Bien de Interés Cultural

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The Spanish law book Del patrimonio histórico Español (From the historical heritage of Spain) describes protected cultural property as Bien de Interés Cultural . The register can include not only material goods, but also knowledge and activities that express an important cultural tradition of the Spanish people.

Legal basis

The protection of cultural property in Spain was regulated by various individual laws up to 1985. The constitution of the Second Spanish Republic from 1931 already contained in Article 45 the mandate of the state to preserve the historical and artistic heritage of the country. In the 1978 constitution, the protection of cultural property was enshrined in Article 46. The constitutional mandate was fulfilled in 1985 through a comprehensive code of law. There, express reference was made to parts of the previously applicable laws. An executive order from 1986 regulates the uniform implementation of the law throughout the kingdom and the establishment of the necessary state authorities. The individual Comunidades Autónomas have also made regulations for their areas. Apart from a few special areas, such as B. the treasure diving in the coastal waters, the responsibility for the protection of cultural assets lies with the Comunidades Autónomas, which should be supported by the local authorities (Ayuntamientos).

Classification of cultural assets

The 1985 law divides cultural goods into different categories:

  • Bienes inmuebles (local cultural assets)
    • Monumento histórico
    • Jardín histórico
    • Conjunto histórico
    • Sitio histórico
    • Zona arqueológica
  • Bienes muebles (Transportable cultural goods)
  • Patrimonio etnográfico (Ethnographic Heritage)
  • Patrimonio documental y bibliográfico (Documentary and bibliographical heritage)

Bienes inmuebles

Bienes inmuebles are all non-transportable cultural goods. These are primarily Monumentos históricos ( architectural monuments ). Decisive for the declaration of the Bien de Interés Cultural Categoría Monumento is not the age of the building, but only its architectural or structural characteristics. Sculptures larger than a size that do not allow transport without damage to the object are also entered in the list of the Bienes de Interés Cultural Categoría Monumento.

The time of creation is not necessarily decisive for the Jardínes históricos either. The aesthetic, emotional or botanical value is important for the explanation as a Bien de Interes Cultural .

The conjuntos históricos are usually clearly delimited areas of a palace complex or a city. However, individual buildings outside these limits can also be included as islotes (islands).

The Sitios históricos are, on the one hand, areas in which there are special facilities (e.g. Minas de Riotinto ) or where special events have taken place or take place regularly (e.g. Alfombras de La Orotava ). On the other hand, Sitios históricos are also areas where special techniques (e.g. Turrones de Tacoronte) or customs (e.g. Silbo de la Gomera, El Pino de la Virgen ) are cultivated.

Bienes muebles

All “Bienes muebles” (non-stationary works of art) in the country should be recorded in a central register (Inventario general), regardless of whether these works of art have been declared a “Bien de Interés Cultural” or not. It does not matter whether the works of art are in private hands, in the possession of the church or by corporations under public law. All works of art that have been recorded as Bien mueble de Interés Cultural or even just in the Inventario general and are owned by the church or a corporation under public law may not be put on the market. They can only be transferred to the state, another ecclesiastical institution or corporation under public law in Germany.

Patrimonio etnográfico (Ethnographic Heritage)

The ethnographic heritage includes not only movable and fixed cultural assets, but also knowledge and activities that are peculiar expressions of the tradition of the Spanish people. These traditions should be promoted and at least documented where they are threatened in order to preserve them for posterity. These can be work techniques (e.g. textile or wood processing), aesthetic habits (e.g. certain decorative patterns, costumes) or games and sports (e.g. Salto de Pastores). In the list of Bienes de Interés Cultural, Bienes de Patrimonio etnográfico are entered as Sitio Histórico for the landscapes and areas in which they are or were to be found.

Patrimonio documental y bibliográfico (Documentary and bibliographical heritage)

The law provides special protection for archives, libraries and museums. A precise definition should protect all types of historical documents, regardless of whether they are in private hands, in the possession of church or other public or state institutions. Not only the holdings of libraries and museums, but also their buildings are protected by the law.

