Vitus outlet

Codex Clm 5905 (1479), sheet 94v. Title page of the herb book

Vitus Auslasser , also Veit Auslasser , was a Benedictine monk in the St. Sebastian monastery in Ebersberg near Munich . Originally he came from Vomp near Schwaz in today's Tyrol . He died in the 15th century.

In 1479 he completed a herbarium (herbal book) with 198 depictions of plants with Middle Latin and German plant names that are still significant for research today, which, together with the watercolors by Erhard Reewiijk, forms the beginning of a series of similar works that are incorporated into the depictions of Georg Öllinger (1487– 1557) and Samuel Quicchelberg flows in the middle of the 16th century.

Life

Not much more is known about Vitus Auslasser than what is written about him in Codex Clm 5905 on sheet 94v. In the article for the Neue Deutsche Biographie, Gerhard Eis mentions a stay in Passau and scientific studies in his Tyrolean homeland. He was referred to as the first German florist and the first botanist in Bavaria.

His pictures document a transition phase between the Middle Ages and the late Renaissance, from static and symmetrical to dynamic and natural plant images. Proof of the quality of his work is that almost all plants can be identified using the illustration, which is not yet the case with the Gart der Gesundheit (1485).

It is also noteworthy that the Herbarius was based on a botanical interest, because not all of the listed plants were used as medicinal plants .

The herbal book

The Herbarius, which takes sheets 95r to 293r in Codex Clm 5905 of the Bavarian State Library , is preceded by a collection of pharmaceutical and medical texts. After the didactic poem De viribus herbarum , the most important herbal book in monastery medicine (Bl. 1r-40v), there are tracts on oak and the plague, various recipes in German and Latin as well as the treatise on distilled waters by Gabriel von Lebenstein (Bl. 52r -56r). Directly in front of the herbarium are two half-alphabetical registers of plants (Bl. 83r-87r and 88r-92r).

In 2009, 77 selected images from the herbal book were digitized for the first time and edited with accompanying texts from Circa instans and the Garden of Health . They were thematically divided into current medicinal plants (17), historically significant medicinal plants (10), medicinal plants according to the doctrine of signatures (5), plants from handicraft and household (9), garden flowers (10) and others according to their plant families (26).

The 22nd illustration of plants (p. 116), for example, shows St. John's wort ( Hypericum perforatum ). Auslasser gives the Latin names and German translations Corona regia (Chünigs chron), Fuga demonum (devil's flight), Perforata (perforated) and Yppericon, herba S <ancti> (Johannis - Sand Johanns chrawt). Hypericum vulgare was added with pencil .

Illustration 33 (f. 127) shows the autumn crocus ( Colchicum autumnale ) in the two important stages of the annual cycle, with the spring image he succeeds in reproducing the space (three-dimensionality). Auslasser calls the plant Hermodoctilus and in German Zeittlozz, Laus pluem, moss dokch. Colchicum aut. Was added with pencil .

Other notable illustrations are those of the stonecrop ( Sedum acre , no. 112) and the peony ( Paeonia officinalis , no. 115), which also achieve three-dimensionality. There is only one comment on effectiveness, namely with the flea knotweed ( Polygonum persicaria , no. 70). Auslasser writes that he is good for toothache.

Facsimiles of the images have been shown since 2009 as part of the traveling exhibition The Plants of Monastery Medicine in representation and application, among others at the State Garden Show Bamberg 2012 at the stand of the Bavarian Ministry of the Environment , in the Botanical Garden of the University of Würzburg and at the Lorsch Monastery World Heritage Site .

