Ullemmeden
The Ullemmeden (linguistic variants: Iwllemmedan , Aulliminden , Ioullemmeden , Ouelleminden ) are the most important because with 200,000 people, the largest group of the Sahel - Tuareg . Their origin lies in the Adrar des Ifoghas . The Ullemmeden are nomads and live in the Sahel region. The area stretches from western Mali ( Timbuktu ) to Niamey in eastern Niger . So they live south of the 16th parallel in an area with short growing seasons . In particular, you can meet them in the Ullemmeden basin named after them .
history
The French reached Mali and Niger in 1894. From then on they increasingly penetrated the tribal areas of the Ullemmeden. They conquered Timbuktu and achieved the submission of the Tengérégif , who had tried to defend the city. A peaceful mission led by the French Gao also in Mali, where they on Madidou , the amenokal the Iwllemmedan met (king) with which they negotiated a contract. This provided that the French would be under protection, so the territory of the Ullemeden would remain untouched. As the French established themselves more and more in the region and the agreement was hardly taken seriously, the Ullemmeden were subjugated in 1903. A mixture of guerrilla warfare and sham negotiations put Ullemmeden under massive pressure. The conquest of Gao followed. Leader Madidou died and the French persuaded the new amenokal ( Lowey ) to give up the resistance. Many Ullemmeden Tuareg fled to Nigeria and settled with Kano and Katsena.
Economic rivalry
Rivals for pastures and well water are the Fulbe and Moors . Numerous ethnic groups of settled millet farmers also compete with them.
Tribes and language
A distinction is made between the Kel Ataram ("people of the west"), whose center is in the Malian Ménaka , and the Kel Dennek ("people of the east"). Their centers are Tchintabaraden and Tahoua in Niger. At the end of the rainy season, the Kel Dennek move to northern Ingall .
The best-known tribes of the Kel Dennek are the Irrevers , Tiggirmat , Kel Nan , Tellemidez and Ikhekheren . They speak Tawallammat tan Dannag ( Tawallammat Tamascheq ), a variant of the southern dialect of Tamascheq .
The most famous tribes of the Kel Ataram are the Tahabanats and the Ighatafan . They speak Tawallammat tan Ataram ( Tawallammat Tamascheq ), also belonging to the southern dialect of Tamascheq.
See also
literature
- Edgar Sommer : Kel Tamashek - The Tuareg, Cargo Verlag, Schwülper 2006, ISBN 3-938693-05-3
- Thomas Krings : Sahel countries. Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 2006, ISBN 3-534-11860-X .
- Pierre Boilley: Les Touaregs Kel Adagh. Dependances and révoltes. Du Soudan français au Mali contemporain. Karthala, Paris 1999, ISBN 2-86537-872-1 .