Carlo I. Tocco

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Inherited territories, permanent and temporary acquisitions by Carlo I. Tocco

Carlo I. Tocco (* between May 28, 1374 and August 25, 1377 in Kefalonia (?), † July 4, 1429 in Ioannina ) from the   Neapolitan noble family Tocco was a Neapolitan patrician , Duke of Lefkada , from 1381 Count Palatine of Kefalonia and Zakynthos , Genoese citizen (1389), Venetian citizen (1396) and from 1418 despot of Epirus . His contemporaries considered him one of the most important princes, and is still considered the most important personality of the Tocco family today . In addition, he was the first of three rulers of the Tocci who ruled in Epirus.

He managed to use the power vacuum and the extreme political fragmentation after the collapse of the Serbian Empire under Emperor Stefan Dušan († 1355) as well as the powerlessness of the Byzantine emperors under the pressure of the Ottoman Empire and the ambitions of the local rulers. During his rule of about fifty years, he acted in changing coalitions with the local powers, but also with the great powers, waged war almost continuously and maintained his own navy. But he also used the means of marriage policy successfully. He was a vassal of the Neapolitan King Ladislaus , the Ottomans under Mehmed I and the Venetians , paid tributes, but at the same time had civil rights both in Venice and in the rival Republic of Genoa. He was also in a protracted dispute with leading Albanian families , but also won allies among them in the fight against the Ottomans. The fights were mostly carried out with relatively small, efficient groups of mercenaries, whose financing came from looting and ransom, but also from the extensive funds that Carlo had at his disposal through his marriage to the daughter of the Duke of Athens , Francesca Acciaiuoli. Francesca came from a very wealthy Florentine banking house, which commanded the appropriate funds and financing techniques.

Palatine County of Kefalonia, Ithaca and Zakynthos (1388)

In his will, he appointed his nephew Carlo II as his successor, as he himself did not have a legitimate son who was therefore entitled to inheritance. Yet he had a number of illegitimate sons whose rivalries contributed to the collapse of his empire. The vast majority of his territory finally fell to the Ottoman Empire, the Palatinate Counties of Kefalonia and Zakynthos came to Venice in 1500 for almost three centuries.

Life

origin

Carlo, Neapolitan patrician, who was born between May 28, 1374 and August 25, 1377, was the son of Leonardo I. Tocco , Lord of Tocco (from 1353) and Count Palatine of Kefalonia and Zakynthos (1357-1379) and the Maddalena Buondelmonti , a sister of Esau Buondelmonti , the despot of Epirus. His grandfather Guglielmo Tocco was made governor of Corfu around 1330 , his grandmother was Margherita Orsini Angelo Dukas (* around 1300; † 1339), daughter of Nikephoros I Komnenos Dukas Angelos , 4th despot of Epirus and Anna Paleologa Cantacuzena, the niece or granddaughter of Emperor Michael VIII . As the first-born son, Carlo Tocco was entitled to the despotate of Epirus from both the Komnenos Dukas Angelos and the Buondelmonti .

Carlos younger brother was Leonardo II. Tocco , who later became lord of Zante, today's Zakynthos . His sister Petronilla married Nicolò II dalle Carceri (1371-1383), the Duca dell'Arcipelago , also known as the Duke of Naxos , in 1372 . The Senate allowed her to visit her brother on March 15, 1409 and to reconcile with the Signoria.

Count Palatine of Kefalonia (from 1376/1381)

Map of the island of Kephalonia, made around 1417 to 1420, Cristoforo Buondelmonti : Liber Insularum Archipelagi

Carlo I. Tocco, the eldest son, succeeded his late father Leonardo in 1381, while still a minor, to the throne of the Palatinate Counties of Kefalonia and Zakynthos and of the Duchy of Leukadia . His brother Leonardo II received the island of Zante in 1399 as a paragium or partagium, not as an apanage , but as an area that was subordinate to the older brother, but provided with all the rights of a sovereign. Since they were still children, both brothers were initially under the guardianship of their widowed mother Maddalena from the Florentine house of Buondelmonti. Queen Joan I of Naples , ruler of the Angevin Empire in southern Italy since 1343, immediately recognized the inheritance. Since 1373, most of the barons of Achaia , the Franconian Morea, also recognized her as a fief. Carlos county was loans legally bound to Achaia. However, he did not come of age until 1390. Johanna lent Achaia in 1376/77 against 4000 ducats for five years to the Hospitallers . They made it their task to recapture the Anjou fortresses in Epirus that had been conquered by the Albanians. They attacked Gjin Bua Shpata , one of the Albanian leaders who controlled Arta, Akarnania and the south of Epirus.