Illustration and naming of the plants

leaf	Botanical name	Name at outlet (selection)	H. Fischer 1923	Illustration with outlet
95	Asarum europaeum	Haselvurcz / Azarum - Weyrachwurz	No 1
96	Pyrola rotundifolia	Sinbel [= round] winter green / Pirola the big	No 2
97	Lilium martagon	Goldroot / Affodilla	No 3
98	Undetermined ( Pyrola rotundifolia  ? Or Orthilia secunda  ?)	Spitzi [er] Wint [er] der chla [n] z / Pirola	No 4
99	Gentiana cruciata	S. Peterswurz	No 5
100	Sanicula europaea	Sanik [e] l / Diapensia	No 6
101	Corydalis cava	Name of Aristolochia rotunda	No 7
102	Peucedanum cervaria	Hirswurcz	No 8
103	Arum maculatum		No 9
104	Indefinite	Bundschraut	No 10
105	Chrysanthemum leucanthemum	Haydnian Wundchrawt	No 11
106	Aconitum vulparia	Bolfswurz / Lupina	No 12
107	Indefinite	Mediana	No 13
108	Indefinite	Mediana	No 14
109	Polygonatum verticillatum	Weyswurz	No 15
110	Polygonatum multiflorum	Weiswurz - Sigillu [m] b [enedic] te virginis	No 16
111	Asplenium scolopendrium	Millet tongues / Lingua ceruina	No 17
112	Indefinite	Mediana	No 18
113	Impatiens noli-tangere	Glydchrawt	No 19
114	Polypodium vulgare	Süeßwurcz - Polipodium	No 20
115	Indefinite	Five plet / penthafilon	No 21
116	Hypericum perforatum	Chünigs chron / Corona regia - Devil's escape / Fuga demonum - Perforated / Perforata - Sand Johanns chrawt / Herba S. Johanis	No 22
117	Aquilegia vulgaris	Ackeley / Egilops	No 23
118	Campanula spec.		No 24
119	Convallaria majalis	Valley liligen / Lilium convallium	No 25
120	Lilium candidum	Weysse Jreos / Liliu [m] albu [m]	No 26
121	Iris germanica	Swerttel - Plabliligen	No 27
122	Iris pseudacorus	Muslims - Acorus	No 28
123	Stachys officinalis	Millet root / Cestron - Prawn Patonig / Bethonica fusca	No 29
124	Primula veris	Goose plumage / Bethonica	No 30
125	Verbascum nigrum	Hymelprant / Tapsus barbatus	No 31
126	Consolida regalis	Knight's Spurs - Consolida regalis	No 32
127	Colchicum autumnale	Timeless - Hermodactylus	No 33
128	Platanthera bifolia		No 34
129	Agrimonia eupatoria		No 35
130	Paris quadrifolia	Amperchrawt - Crux xpd	No 36
131	Listera ovata		No 37
132	Centaurium erythraea	Erdgall / fel terrae - Centawrea - Fieberchrawt	No 38
133	Valeriana officinalis	Valdrian / Valeriana	No 39
134	Euphrasia officinalis	Eyebright / Ewfrasia	No 40
135	Parnassia palustris		No 41
136	Verbena officinalis	Ysenchrawt the prawn / Verbena fusca	No 42
137	Plantago major	Plantain / Arnoglossa	No 43
138	Plantago media	Long plantain / Plantago minor	No 44
139	Plantago lanceolata	Sheep rib	No 45
140	Scrofularia nodosa	Drueßwurz / Scrofularia	No 46
141	Taraxacum officinale	Lebenzandt / Scariola - Rörelchrawt	No 47
142	Achillea millefolium	Tausendbletter / Millefolium	No 48
143	Hyoscyamus niger	Pilsenchrawt / Jusquiamus	No 49
144	Lithospermum arvense	Millet / Milium solis	No 50
145	Eupatorium cannabinum	Chunigschrawt	No 51
146	Cichorium intybus	Wegwart - Sunnenberbel / Sponsa solis - Solsequium	No 52
147	Euphorbia esula	Wolfmilich / Esula maius	No 53
148	Nasturtium officinale	Prunnchress / Nasturtium	No 54
149	Potentilla anserina	Grennsing / Portentilla	No. 55
150	Euphorbia cyparissias	Esula minor	No 56
151	Linaria vulgaris	Our frawn har / Gratiosa	No 57
152	Alchemilla vulgaris		No 58
153	Geum urbanum	Benedictine root / Benedicta rubea	No 59
154	Polygonum aviculare	Sperkenzung / Ligwa passerina - grass	No 60
