Roadheading machine

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Roadheading machine general view
Successor to the first TSM, recognizable by the chassis.

A roadheading machine ( TSM ) is a driving machine for tunneling and mining . Due to their design, roadheading machines belong to the peripheral milling machines. Since today's partial headers work with cutting heads, these machines are also called cutting head machines. Road cross-sections of any shape can be created with roadheaders.

history

The first roadheading machine was used in Eastern Europe in the mid-1960s. This machine consisted of a base frame with the crawler track of a work tank. A cantilever arm was attached to the base frame, and milling heads were mounted on the upper end. The boom had three-axis mobility. These machines were also used for testing in Western European mines. At the beginning of the 1970s, Western Europe began to develop its own machines. First, the machines from Eastern Europe were copied and improved under license, later our own machines were constructed. The roadheaders were developed parallel to the full headers .

construction

Principle of the roadheading machine

The roadheading machine consists of a base frame (machine chassis) in which the machine's hydraulics are located. A boom is mounted on the front part of the machine. The boom can be pivoted both horizontally and vertically. The cutting head is located at the upper end of the boom. The cutting head is equipped with several cutting bits. The TSM is equipped with two crawler tracks for locomotion . Some TSM types have walking gears instead of crawler tracks for locomotion . The operator usually sits on the machine like an excavator, but in the case of small machines or with small cross-sections, the operator station can also be located behind or next to the machine. A loading table, which is equipped with a corresponding loading device, is located on the front of the base frame in the sole area for removing the bulk material . A scraper chain conveyor is integrated in the middle of the machine chassis or on the side to remove the debris . This scraper chain conveyor is dimensioned so large that larger rocks can also be conveyed away. The entire conveyor is usually height-adjustable and pivotable. Thus, at brächigem slope ends immediately after the cutting operation a first fuse in the form of anchors can be introduced or Gebirgsverfestigern, Roadheaders be fitted if required with a drilling device. In the case of larger roadheaders, the machine's energy supply is integrated in a trailing train. The dedusting system and all other operating resources such as the weather conditioning are also located in this trailer train.

Machine types

TSM cutting heads

Sectional headers are divided into axial and radial cutting types. Axial cutting machine tools have a cross cutting head. With these machines the cutting head axis is perpendicular to the boom. Due to the design of this machine, the reaction forces act in the direction of the cutting arm. For this reason, axially cutting machine types have a relatively low weight. Radial cutting headers have a longitudinal cutting head. In these machines, the cutting roller rotates in the extension of the cutting arm. For this reason, the reaction forces act perpendicular to the cutting arm. Due to the long lever arm, the weight of the cutting head affects the required weight of the machine. Machines with a radial cutting head are very heavy. The weight of the machine must be so high that it can counteract the tilting moment when swiveling the cutting head.

Sizes

Roadheading machines with different drive powers for the cutter head and different total weights are built according to the respective requirements . There are currently machines with drive powers from 20 kilowatts to 400 kilowatts and total weights from 8 tons to 140 tons. Depending on the drive power and total weight, the machines are categorized from light to extra heavy or overweight.

Size categories of today's roadheaders
(based on Lammer & Gehring, 1998)
Weight class Weight range
(tons) 		Cutting head power
(kilowatts) 		Cross-section (m²)
normal cutting area 		Cross-section (m²)
extended cutting area
light 08-40 050-170 ~ 25 ~ 40
medium 40-70 160-230 ~ 30 ~ 60
heavy 70-110 250-300 ~ 40 ~ 70
extra heavy > 100 350-400 ~ 45 ~ 80

Source:

Working method

The working face to edit, roadheader with the crawler tracks to the working face is driven to and the cutting head is set in motion. Then the face of the tunnel or the route is milled off piece by piece with the cutting head. In order to be able to work the face optimally, a so-called break in the face must first be created. After the collapse has been created, the entire face can then be milled off. The material is cut out in fine pieces by the cutting head. The material or rock removed by the milling head equipped with hard metal chisels is picked up with a loading shovel and pushed by several loading arms or rotating loading disks to a chain scraper conveyor running through the middle of the roadheading machine. At the end of this conveyor belt, the rock is then thrown onto a conveyor belt via a boom , which must be tracked as the road progresses .

Force input into the rock

With the roadheader, the force is applied to the rock in two ways. On the one hand by the rotational movement of the cutting head, on the other hand by the pressure on the rock. The pushing force causing the pressure on the rock is provided by the crawler tracks. The machines cannot be braced with the rock, for this reason the restoring forces are absorbed during the cutting process by the machine mass. So that the machine can introduce a sufficiently high force into the rock, it must have a high mass. The greater the weight of the machine, the more solid rock types can be cut with the machine.