Albanian territories around 1360

Until 1385 the Albanians developed a significant expansion force after the death of Leonardos and occupied Naupaktos in 1376 or 1377 , which probably provoked the attack of the Hospitallers, because this was the last city of the Anjou in this area. The Albanians also attacked Lefkada in an attempt to rob the island. In doing so, they not only threatened the Tocco, but also the trade routes of Venice. Corfu secured this in 1386 to secure its sea trade with the eastern Mediterranean. Although mother and son were cives veneti , and thus had extensive rights in Venice, Maddalena regarded the Venetians no less as opponents than the Albanians. In 1383 they imposed high taxes on them when they passed Lefkada. When she turned to the Genoese , the sharp rivals of the Venetians, for help and also granted them privileges, tensions arose with Venice. The text of the contract between an envoy and the Doge of Genoa, Antoniotto Adorno, signed in Genoa on December 2, 1389, has not survived, but a notarial act is in the Genoa State Archives . However, the treaty was not ratified until October 7, 1390.

This powerful backing of several great powers allowed the Tocco to develop an enormous power dynamic. Because Carlo soon succeeded in solving the fiefdoms of the Principality of Achaia with King Ladislaus of Naples , Johanna's successor since 1386 - if the Palatinate County of Kefalonia had previously been subordinate to the Principality of Achaia as a fief , it was from now on independent of Achaia and thus of equal rank. Together with his brother Leonardo, Carlo also conquered the Glarentza fortress on the Greek mainland. Soon afterwards, however, he was again driven out by the Zaccaria family , who came from Genoa, and Albanian troops.

Numerous details of the warfare have been passed down through the Tocco Chronicle, as well as through the history of Johannes Kantakuzenos . The military operations were mostly carried out with small units - in 1411, for example, Ioannina was conquered with only 100 men. -, the battles mostly revolved around one of the numerous fortifications and were carried out in the form of surprise attacks, lists of war, betrayal or brief sieges by reliable and experienced fighters. The most important siege device was the ladder. In order to conquer cities, the surrounding area was plundered and the crops burned, so that the defenders had to withdraw because of the lack of supplies. On the other hand, the looting units, mostly mercenaries, were dependent on loot because there was practically no supply logistics. Therefore, many campaigns were carried out primarily to make booty and prisoners who could be released for ransom, in no way to gain land. When Carlo conquered Arta in 1416 , he could not prevent his troops from pillaging the city. The prisoners in turn were an important source of income and at the same time a means of diplomacy. "Franks", "Romans", Serbs and especially Albanians served as mercenaries in the permanent battles. Carlo was able to spend large sums of money to fund his troops. This had less to do with his forays than with the fact that his Florentine wife Francesca came from the wealthy Acciaiuoli banking family. This enabled the use of sophisticated financing methods. In her hometown it had long been common practice to have wars waged by mercenaries. Whole units, mostly under Italian leadership, offered themselves to the local potentates.

In 1388 Carlo married the daughter of Nerio I Acciaiuoli , the Duke of Athens and a member of one of the most influential Florentine families. When his father-in-law, who came from Florence in 1365, died at the end of 1394, he left a will that was drawn up on September 17, 1394. In it, his daughter Francesca, and with it her husband Carlo, gained a claim to Vasilika, Corinth and Megara . Livadia, Thebes and Boeotia received his illegitimate son Antonio, while Athens came under the protection of Venice. The older daughter Bartolomea, who was married to Theodor I. Palaiologos , Despot of Morea , and was considered the most beautiful woman of her time, was paid for 9700 ducats (which her husband had borrowed from Nerio). When Carlo owned Corinth for a short time, he forced the executors to sign a document stating that they had only followed the will of the testator. Apparently Nerio had preferred his daughter Francesca to Bartolomea.

