JQHe) S.Yun Liang & SRZhang : The home is Anhui in China.
- Schoenoplectus muricinux (CBClarke) J. Raynal (Syn .: Schoenoplectus confusus (NEBr.) Lye , Schoenoplectus muriculatus (Kük.) Browning ): The homeland ranges from Eritrea to southern Africa.
- Schoenoplectus nipponicus (Makino) Soják : The home is Japan, Jeju-do and the Far Eastern Russia to northwest China.
- Schoenoplectus paludicola (Kunth) Palla : The home is southern Africa.
- Schoenoplectus pulchellus (Kunth) J.Raynal : The home is southern Africa.
- Schoenoplectus rhodesicus (Podlech) Lye : The home is the southwestern Tanzania to Zimbabwe.
- Schoenoplectus scirpoides (Schrad.) Browning : The range extends from Ethiopia to southern Africa.
- Schoenoplectus subterminalis (Torr.) Soják : The range extends from Alaska to the USA.
- Schoenoplectus subulatus (Vahl) Lye : The range extends from Africa to the islands in the Pacific.
- Schoenoplectus torreyi (Olney) Palla : The home is Canada and the USA.
There are also other hybrids:
- Schoenoplectus × contortus (Eames) SGSm. => Schoenoplectus americanus × Schoenoplectus pungens : It occurs in the USA.
- Schoenoplectus × oblongus (T.Koyama) Soják => Schoenoplectus acutus × Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani : It occurs from eastern Canada to the USA.
- Schoenoplectus × steinmetzii (Fernald) SGSm. => Schoenoplectus heterochaetus × Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani : It occurs in the north-central and northeastern USA.
The following are no longer included in this category:
- Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla (Syn .: Scirpus juncoides Roxb. ) => Schoenoplectiella juncoides (Roxb.) Lye , home: tropical and subtropical Asia, North America, Australia, is naturalized in rice fields in Portugal.
- Spiky pond rush ( Schoenoplectus mucronatus (L.) Palla ) => Schoenoplectiella mucronata (L.) J. Jung & HKChoi
- Low pond rush ( Schoenoplectus supinus (L.) Palla ) => Schoenoplectiella supina (L.) Lye
literature
- Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
- Elfrune Wendelberger: Plants of the wetlands - bodies of water, moors, floodplains . Book guild Gutenberg, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-7632-3265-6 (or BLV-Verlag, ISBN 3-405-12967-2 )
- Robert Anthony DeFilipps: Scirpus L. In: Thomas Gaskell Tutin u. a .: Flora Europaea . Volume 5, pages 277-280. Cambridge University Press 1980. ISBN 0-521-20108-X
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Schoenoplectus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 20, 2018.
