Tephritoidea
| Tephritoidea | |
|---|---|
| |
| Female Physiphora alceae | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Subsection: | Acalyptratae |
| Superfamily: | Tephritoidea |
| Families | |
|
see text | |
The Tephritoidea are a superfamily of flies. It has over 7,800 species, the majority of them in family Tephritidae.[1]
The following families are included:[2]
- Ctenostylidae
- Eurygnathomyiidae
- Lonchaeidae - lance flies
- Pallopteridae — flutter flies
- Piophilidae — skippers
- Platystomatidae — signal flies
- Pyrgotidae
- Richardiidae
- Tephritidae — fruit flies
- Ulidiidae (Otitidae) — picture-winged flies
The Tachiniscinae, formerly ranked as the family Tachiniscidae, are now included in the Tephritidae.
Description[edit]
Tephritoidea are generally rather hairy flies with setae weakly differentiated. They have the following synapomorphies: male tergum 6 strongly reduced or absent; surstylus or medial surstylus with toothlike prensisetae (in Piophilidae only in one genus); female sterna 4-6 with anterior rodlike apodemes; female tergosternum 7 consisting of two portions, the anterior forming a tubular oviscape and the posterior consisting of two pairs of longitudinal taeniae.[3]
In most Tephritoidea, the anal cell of a wing has a characteristic shape: the anal crossvein is indented while the cell's outer posterior angle is produced into an acute lobe. The exceptions to this rule are Platystomatidae and some Tephritidae, Ulidiidae (=Otitidae), and Pyrgotidae.[4]
Many tephritoid families have spots or patterns on their wings. These are Pallopteridae,[5] Platystomatidae,[6] Pyrgotidae,[7] Richardiidae,[8] Tephritidae[9] and Ulidiidae.[10]
Ecology[edit]
Tephritoidea includes plant pests in the families Tephritidae, Lonchaeidae and Ulidiidae.[11][12] In these pest species, adult females lay their eggs on plant tissues, which hatch into larvae that begin feeding.[11] However, Tephritoidea also includes parasitoids (Ctenostylidae, Pyrgotidae and the tephritid subfamily Tachiniscinae) and saprophages that feed on decaying plants (subfamily Phytalmiinae and some Lonchaeidae).[2][11]
Phylogeny[edit]
Tephritoidea is a monophyletic superfamily that can be divided into two also-monophyletic groups: the Piophilidae Family Group (Pallopteridae, Circumphallidae, Lonchaeidae, Piophilidae and Eurygnathomyiidae) and the Tephritidae Family Group (Richardiidae, Ulidiidae, Platystomatidae, Tephritidae, Ctenostylidae and Pyrgotidae).[2]
Evolution[edit]
The first Tephritoidea are believed to have evolved in the mid-Paleocene, approximately 59 million years ago.[2]
References[edit]
- ^ Kahanpää, Jere; Winqvist, Kaj (2014-09-19). "Checklist of the Diptera superfamilies Tephritoidea and Sciomyzoidea of Finland (Insecta)". ZooKeys (441): 259–275. doi:10.3897/zookeys.441.7143. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 4200462. PMID 25337022.
- ^ a b c d Han, Ho-Yeon; Ro, Kyung-Eui (2016). "Molecular phylogeny of the superfamily Tephritoidea (Insecta: Diptera) reanalysed based on expanded taxon sampling and sequence data". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 54 (4): 276–288. doi:10.1111/jzs.12139.
- ^ Korneyev, V. A. (1999). "Phylogenetic relationships among the families of the superfamily Tephritoidea". In Aluja, M.; Norrborn, A. L. (eds.). Fruit flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and Evolution of Behavior. CRC Press. pp. 3–22. ISBN 0-8493-1275-2. OCLC 48652104.
- ^ McAlpine, David K. (1973-07-02). "The Australian Platystomatidae (Diptera, Schizophora) with a revision of five genera". Australian Museum Memoir. 15: 1–256. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1967.15.1973.454. ISSN 0067-1967.
- ^ "Family Pallopteridae - Flutter Flies". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
- ^ "Signal Fly - Family Platystomatidae". www.brisbaneinsects.com. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
- ^ Korneyev, V. A. (2004). "Genera of Palaearctic Pyrgotidae (Diptera, Acalyptrata), with Nomenclatural Notes and a Key". Vestnik Zoologii. 38 (1): 19–46.
- ^ Wendt, Lisiane Dilli; Ale-Rocha, Rosaly (2016-06-14). "FAMILY RICHARDIIDAE". Zootaxa. 4122 (1): 585–595. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.49. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27395297.
- ^ "Family Tephritidae - Fruit Flies". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
- ^ Lomonosov Moscow State University; Galinskaya, T.V.; Khaghaninia, S.; University of Tabriz; Gharajedaghi, Y.; University of Tabriz (2012). "A contribution to the fauna of Ulidiidae and Otitidae (Diptera) of Iran" (PDF). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin. 8 (2): 342–345. doi:10.23885/1814-3326-2012-8-2-342-345.
- ^ a b c Uchoa, M. A. (2012-02-24), Soloneski, Sonia (ed.), "Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea): Biology, Host Plants, Natural Enemies, and the Implications to Their Natural Control", Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics, InTech, doi:10.5772/31613, ISBN 978-953-51-0050-8, retrieved 2022-06-21
- ^ Garcia, Flavio R. M.; Norrbom, Allen L. (2011). "Tephritoid flies (Diptera, Tephritoidea) and their plant hosts from the state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil". Florida Entomologist. 94 (2): 151–157. doi:10.1653/024.094.0205. ISSN 0015-4040. S2CID 86617692.
External links[edit]
- "Tephritoidea". Atlas of Living Australia.
- The Diptera Site: Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Phylogeny