When Nerios' resigned son-in-law, Theodor Palaiologos, attempted to conquer Corinth, Carlo called the Turks to help. Under the command of Evrenos, they invaded the Morea , as the Peloponnese was called, and defeated the Byzantines at Akova, which they captured on February 28, 1395, and at Leontarion . Venice refused to enter the war on Carlos's side, who wanted to sell Corinth and Megara to Venice. Carlo was, as Kenneth M. Setton put it, “quite willing to sell what he could not hold”. In the end, the Ottomans plundered central Greece, the paleologist succeeded in occupying Corinth, which at that time was, however, rather insignificant, the Venetians held the Duchy of Athens .

Carlo deviated greatly from his brother and mother's policy on one point, namely in relation to Venice. He tried to ensure its neutrality. But the local senate responded with a letter dated December 12, 1391, to stay out of the local disputes, but to intervene if the rights of friends of the Serenissima should be threatened. Venice had been harassing Carlos 'empire with economic means since 1390 when it levied taxes on all transactions with Carlos' subjects. This in turn was due to the fact that Carlo had acquired the Genoese citizenship on December 2, 1389, but also demanded excessive taxes from the Venetians in their eyes. On April 11, the Senate forbade all subjects to call at the ports of Carlos or to do business there, a decision that was repeated on March 21, 1392. Carlo Tocco was thus subjected to a trade boycott. Carlos name appears in a list of Latin barons who paid homage to Amadeus of Savoy, the titular prince of Achaia, in 1391 . In the face of the catastrophe provoked by the attempt to get hold of his wife's legacy by all means, Carlo found himself compelled to attempt a rapprochement with Venice. After five years he succeeded in gaining the privilege of the Venetian citizenship, as his father had done 35 years earlier. Venice also ended the trade boycott. The alliance with Genoa had brought him no advantage at all, but it was well suited as a means of pressure against Venice; They also hoped, albeit in vain, for help against the Albanians.

1399 invaded Carlos troops on the territory of the Albanian family Spata ago, 1404/06 he won in a night attack with ladders the heavily fortified Dragamesto (Astakos (?)), 1406 followed Anatolico that, so with "loumbardes" bombards was shelled. This is the only case in which a fortress has been destroyed with bombs. Around this time Carlo bought another method of acquisition from the Pikerni Riniasa brothers (Thomokastro in the Preveza municipality ), who owned the above guns. Paolo Spata gave his fortress Angelokastron (a district of Agrinio since 2011 ) to the Ottomans rather than leave it to Carlo Tocco. A new quarrel arose with Venice over Anatolico. A first contract dated May 12, 1409, brokered by the sister Petronilla, was ignored. Years later, Carlo proposed the acquisition of the Lepanto fortress , which the Venetian Senate flatly rejected in mid-1414.

In the summer of 1407 Carlo attacked the Prince of Morea Centurione II. Zaccaria and conquered Clarenza, which he returned in February / March 1408. He finally received parts of Elis on the Morea between 1402 and 1427 , as well as some fortresses on the mainland, including Angelokastron.

Despot of the Rhomeans (from 1415)

Representation of the "Colfo della Preveza" with Arta and "S. Mavra ”( Lefkada ) from 1571

Carlos' maternal uncle, Esau Buondelmonti († 1411), became Despotes of Epirus through marriage in 1388 . After his death, Albanians conquered large parts of the country, including Arta, his young son Giorgio Buondelmonti could not stop them. The Greek population asked Esau's nephew, Carlo I. Tocco, for help. At their request, he then assumed rule in the despotate of Epirus (April 1, 1411) and militarily pushed back the Albanians who had already advanced to Arta. First, however, he was subject to the Albanians under Muriki Spata (Albanian Muriq Shpata), the grandson of Gjin Spata († 1399), at Kranea (probably today's Kranë in Qark Vlora , Albania ) in the summer of 1412. The Tocco army was completely wiped out and Ioannina was besieged. Only through Venetian and Ottoman intervention was he able to maintain his positions. The ships of the Tocco and especially the Venetians won a sea battle off Clarenza. In 1412/13 he asked Mūsā Çelebi, the brother of Sultan Mehmed I , for support, who became his ally and son-in-law

After Mūsā Çelebi's death he sent his sons (Ercolo, Torno, Menuno, Triano) as hostages to the Ottoman court and agreed to pay tribute. In Venice, on July 12, 1414, a contract was signed between the Tocco and Zaccaria, which cost Carlo dearly in that he had to declare himself a vassal of Venice. There was also an annual tribute of 200 ducats and he had to provide Venice with a galley for three months each year. At least Carlo managed to conclude a peace treaty with the Albanians, who had come under heavy pressure from the Ottomans, in particular with Muriki Spata, who, however, died in 1414.

