Xylomelum

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Xylomelum
Xylomelum pyriforme
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Subfamily: Grevilleoideae
Tribe: Roupaleae
Subtribe: Lambertiinae
Genus: Xylomelum
Sm.[1]
Species

See text

Engraving of Banksia pyriformis (fruit and seed) from Gaertner's 'De Fructibus...'
X. pyriforme flowers

Xylomelum is a genus of six species of flowering plants, often commonly known as woody pears, in the family Proteaceae and are endemic to Australia. Plants in this genus are tall shrubs or small trees with leaves arranged in opposite pairs, relatively small flowers arranged in spike-like groups, and the fruit a woody, more or less pear-shaped follicle.

Description[edit]

Plants in the genus Xylomelum are shrubs or trees that typically grow to a height of 4–14 m (13–46 ft) and have simple, leathery leaves arranged in opposite pairs. Juvenile leaves have coarse, sometimes prickly teeth on the edges. The flowers are arranged in dense, spike-like racemes or panicles, the flowers in pairs with a bract at the base. Each flower has four similar tepals that roll back as the flower develops revealing four stamens. The fruit is a woody, more or less pear-shaped follicle attached at the larger end, that eventually splits into two halves and releases two winged seeds.[2][3][4]

Taxonomy[edit]

The genus Xylomelum was first formally described in 1798 by James Edward Smith in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London.[5][6] The name Xylomelum is derived from the Greek xylon meaning "wood" and melon "tree-fruit", referring to the woody fruit.[2]

In 1979, Farr, Leussink and Stafleu nominated Xylomelum pyriforme (Gaertn.) R.Br. as the lectotype, later corrected to Xylomelum pyriforme (Gaert.) Knight.[7]

Evolution[edit]

The "pears" of Xylomelum species are thought to have evolved primarily as a defense against seed predation. However, these woody fruits also provide protection of the seeds from fire. Johnson and Briggs (1963) consider the woody seeds in Proteaceae to be a late evolutionary adaptation to fire.[8]

Species list[edit]

The following is a list of species accepted by the Australian Plant Census as at November 2020:[9]

A seventh species, Xylomelum salicinum A.Cunn. ex R.Br. is listed at Plants of the World Online[10] but is regarded as a synonym of X. scottianum by the Australian Plant Census.[11] In 2007, Anthony Edward Orchard suggested that X. salicinum (Meisn.) Benth. is a superfluous, illegitimate name and raised X. pyriforme var. salicinum Meisn. to species status as X. benthamii.[12]

In 1788, Joseph Gaertner described Banksia pyriformis in De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum,[13][14] a species whose genus was effectively reclassified when Smith described the genus, Xylomelum in 1798. Smith gave the essential characters of Xylomelum as: flower spikes with simple scales; flowers with four petals bearing four stamens, with a blunt, club-shaped stigma, with a uni-locular capsule having two seeds, the seeds being winged.[6]

In 1810, Robert Brown gave a key to the genera of Proteaceae in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, placing Xylomelum in the group of Proteaceae which have dehiscent fruit and are unilocular with two seeds, thereby grouping Anadenia, Grevillea, Hakea, Lambertia, Orites and Rhopala together. Within the group, Xylomelum is distinguished from Orites and Rhopala by having winged seeds, a thickened woody follicle with an excentric locule, and a club-shaped stigma.[15][16]

In 1888, Engler, in Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, divided the Proteaceae into two sub-families, Persoonioideae and Grevilloideae, placing Xylomelum in Grevilloideae, and as being like Helicia in having the flower axis at the base with four glands, but differing from it by having the inflorescence in 'ears', not in loose 'grapes', and by having seeds with wings.[17]

In 1975, Johnson and Briggs placed Xylomelum in the subfamily Grevilleoideae and the tribe Heliciaea (together with Helicia, Triunia and Hollandaea).[18] However, Weston and Barker (2006),[19] argue that within the tribe of Roupaleae, Xylomelum should be placed in the subtribe of Lambertiinae and not together with the Helicia in the subtribe of Heliciinae,[19] using in part, the evidence of the molecular studies of Hoot and Douglas,[20] who pair Xylomelum with Lambertia.[20]

See Grevilleoideae for further discussion of the placement of Xylomelum within the Proteaceae.

Distribution and habitat[edit]

Two species, X. angustifolium and X. occidentale, are endemic to Western Australia[21][22] and the remaining five species are found in New South Wales and Queensland.[1] All are either mesophytes or grow in dry environments.[4]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Xylomelum". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  2. ^ a b Foreman, David B. "Xylomelum". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  3. ^ Harden, Gwen J. "Xylomelum". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Xylomelum". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  5. ^ "Xylomelum". APNI. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  6. ^ a b Smith, James Edward (1798). "The Characters of Twenty New Genera of Plants". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 4: 214. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  7. ^ "Xylomelum". APNI. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  8. ^ Johnson, L.A.S. & Briggs, B.G. 1963. Evolution in the Proteaceae, Australian Journal of Botany, 11:21-61 Johnson, LAS; Briggs, BG (1963). "(DOI)". Australian Journal of Botany. 11: 21. doi:10.1071/BT9630021.
  9. ^ "Xylomelum". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  10. ^ "Xylomelum". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  11. ^ "Xylomelum scottianum". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  12. ^ Orchard, Anthony E. (2007). "Xylomelum benthamii Orchard, a replacement name for Xylomelum salicinum (Meisn.) Benth., nom. illeg. (Proteaceae)" (PDF). Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. 21: 88–89. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  13. ^ "Banksia pyriformis". APNI. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  14. ^ Gaertner, Joseph (1788). De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum. Vol. 1. Stuttgart: Sumtibus Auctoris, Typis Academiae Carolinae,1788-1791. pp. 220–221. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  15. ^ "Proteaceae Juss". APNI. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  16. ^ Brown, Robert (1810). "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 10 (1): 48 (foll.). Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  17. ^ Proteaceae (pp. 119-156). In 'Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten begründet.'. Vol. 3. (Eds) A. Engler, K.A.E. Prantl, (W. Engelmann: Leipzig). Vol. 3(1). 1887.
  18. ^ Johnson, L.A.S. & Briggs, B.G. 1975. On the Proteaceae-the evolution and classification, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 70(2): 83-182 Johnson, L. A. S; Briggs, Barbara G (1975). "(DOI)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 70 (2): 83. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01644.x.
  19. ^ a b Weston, Peter H.; Barker, Nigel P. (2006). "A new suprageneric classification of the Proteaceae, with an annotated checklist of genera". Telopea. 11 (3): 314–344. doi:10.7751/telopea20065733.
  20. ^ a b Hoot, S.B. and Douglas, A.W. 1998. Phylogeny of Proteaceae based on atpB and atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer region sequences. Australian Systematic Botany 11: 301-320 Hoot, Sara B; Douglas, Andrew W (1998). "(DOI)". Australian Systematic Botany. 11 (4): 301. doi:10.1071/SB98027.
  21. ^ "Xylomelum angustifolium R.Br". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  22. ^ "Xylomelum occidentale R.Br". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
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