Velarization
| IPA mark | ˠ |
|---|---|
| IPA number | 422 |
| IPA character description | superscript minuscule Ɣ |
| Unicode | U + 02E0 |
| HTML (dec.) | & # 736; |
| X-SAMPA |
_G
|
| Kirshenbaum |
<vzd>
|
In phonetics, the term velarization is used to describe a secondary articulation in which the primary sound is given a darker tone by means of an additional approximate narrowing of the oral cavity by lifting the rear tongue to the velum .
Velarisierte consonants in the IPA transcription by a superscript " ɣ " [ ˠ ] or covering tilde [ ɫ ] represented.
In the Russian language an example contrasts palatalisiertes soft [ l ] with a non-palatalized "hard" [ ɫ ] . This velarization is meaningful in Russian. Velarized variants of / l / can also be found in German dialects, for example in Westphalian and Ripuarian .
Also in the standard pronunciation of British English (Received Pronunciation) a distinction is made between a light and a dark (velarized) / l /. However, unlike in the Russian language, the variants do not differ in meaning. The variant [ ɫ ] has the Vokalbeiklang [ ʊ ] or [ o ] , has the bright variant which corresponds to the German approximately the other hand, the connotation of a [ e ] or [ ɪ ] . Bright [ l ] is before a vowel or / j / dark [ ɫ ] spoken before all other sounds and before a speech pause.
The formation of the dark [ ɫ ] learned one, by placing the tip of the tongue or the tongue blade on the alveolar ridge and a [ ʊ ] or [ o ] speaks. The lips should neither be turned forward nor rounded. In American English, a dark is primarily [ ɫ ] spoken.
Contrasting velarizations (i.e. the meaning of an otherwise identical word changes when one of its consonants is velarized) can be found not only in Russian , but also in other languages such as Irish Gaelic and Malayalam .
Other types of secondary articulation are: palatalization , labialization , laryngealization , glottalization and pharyngealization