Representation of the "Castel Tornese" ( Chlemoutsi ), Vincenzo Coronelli , 1686

In the spring of 1415, Carlos brother, Leonardo II went., As an ambassador to the Byzantine emperor Manuele II. Palaiologos after Mystras to the Despot title to champion his brother Carlo. In August 1415 he received the title despot confirmed by Emperor Manuel II . With a ruse Carlo conquered and killed the despot of Arta , Yaqub Spata, and entered Arta on October 4, 1416. After completing his campaigns against the Albanians, Carlo had brought most of Epirus under his control. For the next eleven years Carlo ruled Epirus as despot, his residence being Ioannina. His wife Francesca, who had long before called herself “basilissa”, has now been dubbed “dignissima ducissa”. In this way he was able to "unite the ancient territory of Epiros in his hand" (Nicol) for some time. Around 1420 he was able to buy the city of Clarenza from the Venetians Ponticò and Clomuzzi ( Chlemoutsi ), as well as the city of Clarenza from the adventurer Oliviero Franco in 1421. In 1422 a peace treaty was reached, but Carlo broke it immediately by conquering Elis .

The politico-military situation changed fundamentally, first in the Peloponnese after 1422. The Ottoman army had besieged Constantinople in vain and now moved to the peninsula, where Carlo wanted to expand his sphere of influence at the expense of the Byzantines. On May 21, 1423 he invited the Pasha Turahan Bey to penetrate the despotate of Morea. The Turks destroyed the fortifications on the Isthmus of Corinth , the so-called Hexamilion, and devastated the region, massacring the population. In this emergency situation, the Latin princes in the Peloponnese offered Venice subordinate to its sovereignty. There the offer was checked by five experts, called Savi or Sapientes . They came to the conclusion that the country's treasures were worth exploiting, but in the end the Great Council rejected the offer.

In 1424 peace came between the Byzantines and the Ottomans, with the former free to wage war against the Tocco and the Venetians. In the summer of the same year Carlo took Centurione II. Zaccaria prisoner during a battle.

After a peace treaty (1424) Constantinople tried to win the peninsula for itself. Emperor John VIII , accompanied by Georgios Sphrantzes and the heir to the throne and despot of Morea Constantine , led a campaign in the course of which there was a sea battle at the entrance to the Gulf of Patras . Carlos's fleet was destroyed, Byzantium succeeded in consolidating the Peloponnese from 1426 (until 1460). Carlo had to cede Glarentza in this year's peace treaty . In view of the continuing Ottoman pressure, an alliance with other local powers was sought. So Konstantin Palaiologos , the future emperor, married Carlos niece Maddalena (who renamed herself Theodora and converted to Orthodoxy on the occasion ) and received other areas of the Tocco family as a dowry . Maddalena, whom Carlo adopted after the early death of his brother, married the future emperor in July 1428. However, she died in February of the following year while giving birth to a daughter. So these dynastic plans came to nothing.

Death and aftermath

In June 1429, Carlo I Tocco had his notary and secretary ser Ambrogio draw up his will . Carlo died in July and was buried in the Franciscan monastery on Zante. Life at his court is part of the Tocco chronicle , which was written towards the end of his reign.

Since he had no legitimate offspring with his wife, he adopted the children of his brother Leonardo II († 1418), who died early, and bequeathed his son Carlo II Tocco his kingdom before his brother's death; as early as 1414 he had declared him his heir. However, Carlo I had fathered several illegitimate sons with his mistresses and furnished them with feudal goods. He had to give these five illegitimate sons to the court of the Ottoman sultan. Above all through Memnon Tocco they challenged the succession. The Ottomans used this as an excuse to interfere in Epirus. Carlo II, whom the Hungarian King Sigismund had appointed "Despot of Janina and Arta", could not win the subsequent War of Succession . In 1430 Ioannina finally fell into Ottoman hands in the same year as Thessaloniki , which the Venetians had defended in vain for seven years. In 1449 Arta also fell to the Ottomans.