Procedure for declaring a cultural asset as a Bien de Interés Cultural

Cultural assets that were declared a Monumento Nacional before the entry into force of the “Del patrimonio histórico Español” code, i.e. before 1985, are declared in the transitional provisions of the Bienes de Interés Cultural Act. This regulation applies on the one hand to individually named buildings and building ensembles, on the other hand also to all fortifications (castillos), walls (murallas) and towers (torreones) and their ruins, in addition to all coats of arms or symbols attached to buildings, a special type of crossroads (cruz de término ) at the boundaries of the urban areas and special granaries ( Hórreo ) occurring in northwestern Spain , if they are older than one hundred years. Generally under monument protection since 1985 all places where rock carvings are located.

The procedure that leads to a building, garden, picture or local tradition being declared a Bien de Interés Cultural is regulated in the Implementing Ordinance of 1986. The Comunidades Autónomas start, on their own initiative or at the request of any person (the applicant does not have to be related to the object), investigations into whether an object, regardless of whether it is publicly or privately owned, is part of the Bien de Interés Cultural should be explained. The Ministry of Culture in Madrid also begins, on its own initiative or at the request of any person, to check whether an object belongs to the group of objects already protected by law from 1985. (Is this ruin a ruin of a castle that is under protection or was it "just" an unfortified mansion?) In addition, the Ministry of Culture in Madrid is responsible for all objects that are owned by the Spanish state or for various objects archaeological sites on land and in water. At the start of the investigation, the object is entered on the list of Bienes de Interés Cultural as a preventive measure. This applies not only to the object itself, but also to other objects connected to it or to which it can be assigned. (E.g. not only the town hall building is affected, but also the transportable paintings and sculptures inside the building, the furniture of the meeting room, the carved doors and the wrought iron banisters.) All those affected (owners, owners, neighbors, city administration, etc.) .) will be notified of the registration and the provisional reasons for opening the investigation will be published in the Boletín Oficial . The object remains registered in this provisional state until it is either declared a Bien de Interés Cultural or definitely cannot be designated as such. This decision often takes years. The investigation is carried out by bodies, the composition of which is precisely defined in the ordinance. These bodies also include specialists who are not employees of the responsible authorities. In the appendix of the implementing regulation there are questionnaires that should be used to describe and qualify the objects to be examined. It is not only about the age, the state of preservation of an object or the level of artistic value, but also about its social significance and its significance for the environment. It can, for. For example, neighboring buildings can also be included in the delimitation of the building in order to prevent the object from standing like a foreign body in an inappropriate environment. The questionnaires should promote an objective assessment and make the reasons for the decision for or against a qualification as Bien de Interés Cultural transparent. The result of the investigation is published (as a processing of these questionnaires) as the reason for the decision in the law and regulation gazette of the respective Comunidad Autónoma. An objection can be raised against any part of a decision as early as the preventive entry and also in all further stages of the procedure. Evidence of the affected person is not required for an objection either. (i.e. everyone can object, for example, that the description of the cultural property is incorrect or that the classification or stylistic assignment is incorrect or that the social context is not given.) In disputes, a court decision is made, which of course also in the law and regulation gazette is published.

Further regulations

The law also contains regulations that prevent the export of cultural goods (similar to the German Cultural Property Protection Act ) and ensure the funding of cultural protection, as well as the threat of sanctions in the event of violations of the law.

