Tsewangrabtan

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Tsewangrabtan ( Tib . : jun gar tshe dbang rab brtan or Erdeni Suruqtu Ba'atur Qungtayiji , other spelling: Tshewang Rabten; * 1643; † December 1727) was Khan of the Djungarian Khanate from 1697 . He ruled on the Ili River and in Gulja , while his cousin (or brother) Tsereng Dondub was the ruler of Imil and Lake Zaisan .

history

Tsewangrabtan was the son of Khungtaidschi Sengge and grandson of Khungtaidschi Batur . He turned against his uncle Galdan Boshigt Khan when he pulled against the Mongols and the Manchu Empire because he wanted to become the Khan himself (1689). After Galdan's defeat, he relocated his troops and in 1698 delivered his son, daughter and ashes to the Manchu emperor Kangxi . As the new ruler, he initially held peace with the Manchus until 1714/5.

Instead, like his predecessors, he waged war against the Kazakhs . The reason he gave (in a letter to Kangxi in 1698) was the execution of his envoys by Tauke Khan, the threat to a wedding party of the Kalmyk Khan Ayuki sent to him and the plundering of a Russian caravan. During the course of his reign, Tsewangrabtan was able to inflict severe defeats on the Kazakhs without interruption: by 1723 he finally brought part of the Great and Middle Horde under his allegiance and forced the rest to withdraw to Samarkand , Khojent , Khiva or the Russian border (age of the " Great misfortune "). The Djungars plundered z. B. 1723-25 ​​the cities of the Syr Darya region.

Furthermore, Tsewangrabtan tried to bring the tribal Choschuten back under his control. Their prince Lhabzang (also: Latsang Khan, ruled 1700–1717) developed ambition and seized power in Tibet from 1705–06. Tsewangrabtan arranged for his daughter to marry his son in 1714 and disguised the campaign to Tibet (under Tsereng Dondub) as a repatriation of the bride and groom. Lhabzang recognized the trick too late, could no longer organize any resistance and was killed (1717). Now the Manchu emperor intervened in Tibet: Kangxi got the 7th Dalai Lama Kesang Gyamtsho in his hand and organized two campaigns to bring him back into office. The first failed in 1718, the second brought the Manchu capture of Lhasa in 1720 . Another Manchu army marched against the Djungarian khanate and won at Ürümqi in 1720 , so that Tsewangrabtan had to make peace in 1724.

At the same time, there were further minor clashes with the Russians, who advanced their border by building fortresses along the Irtysh to Ust-Kamenogorsk and levied tributes in parallel with the jungles in Siberia. So z. B. In 1716 they sent an expeditionary force under I. Bukholz from Tobolsk via Omsk into the jungle area (Tsereng Dondub). It was supposed to explore gold deposits at Lake Yamysh, but encountered the jungle and was forced to retreat. A Russian punitive expedition was defeated near Zaisan in 1720 by Tsewangrabtan's son Galdan Tsereng. Incidentally, from 1716 to 1733 a captured Swedish sergeant by the name of JG Renat served the jungles as a military advisor.

In preparation for a dispute with Tsewangrabtan, Kangxi sent an embassy under Tulisen to the Russians (Tsar Peter I or Siberia's governor M. Gagarin ) and to the Kalmuck Khan Ayuki (r. 1669-1724), who ruled the jungles tribal group of the Torguten ruled. Ayuki got on bad terms with Tsewangrabtan after he had held a wedding procession under Ayuki's son Sandschin for years and attached the escort to his people (1701–1704).

Furthermore, Tsewangrabtan occupied Kashgaria ruled by rival Hodscha parties in 1713 , captured the rivals Daniyal and Ahmed and finally set Daniyal as sole regent in Kashgaria (1720, residence in Yarkant ).

Tsewangrabtan was allegedly murdered by a Buddhist cleric in 1727 in revenge for the events in Tibet. He was followed by his son Galdan Tsereng (r. 1727–1745), who continued his policy.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Grousset, Empire of the Steppes, p. 531 ff .; Perdue, China Marches West, p. 212. Incidentally, in addition to the elder Tsereng Dondub, there was also a younger Tsereng Dondub, a second degree great-nephew of Galdan.
  2. ↑ Grousset, Empire of the Steppes p.531; Weiers, History of the Mongols, p.202

literature

  • Michael Weiers: History of the Mongols . Stuttgart 2004
  • Rene Grousset: The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia . Rutgers University Press, 1970
  • Henry Hoyle Howorth: History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2. The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia . London 1880
  • Peter C. Perdue: China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia . Cambridge, Mass. 2005
  • Fischer World History Volume 16: Central Asia

Web links

Tsewangrabtan (alternative names of the lemma)
Tsewang Araptan, Tsewang Rabtan, Ciwang Raodan 次 旺 饶 丹, Cewang Alabudan 策 旺 阿拉布坦
personal data
SURNAME Tsewangrabtan
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Sa-skyong sTags-rTsepa lHa-rGyal rab-brtan (real name); Erdeni Suruqtu Ba'atur Qungtayiji
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Rulers of the jungles
DATE OF BIRTH 1643
DATE OF DEATH December 1727