Much less is known about Carlos I's illegitimate children. His son Ercole became lord of Dragomesto and in 1429 married a daughter of Sgouros Bua Shpata. He appears in battles against the Ottomans and Byzantines in 1413 and 1421. Torno is also known from battles. In 1427/28 he was defeated by the Echinades against the imperial fleet under Demetrios Leontares; Menuno (Memnon), who appears in combat, challenged the will after the death of his father and called Sultan Murad I for help. He became Sanjak - Bey of Ioannina and married the daughter of the Albanian Muriki Bua, with whom his father had already allied. While nothing is known about "Triano" (he is only mentioned by Hopf), "Orlando" (whom Hopf calls the same as "Antonio", p. 196, who does not appear in the Tocco chronicle) kept himself as Lord of Riniassa . In his Chronaca the editor Schirò was inclined to deny the existence of “Orlando”, but a Venetian document contains a “Rolando de tocho olim domino Renesse”, so that a son named Rolando may have existed. About the two daughters not known by name, it is recorded that one of them married Carlo Marchesano, the lord of Rhogoi and half-brother of Muriki Spata, in 1414/15, the other in 1414 first Musa Beg, an emir, then Hamza Pascha, the lord of Gjirokastra , a brother of the vizier Bayezid Pasha. The Spata were despots of Arta from 1358 to 1416.

family

Carlo I married in 1388 Francesca Acciaiuoli, daughter of the Duke of Athens , Nerio I Acciaiuoli , and Agnese Saraceno, with whom he had no offspring. But Carlo had seven illegitimate children from women whose names were unknown. These goods:

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1411-1413)
  • Carlo I.
    • Ercolo (Ercole; † after 1436), ⚭ 1414 approx. In Giannina Petronella Spata, daughter of Sgouros Bua Spata, lord of Angelokastron, Arta, Anatolico e Naupaktos
      • Carlo
      • Leonardo
    • Torno (Turno; † after December 10, 1436), ⚭ NN
      • Daughter (name unknown), ⚭ May 20, 1436 in Aranatium (Riniasa?) NN
    • Menuno (Memnone; † after 1449), ⚭ after October 1416 a daughter of Muriki Bua
      • Giovannetto († after 1436)
    • Triano (aka Rolando, Orlando; † after August 20, 1463) ⚭?
      • daughter
    • Daughter (name unknown; p . 1411/1416) ⚭ February 6, 1411 in Roghì (near Arta) Carlo Marchesano (* after April 27, 1381, † after 1428), Lord of Roghì, son of? Marchesano and Irene Bua Spata from the Despots of Arta (without children)
    • Daughter (name unknown; p. 1412/1414) ⚭ 1. 1412 Mūsā Çelebi († July 5, 1413, strangled in Çamurlu near Sofia on behalf of his brother Mehmet I ), secondary education of Bayezid I ; ⚭ 2. after 1413 Hamza Pascha, brother of Bayezid Pascha, Grand Wisir of Sultan Mehmet I.
    • Son (name unknown)

When Carlos brother Leonardo II died in 1418/19, he adopted his underage children. These were Carlo II. Tocco , Count Palatine of Kefalonia and Despot of Arta, as well as Magdalena (Theodora), who married Konstantin Palaiologos and Creusa, the wife of Asano Centurione II. Zaccaria , ruler of Arcadia .

Sources and Editions

Detail of a certificate from Francesca
  • Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1831, f. 1r – 80r, Edition: Giuseppe Schirò (Ed.): Cronaca dei Tocco di Cefalonia di Anonimo , Rome 1975 (= Corpus Fontium Historiae Bizantinae, 10) (covers the period from 1375 to 1422).
  • Antonio Allocati: Archivio privato di Tocco di Montemiletto , Rome 1978 (inventory of the family archive).
  • Giuseppe Valentini (Ed.): Acta Albaniae Veneta saeculorum XIV et XV , Vol. 7, Rudolf Trofenik, Munich 1967 (The Jesuit Valentini collected documents from the 14th and 15th centuries relating to Albania in 24 volumes from all the holdings of the Venice State Archives ).
  • Walter Haberstumpf: Dinasti italiani in Levante. I Tocco duchi di Leucade: regesti (secoli XIV-XVII) , in: Studi Veneziani 45 (2003) 165-211.

