Zoroastrian calendar
The Zoroastrian calendar is a solar calendar with 12 months of 30 days each plus five additional days at the end of the year (→ Epagomene ) that are not assigned to any month.
There are three different versions of this calendar that differ in that they designate a different year than year 1.
- The Qadimi calendar (old calendar) is used in Iran.
- The Shenshai calendar (royal calendar) is used by the Parsi in India and is 30 days behind the Qadimi calendar.
- The newer Fasli calendar (seasonal calendar) or Bastani calendar (traditional calendar) has common years with 365 days and leap years with 366 days. The new year begins at the time of spring day and night are equally long .
history
The oldest Persian month names are known from the trilingual inscription of Behistun , in which the victory of King Darius I (522–486 BC) over rebels is reported. The oldest names of the 30 days of the month can be found in the Bundahishn .
The old Persian year was probably originally a year of 12 months of 30 days each. In order to keep the calendar in line with the seasons, a whole month was inserted from time to time. Around the 6th or 5th century BC The calendar was reformed and instead of inserting a full month every 6 years, 5 days were added to each year, creating a change year of 365 days that shifted one day every four years against the tropical year .
The beginning of the year moved from mid-March in the 6th century BC. Until July in the 5th century AD.
Under the Sassanid ruler Kavad I , the New Year celebrations were then set around 500 AD on the month that began near the spring equinox ; An additional leap month should then be added every 120 years. The insertion of a leap month was carried out very irregularly and was completely omitted after the conquest of Persia by the Arabs in AD 641, so that the beginning of the year was postponed again.
After the Islamization of Persia, Zoroastrianism was gradually replaced by Islam, and the Islamic calendar spread. In particular, those Persians who fled the persecution of the Arabs kept the Persian calendar. While they inserted a leap month again in 1131 AD, the Zoroastrians in Persia did not, which made the two calendars differ by one month. However, a leap month was never inserted later.
When Parsees in Gujarat discovered this discrepancy in the 18th century, they returned to the supposedly correct calendar as "Qadimi". The "traditionalists" kept their own calendar and called themselves Shenshais.
Under the Grand Sultan Jalaleddin Malik Shah , the Persian calendar was fundamentally reformed in 1079 ( see Iranian calendar ). The beginning of the year was set on the astronomical spring equinox. The exact insertion of the leap day is unknown, but a switching period of 33 or 37 years was probably introduced. This calendar was later the basis for the calendar reform of 1940, through which the Fasli calendar (in India) and the Bastani calendar (in Iran) were introduced in some Zoroastrian communities.
The year
- The year has twelve months of 30 days each and five additional days ( epagomens ).
- In the Qadimi calendar and in the Shenshai calendar, the year always has 365 days.
- In the Fasli calendar, the year has 365 days in the common year and 366 days in the leap year .
The year count
The years are counted continuously. There are different eras . An era counts from the accession of the last Sassanid ruler Yazdgard III. with the epoch June 16, 632 AD. Another era begins with the assassination of this king at the end of 651 AD. A third era begins with the year 1738 BC. BC, the legendary birth of Zoroaster .
The beginning of the year
The year currently begins in July in the Qadimi calendar and in August in the Shenshai calendar. In the Fasli calendar, the year begins with the spring equinox.
The beginning of the year for the period 2015 to 2030 AD is compiled in the following table:
| Qadimi year |
greg. date |
Shenshai year |
greg. date |
Fasli year |
greg. date |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1385 | 19th July 2015 | 1385 | August 18, 2015 | 1394 | March 21, 2015 | ||
| 1386 | 18th July 2016 | 1386 | 17th August 2016 | 1395 | March 20, 2016 | ||
| 1387 | 18th July 2017 | 1387 | 17th August 2017 | 1396 | March 21, 2017 | ||
| 1388 | 18th July 2018 | 1388 | 17th August 2018 | 1397 | March 21, 2018 | ||
| 1389 | 18th July 2019 | 1389 | 17th August 2019 | 1398 | March 21, 2019 | ||
| 1390 | 17th July 2020 | 1390 | August 16, 2020 | 1399 | March 20, 2020 | ||
| 1391 | 17th July 2021 | 1391 | August 16, 2021 | 1400 | March 21, 2021 | ||
| 1392 | July 17, 2022 | 1392 | August 16, 2022 | 1401 | March 21, 2022 | ||
| 1393 | July 17, 2023 | 1393 | August 16, 2023 | 1402 | March 21, 2023 | ||
| 1394 | July 16, 2024 | 1394 | August 15, 2024 | 1403 | March 20, 2024 | ||
| 1395 | July 16, 2025 | 1395 | August 15, 2025 | 1404 | March 20, 2025 | ||
| 1396 | July 16, 2026 | 1396 | August 15, 2026 | 1405 | March 21, 2026 | ||
| 1397 | July 16, 2027 | 1397 | August 15, 2027 | 1406 | March 21, 2027 | ||
| 1398 | July 15, 2028 | 1398 | August 14, 2028 | 1407 | March 20, 2028 | ||
| 1399 | July 15, 2029 | 1399 | August 14, 2029 | 1408 | March 20, 2029 | ||
| 1400 | July 15, 2030 | 1400 | August 14, 2030 | 1409 | March 21, 2030 |
Leap years in the Fasli calendar are highlighted.