155	Artemisia vulgaris	Schosmalten - Pesmalten - Peypos - Su [n] bent belt - Sand Johans belt	No 61
156	Dryopteris filix-mas	Fern / Filix	No 62
157	Solanum nigrum	Nachtschad - Solatrum	No 63
158	Indefinite	Morella	No 64
159	Phyteuma orbiculare		No 65
160	Undetermined ( Euphorbia helioscopia  ?)	Haylchrawt	No 66
161	Gentiana pneumonanthe		No 67
162	Capsella bursa-pastoris	Taschelchrawt / Wursa pastoris - Sagwinaria	No 68
163	Potentilla erecta	Pentafilon	No 69
164	Polygonum persicaria	Flöchchrawt - Persicaria	No. 70
165	Prunella vulgaris	Prawnell / Brunella - Consolida minor	No. 71
166	Tussilago farfara	Hueffpleter / Ungula	No 72
167	Pulmonaria officinalis	Our frawn gepün / Lac benedicte virginis	No 73
168	Angelica Sylvestris	De heyligen Geist wurz / Herba sancti spiritus / Angelica	No 74
169	Potentilla erecta	Pluetwurz - Chrewzlwurz - Tormentill / Tormentilla	No 75
170	Polygonum bistorta	Naterwurz / Serpentina	No 76
171	Echium vulgare	Drakchenwurz / Tragontea	No 77
172	Malva sylvestris	Garden Papel / Malua	No 78
173	Althaea officinalis	Wid [e] papel / Malua agrestis	No 79
174	Polypodium vulgare	Hunigeswurz / Dulce saporis	No 80
175	Chelidonium majus	Swallowwort / Celidonia - Schelchrawt	No 81
176	Ranunculus acris	Glitzenpluem - Craefuess	No 82
177	Rubia tinctorum	Rubea tinctorum - sticky herb	No 83
178	Blank page
179	Origanum vulgare	Wolgemuet - Origanum	No 84
180	Urtica dioica	Big nettle / Urtica maior	No. 85
181	Lamium purpureum	Dead nettle / Urtica mortua fusca	No 86
182	Galeobdolon luteum		No 87
183	Lamium album		No 88
184	Urtica urens	Habernettle	No 89
185	Trifolium pratense	Prawner Chlee / Trifolium fuscum	No 90
186	Trifolium repens	White chlee / Trifolium album	No 91
187	Indefinite ( Beta vulgaris  ?)	Rappa	No 92
188	Indefinite ( Hepatica nobilis  ?)	Weysser sanikell	No 93
189	Bidens tripartita	Hullg chraut	No 94
190	Oxalis acetosella	Cuckoo Garlic - Alleluia	No 95
191	Rumex acetosa	Sawr ampffer / Acetosa	No. 96
192	Anemone ranunculoides		No 97
193	Anemone nemorosa		No. 98
194	Caltha palustris		No. 99
195	Indefinite	Wild garlic	No. 100
196	Lathraea squamaria	Maywort	No. 101
197	Viola spec.	Wild veyall	No. 102
198	Gentiana verna	Wysen veyal / Vyola in prato	No 103
199	Cardamine pratensis		No 104
200	Bellis perennis	All moneyt pluet	No. 105
201	Ficaria verna		No. 106
202	Orchis latifolia	Ständelwurz - Hymelkey ​​/ Primula veris fusca	No 107
203	Orchis spec.	Primula veris alba	No 108
204	Cruciata glabra		No. 109
205	Epipactis spec.		No 110
206	Sempervivum tectorum	Houseleek - Barba Jouis maior	No 111
207	Sedum acre	Hawswurz - Tewfelspart / Barba Jouis minor	No 112
208	Helleborus viridis	Christwurz - Illisuica	No 113
209	Ajuga reptans	Humel	No 114
210	Paeonia officinalis	Peoni root / Peonia	No 115
211	Gentiana lutea	Enntian / Gentiana	No 116
212	Bellidiastrum michelii	Willder lactuk	No 117
213	Ranunculus lanuginosus	Benedicta	No 118
214	Glechoma hederacea	Gamandrea	No. 119
215	Silene dioica	Wundchrawt	No 120
216	Silene dioica	Stuenpluem	No 121
217	Indefinite ( Chenopodium rubrum  ?)		No 122
218	Tragopogon pratensis	Pokchspart / Barba hircina	No 123
219	Raphanus raphanistrum		No 124
220	Lepidium latifolium	Pepper Chrawt - Typtamus	No 125
221	Levisticum officinale	Lugstekch - Ligustica	No 126
222	Filipendula ulmaria	Peychrawt	No 127
223	Tanacetum vulgare	Rayfan - Tanacetum	No 128