literature

  • Peter Bartl: Tocco, Carlo , in: Mathias Bernath , Karl Nehring (eds.): Biographical Lexicon for the History of Southeast Europe , Vol. 4: R – Z , Oldenbourg, Munich 1981, pp. 333 f. ISBN 3-486-42421-1
  • Johann Samuelersch , Johann Gottfried Gruber : General encyclopedia of the sciences and arts . First Section AG. Hermann Brockhaus, Leipzig 1868 ( online version in the Google book search).
  • Donald M. Nicol : The Despotate of Epiros. 1267-1479. A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages , Cambridge University Press, 1984, ISBN 978-0-521-26190-6 (the central sections are The Italian Restoration: Esau Buondelmonti and Carlo Tocco - 1384–1411 on p. 157 –178 and The reunited Despotate - 1411–29 at pp. 179–195, reprinted by Lexington 2011).
  • Donald M. Nicol: Tocco , in: Lexikon des Mittelalters , Vol. VIII, 1999, Col. 821.
  • Walter Haberstumpf: I Tocco, duchi di Leucade, e il Principato d'Acaia (secoli XIV-XVI) , in: Chryssa Maltezou, Gherardo Ortalli (eds.): Venezia e le isole Ionie , Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti , Venice 2005, pp. 57-70.
  • Charalambos Gasparis: Il patto di Carlo I Tocco con il Comune di Genova (13891390): una conseguenza delle incursioni albanesi? in the S. (Ed.): The Medieval Albanians , Athens 1998, pp. 249-259. ( academia.edu )
  • Sebastian Kolditz: The last emperor's first wife: Konstantin Palaiologos und die Tocco , in: Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik 59 (2009) 147–162 (meaning Theodora Tocco, who died in 1429, daughter of Leonardo II, thus niece of Carlos I).
  • Davide Shamà: I di Tocco, Sovrani dell'Epiro e di Leucade. Studio storico-genealogico , in: Notiario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta V, Venice 2013, pp. 45–118, here: pp. 15–20 (with brief biographical references and extensive sources and literature). ( academia.edu )
  • Savvas Kyriakidis: The Wars and the Army of the Duke of Cephalonia Carlo I Tocco (c. 1375-1429) , in: Journal of Medieval Military History 11 (2013) 167-181.
  • Peter Topping : The Morea, 1311–1364 , in: Harry W. Hazard (Ed.): A History of the Crusades , Vol. III: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries , The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison 1975, pp. 141– 164 (to the Peloponnese).

