White lupine

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White lupine
White lupine (Lupinus albus)

White lupine ( Lupinus albus )

Systematics
Order : Fabales (Fabales)
Family : Legumes (Fabaceae)
Subfamily : Butterflies (Faboideae)
Tribe : Genisteae
Genre : Lupins ( lupinus )
Type : White lupine
Scientific name
Lupinus albus
L.

The white lupine ( Lupinus albus ) is an annual plant from the group of butterflies (Faboideae), which is native to the western Mediterranean region and is planted in Central Europe.

features

The white lupine is an annual, herbaceous plant that reaches a stature height of 20 to 100 (rarely 180) centimeters. The stems are branched at the top and hairy, silky and shaggy.

The leaves are fingered five to nine times. The leaflets are short stalked and have an obovate shape. Those of the lower leaves are 2.5 to 3.5 inches long and 1.4 to 1.8 inches wide, those of the upper are four to six inches long and one to 1.5 inches wide. All are pointed, bald on top and hairy underneath. The stipules are bristle-like.

Flowers and fruits

The flowers are in five to ten centimeters long, loose racemes . The individual flowers are clearly stalked and are arranged alternately on the grape axis. The bracts of the flower stalks are obsolete. The chalice is eight to nine millimeters long. The upper lip of the calyx is undivided to slightly bidentate, the lower lip is unevenly three-toothed and slightly longer than the upper lip. The crown is 15 to 20 millimeters long and white, at the tip of the boat is bluish. The scar is spherical and has a wreath of hair at the base. Flowering time in Central Europe is from June to September.

The legumes are six to ten centimeters long and 11 to 20 millimeters wide. They stand upright, beaked, stiff-haired, and yellow. They each contain four to six seeds that are roundish square with a side length of eight to 14 millimeters. The surface is smooth, matt and yellowish white.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 50.

ingredients

The plants as well as the seeds contain poisonous quinolizidine alkaloids. A distinction is made between two chemotypes : bitter lupins with 0.3 to 3 percent alkaloid in the seeds, and sweet lupins with 0.004 to 0.01 percent alkaloid in the herb.

The main alkaloids are lupanine with 47 percent, 13-hydroxylupanine with 42 and sparteine with 10 percent of the alkaloid content. Multiflorin is also found in the herb in significant quantities.

Poisoning is probably also due to the lupine lectins .

ecology

The flowers are pollinated by bumblebees and other apids . It is a pollen butterfly flower that releases the pollen through a pumping mechanism. The flowers are proterandric . A self-pollination is difficult by the hair ring at the base of the scar.

It spreads by scattering the seeds ( ballochorie ): the ripe, dry pods easily burst open in dry weather, so the white lupine is a dehydration spreader . The fruit flaps roll up in a screw-like manner. This happens due to the crosswise layers of cellulose in the pericarp. The seeds are sometimes thrown several meters.

Distribution and locations

The white lupine is native to the western Mediterranean region. It is grown in Central Europe and rarely goes wild. Then it can be found in fields and ruderal sites on sandy soils with little lime in warmer locations. The species is less sensitive to lime and frost than the yellow lupine ( Lupinus luteus ). It develops faster and has higher yields, but it needs more warmth for normal development.

use

white lupine beans cooked and pickled

The white lupine is cultivated because of its high protein and carbohydrate content. The white lupine is a valued food plant and is cultivated in some Mediterranean countries - especially in Egypt.

It serves as a green or dry fodder plant or as a green manure. Low-alkaloid varieties are also used as grain feed.

In their traditional growing areas, the seeds are also used for human nutrition after processing to remove bitter substances: 10 to 20 percent lupine flour can be added to the bread flour. In many countries, lupine seeds soaked and boiled in water are sold in markets and offered as a snack in bars as a delicacy (similar to sunflower seeds ). It is a very popular snack in Italy , Spain , Portugal, and some regions of Brazil . ( Italian : lupini , Portuguese : tremoços , Spanish : altramuces or chochos , Catalan : tramussos , Basque : eskuzuria , Galician : chícharos de raposo )

history

The beginning of the history of the cultivation of the lupine in the ancient world is often associated with the time of the ancient Egyptian civilization . However, it is more likely that the culture began in ancient Greece , where its greatest biodiversity was concentrated and wild forms have been preserved to this day (ssp. Graecus). A representative of another subspecies of the white lupine (ssp. Termis and ssp. Albus) that has grown wild on the Balkan Peninsula is now growing in the wild. In addition, the Greek origin of the culture of the lupins is documented by their Greek name termis , which can be translated as "passionate". The white lupine spread step by step from Greece to neighboring countries, especially to Egypt and the Roman Empire . The forms with white seeds and pink and blue or light pink flowers (L. termis) spread mainly to the south (Egypt, Libya and Palestine), while the forms with white cores and grayish-blue or white flowers (L. albus) to the west moved ( Apennine Peninsula and beyond). The cultivation is in the Mediterranean area since the 4th century BC. Occupied. There are a number of archaeological sites there, including from the Bronze Age Santorini and a number of places in Roman Egypt. It has also been grown in Germany since the 16th century.

Poisoning

In humans, poisoning from the seeds is rare. They cause vomiting, cramps, paralysis and circulatory disorders. Deaths have also been reported.

There are two types of livestock: poisoning by alkaloids ( lupine poisoning ) manifests itself in muscle tremors, excitement, staggering, convulsions, coma and even death of the animals. The second type, lupinosis, is caused by spoiled food: the fungus Phomopsis leptostromiformis ( Deuteromycetes ) forms peptide toxins (phomopsins) that cause liver damage in affected animals - especially sheep, cattle and horses. Acute poisoning manifests itself in loss of appetite and jaundice. Death occurs within two to 14 days, with low doses within two months. The reliable detection of phomopsin can be made after adequate sample preparation by coupling the HPLC with the mass spectrometry .

supporting documents

  • Siegmund Seybold (editor): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive (CD-ROM), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Lupinus albus at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  2. ↑ a b Zohary and Hopf; 123, 2000
  3. ↑ Zhukovsky, 1929
  4. ↑ Kurlovich, 2002
  5. ↑ Jago MV, Peterson JE, Payne AL, Campbell DG: Lupinosis: response of sheep to different doses of phomopsin. , Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci. 1982 Jun; 60 (3): 239-51, PMID 7138414
  6. ^ De Nijs M, Pereboom-de Fauw DP, van Dam RC, de Rijk TC, van Egmond HP, Mol HJ: Development and validation of an LC-MS / MS method for the detection of phomopsin A in lupine and lupine-containing retail food samples from the Netherlands. , Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2013; 30 (10): 1819-26, PMID 23895245

Web links

Commons : White Lupine ( Lupinus albus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files