To drink
The zutrinken provides a ritual type of alcohol consumption represents the Zutrinkende by zutrinken another person or a group of persons by the dedication of the trunk an honor will be bestowed. It is therefore part of the drinking culture and, in addition to the greeting with bread and wine described in the Old Testament , is one of the oldest drinking customs of mankind.
history
As far as alcohol is widespread in a culture , there have been to a greater or lesser extent social regulations and rituals of alcohol consumption, often in connection with religious ideas.
In drunkenness , so people supposed earlier cultures that were gods speak to them. This was then practiced in drinking parties. While the drink was initially dedicated to the gods, the deceased and finally the living were soon included and the custom of drinking emerged, with the custom becoming more and more profane . Nevertheless, the rule was that a drink offered was not to be refused and that someone else should also reciprocate. As long as the others were drinking, a man was not allowed to withdraw, even if it was to the point of unconsciousness. This should prove a man strong. Not refusing to drink could be taken as an insult . The consequences of not keeping up could be social, societal, economic exclusion and physical attacks up to and including manslaughter. The conviction that under the influence of alcohol the true character of a person is revealed (“ In vino veritas ”) also played a certain role . Women were not subject to this compulsion to the same extent; their alcohol consumption was viewed more critically, also because of the associated disinhibition.
In the Middle Ages , the water quality was low, especially in the cities, and the germ load was high. Since alcohol is germicidal , the consumption of alcoholic beverages was associated with a lower health risk, as the likelihood of infections was significantly reduced. So were wine and especially beer to people foods. In the late Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern era , there were record levels of alcohol consumption in German-speaking countries with corresponding feasts. These then degenerated because of the social compulsion to drink. Sometimes even servants had to drink on behalf of their masters. Grimmelshausen, for example, reported how he often “broke into a sweat of fear when he was drinking; but it had to be drunk ”. Such customs persisted into the 18th century.
In the strongly religious climate in the age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation , Catholic and Protestant sides, but also humanists, preached against the “devil of alcohol”. Strongly in the center of these efforts was the degenerate drinking (at that time also called "Bescheidtun") up to unconsciousness . Martin Luther spoke, for example, of the "devilish habit of excessive drinking". But only with moderate success. Recourse was made to the church fathers Augustine and Basilius , but also to the humanistic teachings of Neo- Stoicism and Neo- Aristotelianism . At the center of the considerations at that time, however, were less modern aspects, such as public health or the protection of minors , but rather fears that Christian temperance and sobriety, but also public morals and economic stability, could be impaired by excessive drinking. Whole books were written against drinking, such as Johannes Freiherr zu Schwarzenberg and Hohenlandsberg's (1463–1528) “From the drinking of vice and abuse the real successes, so that the whole Teütsch nation is stained” from 1523.
As a result, the regulations also became the subject of specialist legal literature and later legislation, and the right to drink was developed. At the imperial level, the imperial farewell of Worms in 1495 took place first , the subsequent imperial farewells of Lindau (1497) and Freiburg (1498) again specifically turned against drinking, as did the diets of Augsburg (1500), Trier and Cologne (1512). The adopted at the diets of 1530, 1548 and 1577 and also amortized National Police orders were directed against the "excessive drinking and zutrinken".
Since there was no real execution in the Holy Roman Empire , the imperial legislation had to be implemented in the land law of the territorial states in order to be effective . This happened to varying degrees, but ultimately across the board. Already in 1495 a Baden state order forbade drinking, in the Bamberg area from 1516 drinkers and innkeepers who tolerated drinking were punished with three Rhenish guilders , and if they could not be found, with three days with bread and water, in case of repetition the penalty should double . Similar regulations were found in Constance in 1531 against "drinking and drinking", in the Prussian state order of 1577 against "immeasurable booing", in the Württemberg state order of 1621 against "drinking full", in the state order of 1666 of Saxony-Gotha against the " Drinking full, drinking and being equal ”. A Bavarian land order from 1531 forbade in its article 3 "drinking at the meals" and also included the landlord in the punishment.
Since the 18th century, the current form of drinking in German-speaking countries can be demonstrated, which provides for the use of formulas such as " Prosit ". Nowadays this usually includes clinking glasses, in which the people who drink each other drink.
Drink at student associations
In student associations, drinking is understood as a student honor, which a couleur student shows to another by drinking a certain amount of substance (usually beer) in his honor. According to the beer comment, this happens, for example, with the words "Dear Federal Brother (or color brother, etc.) ' Couleurname ', I will bring you a broad stripe" . It is up to the person honored by drinking whether he follows the person who is honored and thus wants to honor him in turn. In some connections, the honored person must also drink and return the greeting. Some compounds may Foxes boys only through the Cub Major However zutrinken among themselves themselves.
In contrast to the salamander , drinking does not have to be ordered and can take place during every colloquium , i.e. in the context of pubs and Kommersen . The salamander is a particularly ritualized toast. A salamander is grated in honor of party guests of the association or particularly deserving federal brothers. A funeral salamander in honor of the deceased is also common in the event of death.
Similar drinking rituals are practiced in practically all types of connections (ie CV connections , corps , fraternities , country teams , women's connections, etc.), but the frequency of the salamander ritual and the general toasting varies greatly. It is also common for some compounds to use non-alcoholic beverages for drinking.
See also
Web links
- Hilde Weiss , A short outline of drinking habits, in the EXTRA Lexicon of the Wiener Zeitung ( Memento from September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
Individual evidence
- ^ Hasso Spode : Alcoholic beverages (beer, spirits, wine), in: Thomas Hengartner, Christoph Merki (ed.): Luxury foods. A handbook on cultural history. Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1999. ISBN 3-593-36337-2 . Pp. 25–80, here p. 36.