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Excerpt from a map of Greece in 1388 with the main islands of the Palatinate County by William Miller : The Latins in the Levant. A History of Frankish Greece (1204-1566) , London 1908, p. 332 ( digitized, p. 332 ).
  2. ↑ a b Davide Shamà: I di Tocco, Sovrani dell'Epiro e di Leucade. Studio storico-genealogico , in: Notiario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta V, Venice 2013, p. 15.
  3. ↑ a b c Di Tocco in: Genmarenostrum.com
  4. ↑ Donald M. Nicol: The Despotate of Epiros. 1267-1479. A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages , Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 157.
  5. ↑ Donald M. Nicol: The Despotate of Epiros. 1267-1479. A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages , Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 138.
  6. ↑ Orsini-Angelo-Comneno. Genetic enostrum, accessed May 19, 2020 .
  7. ↑ Walter Haberstumpf: Dinasti italiani in Levante. I Tocco duchi di Leucade: regesti (secoli XIV-XVII) , pp. 165-211, n. 13, p. 172 and n. 123, p. 189.
  8. ^ Johann Samuelersch, Johann Gottfried Gruber: General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts. First Section AG. Hermann Brockhaus, Leipzig, 1868, p. 32
  9. ↑ The Paragium is often confused with the Apanage , as legal dissertations often regretted. Paragium was translated as "inheritance or inheritance portion" (accordingly the beneficiaries were "divided gentlemen"), while "Apanagium" was translated as "compensation" ( Jo. Schilteri De paragio et apanagio Succincta Expositio. Itemque de feudis iuris Francici dissertatio , Strasbourg 1701, P. 4, digitized version ).
  10. ↑ Charalambos Gasparis: Il patto di Carlo I Tocco con il Comune di Genova (13891390): una conseguenza delle incursioni albanesi? in the S. (Ed.): The Medieval Albanians , Athens 1998, pp. 249-259, here: p. 249.
  11. ^ John Van Antwerp Fine jun .: The Late Medieval Balkans. A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest , University of Michigan Press, 1987, 1994 paperback, p. 401.
  12. ↑ Savvas Kyriakidis: The Wars and the Army of the Duke of Cephalonia Carlo I Tocco (c. 1375–1429) , in: Journal of Medieval Military History 11 (2013) 167–181, here: p. 168.
  13. ↑ a b Davide Shamà: I di Tocco, Sovrani dell'Epiro e di Leucade. Studio storico-genealogico, in: Notiario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta V, Venice 2013, p. 20
  14. ↑ Steven Runciman : The Lost Capital of Byzantium. The History of Mistra and the Peloponnese , Harvard University Press, 1980, p. 57.
  15. ↑ Davide Shamà: I di Tocco, Sovrani dell'Epiro e di Leucade. Studio storico-genealogico , in: Noteiario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta V, Venice 2013, pp. 45–118, here: note 81.
  16. ↑ Kenneth M. Setton: The Catalans and Florentines in Greece, 1311-1380 , in: Harry W. Hazard (Ed.): A History of the Crusades , Vol. III: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries , The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison 1975, pp. 225-277, here: p. 259.
  17. ↑ Charalambos Gasparis: Il patto di Carlo I Tocco con il Comune di Genova (13891390): una conseguenza delle incursioni albanesi? in the S. (Ed.): The Medieval Albanians , Athens 1998, pp. 249-259, here: p. 253.
  18. ↑ Davide Shamà: I di Tocco, Sovrani dell'Epiro e di Leucade. Studio storico-genealogico , in: Notiario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta V, Venice 2013, pp. 45–118, here: p. 15 (individual pagination).
  19. ↑ Walter Haberstumpf: Dinasti italiani in Levante. I Tocco duchi di Leucade: regesti (secoli XIV-XVII) , in: Studi Veneziani 45 (2003) 165–211, here: p. 180.
  20. ↑ Savvas Kyriakidis: Warfare in Late Byzantium, 1204-1453 , Brill, Leiden 2011, p. 188.
  21. ↑ Davide Shamà: I di Tocco, Sovrani dell'Epiro e di Leucade. Studio storico-genealogico, in: Notiario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta V, Venice 2013, p. 17
  22. ^ Allan Brooks: Castles of Northwest Greece. From the early Byzantine Period to the eve of the First World War , Aetos Press, Huddersfield 2013, p. 288.
  23. ↑ Donald M. Nicol: The Despotate of Epiros. 1267-1479. A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages , Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 184.
  24. ↑ a b c d Davide Shamà: I di Tocco, Sovrani dell'Epiro e di Leucade. Studio storico-genealogico , in: Notiario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta V, Venice 2013, p. 18.
  25. ↑ Donald M. Nicol: The Despotate of Epiros. 1267-1479. A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages , Cambridge University Press, 1984, p. 184, note 14.
  26. ^ Cronica Morosini, Museo Civico Correr, cod. 2049, f. 346.
  27. ↑ Nicolae Iorga : History of the Ottoman Empire. Illustrated from the sources , Gotha 1908, p. 416 ( digitized, p. 416 ).
