Standard tone method

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The Einheitstonverfahren (short form "ETS" for E inheits- T on- S ystem), also two-band method called, is mm- an electronic method for forming synchronous setting of 8 or 16 mm cine films are separated from each other at the picture and sound carriers ( in contrast to so-called “pistol sound processes”, in which the sound carrier is on the image carrier. See also sound track , optical sound process , magnetic sound process ).

function

When recording the film, the camera emits an audio frequency pulse every fourth image, which is recorded together with the audio by a tape recorder . During projection, the recorded camera impulses control the speed of the film projector. Depending on the quality of the tape recorder used, the quality of the film sound also increases.

trouble

  • The camera must have a pulse generator, the tape recorder its own pulse track with a corresponding recording or playback head, the projector a pulse-controlled speed control.
  • The necessary cable connection creates a spatial proximity between the camera and the tape recorder, which may lead to the recording of camera noises and prevent the camera from moving freely.
  • Editing the sound carrier is difficult, as neither pulses may be cut nor the distance between the pulses may be too small. The length of the sound recording must correspond to the length of the image sequence.
  • It is difficult to cut the image carrier because each pulse emitted by the camera is assigned to a specific image.
  • For dubbing, marking work on the sound carrier may be necessary, for which the film has to run repeatedly through the projector and is mechanically stressed accordingly.

Devices and technology

In the 1970s, the Leitz company provided a so-called "audio adapter for two-tape dubbing" for their double 8 cameras and a special ST-1 control unit with a socket for connecting a tape recorder, built-in 1000 Hz generator and for their Super 8 cameras Start / Stop synchronization.

Suitable projectors were built by Braun , ELMO or Beaulieu (708).

In a new process of two-tape dubbing, a CD controls the projector as the master.

Other two-band sound systems

With so-called sound couplers, the synchronization of film and ordinary tape can be achieved. By adjusting the sound roll, different speeds of film and / or sound carrier are possible, e.g. B. 16 frames and 7½ inches per second or 24 frames and 3¾ inches per second. With normal-8 , 25 film steps correspond to this tape speed . Pathé, Bauer, Niezoldi & Krämer, Paillard-Bolex, Noris, Silma, Eumig, Meopta and others offered sound couplers for their projectors. Perforated tapes prevent slippage.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Leica Wiki, Leicina Spezial , accessed on November 15, 2010
  2. ↑ Instructions for use for Braun Visacustic , accessed on November 15, 2010
  3. ↑ GS-1200 , accessed November 15, 2010
  4. ↑ Schmalfilm 1/2005: two-tape sound from the CD  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed November 15, 2010@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / tieffilm-shop.schiele-schoen.de  

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