Type construction

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As Every system works is known buildings which according to the same design and using the same planning multiple or even in series in an almost identical version will be installed at different sites. Structural systems of this type are often given a type approval .

The advantage of the type construction is the saving of planning costs and the easier supervision of the construction . Typing can also simplify interior design and maintenance . The typification of buildings can also be described as an approach to technical standardization and often includes the industrial series production of individual components or entire components (see precast construction ). A disadvantage of typing is the lack of individuality , which is why no type buildings are possible for most building tasks . Typing reaches its limits when individual requirements regarding location , height, use , statics , etc. are placed on the buildings to be carried out. In these cases, it is usually not possible to erect a fully standardized structure. However, it is possible and also customary to implement the said building as a type construction as far as technically possible. Several standardized variants adapted to the purpose are also conceivable, which do not necessarily have to look different (example: C2 and C3 masts of the north-south pipeline , which both look the same, but are designed for different ice loads by choosing the support profiles). It is also not uncommon, especially in the case of tower structures, the most favorable form of which is dictated by the use and physics, to base the design of individual constructions heavily on the design of typified constructions (example: the Koblenz telecommunications tower is very similar to a type tower, but is not a type tower). For this reason it is not always possible to infer from the appearance of a building alone whether it is a type construction or not. It is difficult to draw the line between a single building and a type building if there is only one type of building or if it cannot be guaranteed whether other similar buildings exist or existed. The best known type buildings are certainly the GDR prefabricated buildings of the WBS70 type. (WBS = housing system) and similar West German housing systems as well as standardized train stations in the Netherlands. Prefabricated houses are also type buildings by nature.

The Enercon E-126 wind turbine is the tallest type of structure to date .

Evaluation of type buildings according to HOAI

The evaluation of type buildings according to HOAI is essentially based on § 15 (service phases) and §22 (order for several buildings).

§ 22 HOAI says: (2) If an order comprises several identical, mirror-image or essentially similar buildings that are to be erected in a temporal or spatial context and under the same structural conditions, or buildings according to type planning or series constructions, then 1. to 4th repetition to reduce the percentages of work phases 1 to 7 in § 15 by 50 percent, from the 5th repetition onwards by 60 percent. Buildings that are built according to the same design are considered the same. Buildings that are built to an essentially identical design are considered to be series constructions.

Examples of type buildings

Type building ERP house type B in Stegerwaldstrasse in the Böcklersiedlung Neumünster , 1950
six-story WBS-70 building
Type tower FMT1 ( Köterberg )

Residential buildings

  • Germany / West Germany:
  • Prefabricated buildings in the former Soviet Union:

Sacred buildings

Overhead line masts

Other buildings and engineering structures

  • Type schools, kindergartens and gyms in the newly built areas of the GDR
  • Data centers in universities of the former GDR of the "Weimar" type
  • Burger King and McDonald's restaurants
  • Buildings for discount grocery stores / supermarkets
  • Type tower
  • 3803 KM (transmission tower in the former Soviet Union)
  • 30107 KM (transmitter mast in the former Soviet Union)
  • Watchtowers on the former inner-German border
  • Almost all wind turbines
  • Tower of the German Air Traffic Control (e.g .: Leipzig and Düsseldorf)
  • Embassy building of the GDR types Pankow I - III
  • Signal boxes of the Reichsbahn and the Deutsche Bundesbahn
  • Train stations, e.g. B. Standard train station (Württemberg)
  • Indoor swimming pools in the GDR

Demarcation

American shotgun house
  • The Bartning emergency churches were built using prefabricated structural parts. Their construction followed a type design, which, however, basically provided for several possible variants and was mostly combined with architecturally individually designed components.
  • The 47 Bismarck towers based on the "Götterdämmerung" sample design by Wilhelm Kreis were designed with individual differences (e.g. in size, building material and artistic decoration), so we can only speak of a design sample, not a type construction.
  • Also at Cube House by Piet Blom is a design pattern, no Every system works. It was implemented in two building complexes in the Netherlands, whereby it was adapted to the respective circumstances.
  • The Winkel bunkers have a consistent, patent-protected construction principle, but were built in widely different sizes and shapes according to individual plans.
  • A design is the appearance or basic concept of a building or component. The designation aims at a typological classification, i.e. the classification of a building in a certain category or group of buildings. The shotgun house and the ranch-style house, for example, are common types of construction with similar characteristics in the USA, but there is no underlying standardized planning or design pattern.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Beschrijvingen van verschillende typebouw in de Nederlandse stationsarchitectuur , accessed on May 9, 2015.
  2. ^ HOAI , accessed May 9, 2015.
  3. ↑ HOAI §22 ( Memento of the original dated August 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed May 9, 2015. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bauarchiv.de
  4. ↑ * Working group for contemporary building e. V. (Eds.): Johannes Scharre / Ulrich Haake: "The construction of 10,000 refugee apartments in Schleswig-Holstein (ERP special program 1950) - results, methods, experiences and conclusions", / Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Produktiv refugeeshilfe e. V .; (Research report on behalf of the Federal Ministry for Housing No. 148 (2404/05)); Building research report of the working group for contemporary building e. V. No. 2, Kiel 1952
  5. ↑ z. B .: Working group for contemporary building e. V. (Ed.): “Sample floor plans for housing construction”; Bulletin No. 10; Kiel, March 1949; Working group for contemporary building e. V. (Hrsg.): Bulletin No. 25: "Thoughts for type development for the housing program 1951", Kiel 1950; Working group for contemporary building e. V. (Ed.): Building in Schleswig-Holstein Issue No. 17: “Apartment types for the priority program 1952”, Kiel 1951; see. also: “Building in Schleswig-Holstein, Volume 20: Further floor plan examples for residential construction”, Kiel 1952; or: Working group for contemporary building e. V. (Ed.): Series of publications Bauen in Schleswig-Holstein, Issue 39: “Small settlement drafts SH-KS”; Kiel 1978
  6. ↑ Written by dirk franke: People's swimming pool in GDR. The types A, B, C and D. Accessed on August 25, 2019 .
  7. ↑ Interesting facts about the Anklam swimming pools. Retrieved August 25, 2019 .
  8. ^ BauNetz Media GmbH: People's swimming pool type C - GDR indoor swimming pool in Berlin renovated. October 15, 2009, accessed August 25, 2019 .