  28. ↑ Savvas Kyriakidis: The Wars and the Army of the Duke of Cephalonia Carlo I Tocco (c. 1375–1429) , in: Journal of Medieval Military History 11 (2013) 167–181, here: p. 168.
  29. ^ Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf: Chroniques gréco-romanes inédites ou peu connues, publiée avec notes et tables généalogiques , Weidmann, Berlin 1873.
  30. ↑ Giuseppe Schirò (Ed.): Cronaca dei Tocco di Cefalonia di Anonimo , Rome 1975, p. 27 and n. 4, 66.
  31. ↑ Giuseppe Valentini (ed.): Acta Albaniae Veneta saeculorum XIV et XV , Vol. 3, Rudolf Trofenik, Munich 1967, n. 7448, p. 184 f., As already Donald M. Nicol, p. 185, note 16 , noted.
  32. ↑ as a youth he lived as a vassal / hostage at the court of Sultan Muhammad I ; In 1413/1414 he ruled Angelokastron, Naupaktos and Acheloos in the name of his father and defeated Ottoman gangs on the Ofidari River. On the occasion of his wedding, his father gave him control of the areas that already belonged to his father-in-law Sguros Bua Spata. In 1422 he took part in the war against the Byzantines in Morea. In 1427/1428 he had a dispute with the Foscari family over the property of Dragamesto. After the death of his father (1429) he was one of the authors of the dismemberment of the father's state. As a prisoner of the Ottomans, he was reconciled with Carlo II in 1430 , who confirmed that he owned Angelokastron.
  33. ↑ Davide Shamà: I di Tocco, Sovrani dell'Epiro e di Leucade. Studio storico-genealogico, in: Notiario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta V, Venice 2013, p. 23
  34. ↑ a b c Davide Shamà: I di Tocco, Sovrani dell'Epiro e di Leucade. Studio storico-genealogico, in: Notiario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta V, Venice 2013, p. 30
  35. ↑ as a youth he lived as a vassal / hostage at the court of Sultan Muhammad I; In 1413 Torno was at the court of Muhammad I and tried to stand up for his father; In 1422 he took part in the war against the Byzantines in Morea. He later commanded his father's fleet, which was defeated by the Echinaden in 1428 . Torno had good relations with his cousin Carlo II and was considered a skilled warrior.
  36. ↑ a b Davide Shamà: I di Tocco, Sovrani dell'Epiro e di Leucade. Studio storico-genealogico, in: Notiario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta V, Venice 2013, p. 24
  37. ↑ as a youth he lived as a vassal / hostage at the court of Sultan Muhammad I; On the occasion of the wedding, his father gave him the fortress of Aetos (Peloponneso) and confirmed the areas of his father-in-law Muriki Bua as his wife's dowry. His father, along with his brothers Ercolo and Torno, had left him acarnania and various allodial goods. In 1429 there were succession disputes, so Ercolo and Menuno asked the Ottomans to intervene. In 1430, the Beylerbey Šinān invaded Epirus in her name and, after a brief siege, occupied Ioannina. Torno was captured by the Ottomans in the fall of Ioannina, but obtained his liberation by paying a ransom and then went to Hungary . King Sigismund of Hungary welcomed him at court as part of his anti-Islamic Balkan policy and invested him in Turkish rule in December 1433 with Arta (at the time in the hands of his cousin Carlo II and Ioannina). In 1436 he ruled the castle of Charpigny in Morea on behalf of Carlos II, with whom he had reconciled. After his defeat in the Battle of Kosovo in 1448, the Ottomans confiscated the few possessions that were still in Akarnania.
  38. ↑ as a youth he lived as a vassal / hostage at the court of Sultan Muhammad I; his father bequeathed him the city of Riniasa, which was later conquered by the Turks.
  39. ↑ a b Davide Shamà: I di Tocco, Sovrani dell'Epiro e di Leucade. Studio storico-genealogico, in: Notiario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta V, Venice 2013, p. 25
  40. ↑ Her father married her to the Ottoman prince Mūsā in order to strengthen the alliance between the Tocco family and the Ottomans in an anti-Venetian and anti-Serbian coalition. On this occasion Carlo I received a company of Muslim soldiers against the Albanians from his son-in-law.
  41. ↑ a b Davide Shamà: I di Tocco, Sovrani dell'Epiro e di Leucade. Studio storico-genealogico, in: Notiario dell'Associazione Nobiliare Regionale Veneta V, Venice 2013, p. 26
predecessor Office successor
Leonardo I. Tocco Duke of Leukadia
1376-1429 		Carlo II. Tocco
Leonardo I. Tocco Count Palatine of Kefalonia
1376–1429 		Carlo II. Tocco
Giorgio Buondelmonti Despot of Epirus
Despot of the Rhomeans
1411–1429 		Carlo II. Tocco
personal data
SURNAME Tocco, Carlo I.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Tocco, Karl I. (German); Carlo I of Kefalonia; Carlo I of Epirus
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Count Palatine of Kefalonia and Zakynthos, Duke of Leukadia, Despot / Prince of Epirus
DATE OF BIRTH around 1370
DATE OF DEATH July 4, 1429
Place of death Ioannina