The circuit
The change year of the Qadimi and Shenshai calendars does not have any switching, so that the calendar year is shifted by one day every four years compared to the Gregorian calendar. The circuit in the Fasli calendar is set in such a way that the length of the year corresponds as closely as possible to the length of the mean solar year. In addition, the deviation is kept as small as possible and does not increase - as in the Gregorian calendar - to a whole day. Mostly every fourth year is a leap year, but occasionally only the fifth year.
The precision
With a length of 365 days, the Qadimi and Shenshai calendars differ by 0.24219052 days annually from the tropical year or by 1 day in around 4 years.
The month
The month has no relation to the course of the moon. The year is divided into twelve equal months of 30 days each, followed by five additional days, and six additional days in a leap year of the Fasli calendar.
The twelve months have the following names:
| Persian | transcription |
|---|---|
| ﻓﺮوردﻳﻦ | Ferverdîn |
| اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ | Ardebehesht |
| ﺧﺮﺩاد | Khordad |
| ﺗﻴﺮ | Tîr |
| ﻣﺮداد | Mordâd |
| ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻮر | Sharir |
| ﻣﻬﺮ | More |
| ﺁﺑﺎﻥ | Âbân |
| ﺁﺫﺭ | Vein |
| دﯼ | Deï |
| ﺑﻬﻤﻦ | Shame |
| اﺳﻔﻨﺪ | Asfend (ârmed) |
The 30 days of a month also have names:
| Persian | transcription |
|---|---|
| ﻫﺮﻣﺰ | Aûharmazd |
| ﺑﻬﻤﻦ | Vahûman |
| اردﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ | Ardavahisht |
| ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻮر | Shatvaîrô |
| اﺳﻔﻧﺪﺍﺭﻣﺪ | ^ Donation lady |
| ﺧﺮﺩاد | Horvadad |
| ﻣﺮداد | Amerôdad |
| ﺁﺫﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻯ | Din-i pavan Atarô |
| ﺁﺫﺭ | Âtarô |
| ﺁﺑﺎﻥ | Âvân |
| ﺧﻮﺭ | Khûrshêd |
| ﻣﺎﻩ | Mah |
| ﺗﻴﺮ | Tîr |
| ﮔﻮﺵ | Gôsh |
| ﻣﻬﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻯ | Din-i pavan Mitrô |
| ﻣﻬﺮ | Mitrô |
| ﺳﺮﻭﺵ | Srôsh |
| ﺭﺷﻦ | Rashnû |
| ﻓﺮوردﻳﻦ | Farvardin |
| ﺑﻬﺮﺍﻡ | Vâhrâm |
| ﺭﺍﻡ | R.A.M |
| ﺑﺎﺩ | Vâd |
| ﺩﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻯ | Din-i pavan Dînô |
| ﺩﻳﻦ | Dînô ̄n |
| ﺍﺭﺩ | Ard |
| ﺍﺷﺘﺎﺩ | Âshtâd |
| ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻥ | Âsmân |
| ﺯﺍﻣﻴﺎﺩ | Zamjâd |
| ﻣﺎﺭﺳﻔﻨﺪ | Mârspend |
| ﺍﻧﻴﺮﺍﻥ | Anîrâ̄n |
The five or six additional days have the following names:
| Persian | transcription |
|---|---|
| ﺍﻫﻧﺪ | Ahnad |
| ﺍﺷﻧﺪ | Ashnad |
| اﺳﻔﻧﺪﺍﺭﻣﺪ | Esfandârmed |
| ﺍﺧﺸﺘﺮ | Achshatar |
| ﺑﻬﺸﺖ | Wahisht |
The week
Today the seven-day week is in use, but only Friday and Saturday have their own names, the remaining days are counted as days after Saturday:
| شنبه | Shanbeh | Saturday |
| یکشنبه | Yek-shanbeh | Sunday |
| دوشنبه | Do-shanbeh | Monday |
| سهشنبسه | Se-shanbeh | Tuesday |
| چهارشنبه | Chahar-shanbeh | Wednesday |
| پنجشنبه | Panj-shanbeh | Thursday |
| آدینه | Aadineh | Friday |
See also
Web links
- Sympatico Zoroastrian Calendar (English)
literature
- FK Ginzel : Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology. Volume 1: Calendar of the Babylonians, Egyptians, Mohammedans, Persians, Indians, Southeast Asians, Chinese, Japanese and Central Americans . Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906.