Dust control

When the rock is milled, a lot of dust is generated, which must be fought with suitable means. There are two ways of doing this, dust extraction and sprinkling with additional ventilation. With dust extraction, the dust is extracted concentrated at the point of origin and directed to a dust extraction system. There are two options for suction, suction via a pilot tunnel running ahead or suction via suction pipes. The suction pipes are mounted on the left and right of the machine. Flexible ducts are attached to the suction pipes , through which the dust is then guided to the dust extraction system. When sprinkling, the dust is moistened by sprayed water and thereby partially bound. The water is sprayed under high water pressure through special inner nozzles that are integrated in the cutting head. The water pressure can be regulated within limits. This is necessary in order to adjust the required amount of water to the conditions on site. At the same time, the water cools the cutting tools and reduces the formation of sparks during the cutting process. In addition, the remaining dust is extracted and sent to the dedusting system.

Applicability and limits

Roadheaders can be used to drive into medium-strength rock. Sectional headers are particularly suitable for layered and fractured rock. You can drive different route profiles with a roadheader. The limits of application of the roadheading machine are primarily in the compressive strength of the rock. However, these limits are not fixed, but are influenced by many factors such as grain bonding, tensile strength, toughness, interfaces and rock classification. Essential factors are the stability of the cutting tools as well as the drive power and the total weight of the machine. Another limit for the usability of roadheaders is the cross-section of the road. If the cross-section of the route is too small, roadheading machines cannot be used, as such small machines cannot provide the required cutting performance.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Walter Bischoff, Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h Eric Drüppel: Development of a concept for the cutting extraction in rock salt. Dissertation 2010, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 12th edition, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-86797-076-1
  4. ^ A b c d e f g Heinrich Otto Buja: Engineering handbook mining technology, deposits and extraction technology. 1st edition, Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin-Vienna-Zurich, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-410-22618-5
  5. ^ Heading machines. Retrieved on August 17, 2011 (English, homepage of the Jasinowatskier machine factory, where the first TSM was built.).
  6. ^ "Horst Roschlau, Wolfram Heinze: Bergmaschinentechnik. 1st edition, Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig 1976, pp. 201-206
  7. ↑ a b c d Wirtschaftsvereinigung Bergbau eV: The mining manual. 5th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen, 1994, ISBN 3-7739-0567-X
  8. ↑ a b Heinz M. Hiersig (Ed.): VDI-Lexikon Maschinenbau. VDI-Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf 1995, ISBN 978-3-540-62133-1
  9. ↑ Maxim Vorona: Optimization of the cutting process and prognosis of the relevant work parameters for rock destruction, taking into account the bit wear. Dissertation 2012, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg
  10. ↑ a b c d e Gerhard Girmscheid: Construction operation and construction methods in tunnel construction. Ernst & Sohn Verlag for Architecture and Technical Sciences GmbH and Co.KG., Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-433-01852-1
  11. ↑ Harald Korfmann: Roadheading machine experience in combination technology. In: Thyssen Schachtbau GmbH. (Ed.): Report, company magazine for the companies of the Thyssen Schachtbau Group. Printing Color-Offset-Wält GmbH & Co. KG (Dortmund), Mülheim an der Ruhr 2001, pp. 4-6
  12. ↑ a b c d Friedrich Brune: Experiences with the use of a roadheading machine in Tübingen. In: Deilmann-Haniel GmbH. (Ed.): Our company, company magazine for the companies of the Deilmann-Haniel Group. No. 14, printed by A. Heilendorn (Bentheim), Dortmund September 1974, pp. 24-28
  13. ↑ a b c d e f Kurosch Thuro: Geological-rock-mechanical fundamentals of the rock solution in tunnel construction. Habilitation thesis 2002, ETH Zurich, ISSN  1430-5674
  14. ↑ a b c d e Klaus Eichler: Rock and tunnel construction. Expert Verlag, Renningen-Malmsheim 2000, ISBN 3-8169-1741-0
  15. ↑ a b c d Dimitrios Kolymbas: Geotechnical tunnel construction and tunnel mechanics . Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York 1998, ISBN 3-540-62805-3
  16. ↑ Karlheinz Wennmohs: Process competition: partial headers / drilling jumbo. In BTM-1983 issue 3

Web links

Commons : Roadheaders  - collection of images, videos, and audio files