224	Anchusa officinalis	Ox tongue / Buglossa	No 129
225	Ranunculus bulbosus		No. 130
226	Dianthus carthusianorum	Gükgahändel - Stuenpluem	No 131
227	Campanula patula	Our frawn schueckel - pigeon drops	No 132
228	Anthyllis vulneraria		No. 133
229	Trifolium spec.	Yellow chlee	No 134
230	Rhinanthus alectorolophus	Chlaff or chornpluem	No 135
231	Agrostemma pallida	Ratem - prawn kornpluem - Zyzania	No 136
232	Centaurea cyanus	Plab chorn pluem	No 137
233	Melampyrum arvense	Zappffenkrawt	No. 138
234	Papaver rhoeas	Red roses in the chorn / Papaver agreste	No. 139
235	Hyssopus officinalis	Hyssop / hyssopus	No 140
236	Euphorbia verrucosa	Spurge - Esula	No 141
237	Atriplex spec.	Shasmelten - Atriplex	No 142
238	Sinapis alba	Seniff / Sinopis	No 143
239	Chenopodium bonus-henricus	Guet hainrich - Herba mercurialis	No 144
240	Symphytum officinale	Swartzwurtz - Simphitum - Consolida maior	No 145
241	Chrysanthemum leucanthemum		No 146
242	Centaurea jacea	Scabiosa	No 147
243	Senecio fuchsii	Wundchrawt	No 148
244	Silene vulgaris		No 149
245	Solanum dulcamara	Pitter / Amarum dulce	No 150
246	Indefinite		No. 151
247	Geranium phaeum		No 152
248	Indefinite ( Myosotis palustris  ?)		No. 153
249	Marrubium vulgare	Marobel / Marrubium - Sigmynezen	No 154
250	Helianthemum nummularium		No. 155
251	Erodium cicutarium	Chronichenschnabel	No 156
252	Aposeris foetida	Gene - Scariola	No. 157
253	Stachys palustris	Wundchrawt	No. 158
254	Lotus corniculatus	Angel key tag	No 159
255	Scabiosa columbaria	Blessing chrawt	No. 160
256	Hieracium pilosella	Mäusörl / Auricula muris - Nagelchrawt	No 161
257	Knautia arvensis		No 162
258	Mentha aquatica	Red myntz / Menta rubea - Pachmyntz	No 163
259	Mentha spec.	Raydmynnzen / Mentha crispis	No 164
260	Nepeta cataria	Chazenmyntzen - Nepita	No. 165
261	Mentha arvensis	Veldmyntzen - Chorenmyntzen - Stainmyntzen	No. 166
262	Senecio vulgaris	Aselchrawt	No 167
263	Senecio sarracenicus	Wundchrawt	No 168
264	Nymphaea alba	Wasserpluem - Seburtz - Kol ros	No 169
265	Senecio jacobaea		No. 170
266	Lactuca serriola	Evil yellow tie	No 171
267	Lampsana communis		No 172
268	Lycopodium clavatum		No 173
269	Indefinite		No 174
270	Erica carnea		No 175
271	Hieracium pilosella	Musörl / Auricula muris - root worm - nail tie	No 176
272	Pinguicula vulgaris	Zitrochchrawt	No 177
273	Indefinite	Wundchrawt	No 178
274	Fragaria vesca	Erper chrawt / Fragula	No 179
275	Glabra hernia	Stainsprech / Saxifraga	No 180
276	Scrophularia nodosa	Haidnisch Wundchrawt	No 181
277	Salvia glutinosa	Wundchrawt	No. 182
278	Epilobium parviflorum		No 183
279	Salvia pratensis	Willder Sallfan	No 184
280	Lysimachia vulgaris		No. 185
281	Indefinite ( Phyteuma orbiculare  ? Succisa pratensis  ?)	Schelmburtz - Devil's pys / Morsus daemonis	No. 186
282	Calendula officinalis	Weinpluemen - Posem flowers - Kalendula	No 187
283	Atropa belladonna	Twalmroot	No. 188
284	Dipsacus sativus	Chartten - Sträler - Virga pastoris	No. 189
285	Melilotus officinalis	Nardenchrawt / Nardus	No. 190
286	Sonchus arvensis	May thistle	No 191
287	Clinopodium vulgare	Andron / Marrubium	No. 192
288	Verbascum thapsus	Wullchchrawt - Hymelprant / Candela	No 193
289	Anagallis arvensis	Red hunerdärm / Centrum galli	No 194
290	Stellaria media	Greens a lot	No. 195
291	Thymus serpyllum	Weld hyssop - serpillum	No. 196
292	Indefinite	Saxifraga	No. 197
293	Saponaria officinalis		No. 198