- Lance Latham: Standard C Date / Time Library. Programming the World's Calendars and Clocks. R & D Books, Lawrence KS 1998, ISBN 0-87930-496-0 .
- Edward M. Reingold, Nachum Dershowitz: Calendrical Calculations . The Millennium Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 2001, ISBN 0-521-77167-6 , Compact Disc.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Zoroastrian calendar en: Zoroastrian calendar # The Fasli calendar
- ↑ FK Ginzel: Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology. Volume 1: Calendar of the Babylonians, Egyptians, Mohammedans, Persians, Indians, Southeast Asians, Chinese, Japanese and Central Americans . Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906, p. 275
- ↑ FK Ginzel: Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology. Volume 1: Calendar of the Babylonians, Egyptians, Mohammedans, Persians, Indians, Southeast Asians, Chinese, Japanese and Central Americans . Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906, p. 280
- ↑ Mohammad Heydari-Malayeri, A concise review of the Iranian calendar , p. 16. (English; PDF; 238 kB), accessed February 13, 2010.
- ↑ a b F. K. Ginzel: Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology. Volume 1: Calendar of the Babylonians, Egyptians, Mohammedans, Persians, Indians, Southeast Asians, Chinese, Japanese and Central Americans . Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906, p. 286
- ↑ a b c Lance Latham: Standard C Date / Time Library. Programming the World's Calendars and Clocks. R & D Books, Lawrence KS 1998, p. 336
- ^ A b Lance Latham: Standard C Date / Time Library. Programming the World's Calendars and Clocks. R & D Books, Lawrence KS 1998, p. 337
- ↑ FK Ginzel: Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology. Volume 1: Calendar of the Babylonians, Egyptians, Mohammedans, Persians, Indians, Southeast Asians, Chinese, Japanese and Central Americans . Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906, p. 300
- ^ Lance Latham: Standard C Date / Time Library. Programming the World's Calendars and Clocks. R & D Books, Lawrence KS 1998, p. 338
- ^ Lance Latham: Standard C Date / Time Library. Programming the World's Calendars and Clocks. R & D Books, Lawrence KS 1998, p. 347
- ^ Edward M. Reingold, Nachum Dershowitz: Calendrical Calculations . The Millennium Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 2001, Persian Calendar, Month Names
- ^ Edward M. Reingold, Nachum Dershowitz: Calendrical Calculations . The Millennium Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 2001, Persian Calendar, Day Names
- ↑ FK Ginzel: Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology. Volume 1: Calendar of the Babylonians, Egyptians, Mohammedans, Persians, Indians, Southeast Asians, Chinese, Japanese and Central Americans . Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906, p. 281
- ^ Edward M. Reingold, Nachum Dershowitz: Calendrical Calculations . The Millennium Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 2001, Persian Calendar, Epagomenæ Names
- ↑ FK Ginzel: Handbook of mathematical and technical chronology. Volume 1: Calendar of the Babylonians, Egyptians, Mohammedans, Persians, Indians, Southeast Asians, Chinese, Japanese and Central Americans . Hinrichs, Leipzig 1906, p. 287
- ^ Edward M. Reingold, Nachum Dershowitz: Calendrical Calculations . The Millennium Edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 2001, Persian Calendar, Weekday Names
- ^ Lance Latham: Standard C Date / Time Library. Programming the World's Calendars and Clocks. R & D Books, Lawrence KS 1998, p. 346