Web links

Commons : Bien de Interés Cultural  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ley 16/1985, de 25 de junio, del Patrimonio Histórico Español. June 25, 1985, Retrieved September 8, 2012 (Spanish).
  2. Jump up ↑ Javier García Fernández: La regulación y la gestión del Patrimonio Histórico-Artístico durante la Segunda República (1931-1939). Legal protection and management of Historic-Artistic Heritage during the Second Republic (1931-1939). Revista Electrónica de Patrimonio Histórico, December 2007, accessed October 7, 2012 (Spanish). The text gives an overview of the legal situation before 1939.
  3. ^ Constitución española de 1931. Retrieved October 7, 2012 (Spanish).
  4. ^ German text on Verassungen.eu , accessed on April 7, 2013
  5. ^ Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain. December 29, 1978, Retrieved September 8, 2012 . Article 46
  6. ↑ Ley 16/1985, de 25 de junio, del Patrimonio Histórico Español. June 25, 1985, Retrieved September 8, 2012 (Spanish).
  7. ↑ Real decreto de desarrollo parcial de la Ley 16/1985, de 25 de junio, del Patrimonio Histórico Español. January 10, 1986, Retrieved September 8, 2012 (Spanish).
  8. ↑ z. B. The Law on the Historical Heritage of the Canary Islands LEY 4/1999, de 15 de marzo, de Patrimonio Histórico de Canarias. (PDF; 127 kB) March 15, 1999, accessed October 7, 2012 (Spanish).
  9. ↑ DECRETO 65/2006, de 23 de mayo, por el que se declara Bien de Interés Cultural, con categoría de Conjunto Histórico “El Puerto de la Cruz”. (PDF; 485 kB) May 23, 2006, accessed October 7, 2012 (Spanish). z. B. some buildings outside the city center are included
  10. ↑ http://www.gobcan.es/boc/2007/105/boc-2007-105-014.pdf .
  11. ↑ Gobierno de canarias: Boletín Oficial de Canarias núm. 223, jueves 6 de noviembre de 2008. (PDF; 31 kB) November 6, 2008, accessed on October 29, 2012 (Spanish). Category: Sitio Histórico, Código: RI-54-0000259
  12. ↑ ANUNCIO de 27 de junio de 2008, por el que se somete a información pública el Decreto de 26 de junio de 2008, que incoa expediente de Declaración de Bien de Interés Cultural a favor del silbo gomero work = Boletín Oficial de Canarias núm. 142. (PDF; 53 kB) July 16, 2008, accessed on September 14, 2012 (Spanish). Category: Sitio Histórico Código: RI-54-0000251
  13. ↑ Ley 16/1985, de 25 de junio, del Patrimonio Histórico Español. June 25, 1985, Retrieved September 8, 2012 (Spanish). Art. 26
  14. ↑ Ley 16/1985, de 25 de junio, del Patrimonio Histórico Español. June 25, 1985, Retrieved September 8, 2012 (Spanish). Art 28
  15. ↑ Ley 16/1985, de 25 de junio, del Patrimonio Histórico Español. June 25, 1985, Retrieved September 8, 2012 (Spanish). Titulo VII del Patrimonio Documental y Bibliográfico y de los archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos
  16. ↑ Decreto de 22 de april de 1949, expedido por el Ministerio de Educación Nacional (BOE 5-5-1949) sobre protección de los castillos españoles. (No longer available online.) April 22, 1949, archived from the original on October 19, 2013 ; Retrieved October 1, 2012 (Spanish). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.weblandia.com
  17. ↑ Decreto de protección de los escudos, emblemas, piedras heráldicas, rollos de justicia, cruces de término y piedras similares de interés histórico - artístico. February 1, 1963, accessed October 1, 2012 (Spanish).
  18. ↑ Decreto 449/1973, de 22 de February, por el que se colocan bajo protección del Estado español, los “hórreos” or “cabazos” antiguos en Asturias. (PDF; 155 kB) February 22, 1973, accessed October 1, 2012 (Spanish).
  19. ↑ Ley 16/1985, de 25 de junio, del Patrimonio Histórico Español. June 25, 1985, Retrieved September 8, 2012 (Spanish). Article 40.2
  20. ↑ de desarrollo parcial de la Ley 16/1985, de 25 de junio, del Patrimonio Histórico Español. January 10, 1986, Retrieved September 8, 2012 (Spanish). Article 11ff
  21. ↑ Ley 16/1985, de 25 de junio, del Patrimonio Histórico Español. June 25, 1985, Retrieved September 8, 2012 (Spanish). The law not only promotes art in architecture , but also the inclusion and consideration of cultural assets in the vicinity of new buildings. Article 68ff.
  22. ↑ Ley 16/1985, de 25 de junio, del Patrimonio Histórico Español. June 25, 1985, Retrieved September 8, 2012 (Spanish). Título VIII. De las Medias de Fomento
  23. ↑ Ley 16/1985, de 25 de junio, del Patrimonio Histórico Español. June 25, 1985, Retrieved September 8, 2012 (Spanish). Título IX. de las Infracciones administrativas y sus sancciones