Stem form (verb)

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As a parent forms of a verb in to language teaching and in the grammar , the forms of the verb referred to as a basis for forming the flexion serve form. Starting from the root forms, all inflected forms of the verb can be derived by adding the inflected endings. The stem forms cover all forms of appearance that the lexical part of the word ( word stem ) can assume.

With the strong verbs of Germanic, a distinction must be made between four stem forms: one each for present tense and infinitive, singular simple past, plural simple past and past participle.

German

In German, there are three main forms, the infinitive (1st form), the past tense (2nd form) and participle II (3rd form). 

lesen – las – gelesen
singen – sang – gesungen
wollen – wollte – gewollt

Many irregular verbs sometimes also change the present stem. This change then applies equally to the imperative. For learners of the German language who memorize the stem forms as mnemonic mnemonics , it is therefore advisable to add the 3rd person singular to them. You can assign this to the infinitive (1st stem form). In addition, the participle II (3rd root form) should be mentioned together with the auxiliary verb. Many teaching and reference works use these extended master forms. In the examples, the extension is in brackets. 

lesen – (liest) – las – (hat) gelesen
singen – (singt) – sang – (hat) gesungen
wollen – (will) – wollte – (hat) gewollt

English

In English , the stem forms consist of the infinitive , the past tense and the past participle : 

 sing – sang – sung (‘singen – sang – gesungen’)
 make – made – made (‘machen – machte – gemacht’)
 go – went – gone (‘gehen – ging – gegangen’)

Latin

In Latin there are three or four primary forms: 

portāre – (portō) – portāvī – portātum (‘tragen – ich trage – ich trug – getragen’)
monēre – (monēo) – monui – monitum (‘ermahnen – ich ermahne – ich ermahnte – ermahnt’)
dicere – (dico) – dixi – dictum (‘sagen – ich sage – ich sagte – gesagt’)
ardēre – (ardēo) – arsi (‘brennen – ich brenne – ich brannte’)

In the German-speaking world, the following sequence is common: Infinitive - (1st person Sg. Present) - 1st Person Sg. Perfect - Participle Perfect Passive (PPP). In school books, only the nominative singular neuter is usually given for the participle perfect passive, although the participle can be declined like an adjective (portatus / a / um or laudatus / a / um). Like German, Latin has a large number of verbs that have irregular stem forms or have no participle.

Ancient Greek

In ancient Greek even six original forms are learning: first person singular present tense, first person singular future tense , first person singular aorist ( active or medium ), the first person singular perfect active, first person singular perfect medium or passive , first Person Singular Aorist Passive. 

 ἄγω – ἄξω – ἤγαγον – ἦχα – ἦγμαι – ἤχθην (‘treiben, führen’)

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Duden. Volume 4: The Grammar. Indispensable for correct German. Mannheim 2005. 7th edition. § 603, p. 440.
  2. ^ Schmid, Hans Ulrich: Introduction to the history of German language. Stuttgart 2009. p. 135.
  3. ↑ a b PONS: PONS Practice Grammar German as a Foreign Language: The great work of learning and practice. With extra online exercises. Stuttgart: Pons, p. 9.
  4. ↑ Dinsel, Sabine: Schwache Verbben: Regular verbs in German for practicing & looking up / PDF download. Ismaning: Hueber Verlag, 2011.
  5. ↑ Internet reference : Verb tables with stem forms (accessed on December 21, 2017)
  6. ↑ http://www.lateinlehrer.net/grammatik/stammformen-wozu-bloss