literature

• Hermann Fischer : Vitus Auslasser, the first Bavarian botanist and the relationships of his Herbarius from 1479 to the beginnings of Bavarian botany. In: Reports of the Bavarian Botanical Society for the research of the native flora. Vol. 18, Munich 1923, H. 1, pp. 1-31. (Digitized pdf)
• Heinrich Marzell . Some remarks on the plant names in the Herbarius by Vitus Auslasser von Ebersberg (1479) . In: Mitteilungen der Bayerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 4 (1926), pp. 75–78
• Gerhard Eis:  Auslasser, Vitus. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 1, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1953, ISBN 3-428-00182-6 , p. 458 ( digitized version ).
• Lottlisa Behling : The plant in medieval panel painting. Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1957, pp. 85-100.
• Willem Frans Daems . Auslasser, Veit (Vitus). In: The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author's Lexicon , Volume I ² , De Gruyter, Berlin etc. 1978, Sp. 552–553
• Johannes Gottfried Mayer , Konrad Goehl and Katharina Englert: The plants of monastery medicine in presentation and application. With pictures of plants by the Benedictine Vitus Auslasser (15th century) from Clm 5905 of the Bavarian State Library in Munich (= DWV writings on the history of medicine. Vol. 5). Deutscher Wissenschafts-Verlag, Baden-Baden, 2009. ISBN 978-3-86888-007-6 .
• Johannes Mayer, Konrad Goehl: Highlights of monastery medicine: The “Macer floridus” and the herbarium of Vitus Auslasser. Edited with an introduction and German translation. Reprint-Verlag Leipzig, Holzminden 2001, ISBN 3-8262-1120-0 (with facsimile of pages 28 to 123 of Choulant's 1832 edition and five detailed registers).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Vitus outlet. Herb book title page Clm 5905 Vitus outlet digitalisat . "Herbarius iste depictus est per fratrem Vitum Auslasser de Fumpp prope Swacz monachum p [ro] fessum prespiterum monasterii St. Sebastiani in Ebersperg anno domini 1479"
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Mayer et al. 2009, p. 66ff.
3. ^ H. Fischer: Vitus Auslasser, the first German florist and his book of herbs from 1479. In: Reports of the German Botanical Society. Volume 42, 1924, pp. 159-163.
4. ^ Gerhard Eis:  Auslasser, Vitus. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 1, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1953, ISBN 3-428-00182-6 , p. 458 ( digitized version ).
5. ↑ Clm 5905 Vitus outlet digitalisat
6. ↑ From the Herbarium of Vitus Auslasser. In: Hohenloher Tagblatt , June 9, 2012
7. ^ Events for the Bamberg Garden Show 2012. ( Memento from June 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
8. ↑ Medicinal plants - wonderfully painted. ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The  archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Biozentrum of the University of Würzburg, May 4th 2010.
9. ↑ Plants of monastery medicine. ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The  archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. On: Echo Online , June 19, 2010.
10. ↑ Hermann Fischer . Vitus Auslasser, the first Bavarian botanist and the relationships of his Herbarius from 1479 to the beginnings of Bavarian botany. In: Reports of the Bavarian Botanical Society for the research of the native flora. Vol. 18, Munich 1923, no. 1, pp. 1–31 (digitized pdf)
11. ↑ Hermann Fischer. Medieval botany. Verlag der Münchner Drucke, Munich 1929
12. ↑ Heinrich Marzell . Dictionary of German plant names. (with the assistance of Wilhelm Wissmann and Wolfgang Pfeifer ): Volumes I – V, Leipzig, Stuttgart and Wiesbaden 1943–1979, Volumes III (from column 481) and IV (from the estate) ed. by Heinz Paul, Volume V (register volume) 1958 with Wilhelm Wissmann; Reprint (licensed edition) Cologne 2000. ISBN 3-88059-982-3 .