Treaty of York

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The Treaty of York was a treaty signed between England and Scotland on September 25, 1237 . In the treaty, the Scottish king had old, hardly enforceable claims bought from him, for which the English king was prepared to give high compensation. Still, the treaty was a wise compromise that further improved relations between the two empires.

prehistory

Through the legacy of Maud of Huntingdon , the Scottish royal family had come into possession of Northumberland and other northern English territories in the 12th century . King Malcolm IV had to give up Northumberland in 1157, but until the Treaty of Norham signed in 1209 , King William I maintained his claims to Northumberland. Wilhelm's brother David had received the Honor of Huntingdon and the title of Earl of Huntingdon . In June 1237 David's son John died without any male offspring. John's possessions were now to be divided among his sisters, but the Scottish King Alexander II could have claimed the title of Earl of Huntingdon. In addition, the English King Henry III. failed to meet part of the terms of the Norham Treaty signed by his father, Johann Ohneland . According to this treaty, the English king or his brother Richard should have married one of the daughters of William I, but in the end they were only married to English barons and thus below their rank. Henry III. finally married Eleanor of Provence in 1236 . After the death of the Earl of Huntingdon, the opportunity now arose to resolve the points of conflict between the two kingdoms.

Course of negotiations and content of the contract

In September 1237 the two kings came to York in the north of England . The papal legate Oddone di Tonengo conducted negotiations between the kings for three days before the treaty was sealed on September 25, 1237. In the treaty, Alexander II renounced the claims of the Scottish kings to the northern English counties forever. This indirectly set the border between the two kingdoms on a line between the Solway Firth in the west and the mouth of the Tweed in the east. With the exception of the small area around Berwick , which finally fell to England in 1482, this border line is still valid today. For the 15,000 Merks that William I was to pay to John Ohneland and in compensation for the marriages promised to his sisters, Alexander II received land holdings in Northumberland and Cumberland with an annual income of £ 200 Norham and the 1217 post- war Barons between Henry III. and Alexander II concluded peace treaty were returned to the contracting parties. However, it was agreed that the contents of the contract, with the exception of the conditions renegotiated by the York Treaty, would continue to apply.

consequences

The Treaty of York ended the Honor of Huntingdon's long association with Scotland. The choice of goods for the Scottish king was negotiated for four years before Henry III. In late 1241, Nicholas Farnham , directed the Bishop of Durham to finalize the negotiations. On April 22, 1242 the Scottish king was given five estates in Cumberland. Together with the Wark estate in Tynedale , which has been owned by the Scottish kings since 1157 , the income from these estates was valued at £ 368 a year in 1290, so that Alexander II was treated fairly. However, in 1245 there were still disputes about the exact border between England and Scotland in the region south of the Tweed or in the Esk Valley . In 1249, regulations on border violations were made between the two countries. The English king mistrusted the politics of the Scottish king for the next few years, but the Treaty of Newcastle , signed in 1244, further improved relations between them.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Archibald AM Duncan: Scotland. The Making of the Kingdom (The Edinburgh History of Scotland; Vol. I ). Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1975. ISBN 0-05-00203-7-4 , p. 534.
  2. ^ A b Archibald AM Duncan: Scotland. The Making of the Kingdom (The Edinburgh History of Scotland; Vol. I ). Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1975. ISBN 0-05-00203-7-4 , p. 533.
  3. ^ Archibald AM Duncan: Scotland. The Making of the Kingdom (The Edinburgh History of Scotland; Vol. I ). Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1975. ISBN 0-05-00203-7-4 , p. 527.
  4. ^ Archibald AM Duncan: Scotland. The Making of the Kingdom (The Edinburgh History of Scotland; Vol. I ). Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1975. ISBN 0-05-00203-7-4 , p. 535.
  5. ^ Archibald AM Duncan: Scotland. The Making of the Kingdom (The Edinburgh History of Scotland; Vol. I ). Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh 1975. ISBN 0-05-00203-7-4 , p. 537.