Takbīr
Takbīr ( Arabic تَكْبِير) is a verbal noun of the Arabic verb kabbara meaning "to say Allahu akbar " (الله أَكْبَر, DMG allāhu akbar 'God is greatest'). This formula is used very often in Islam .
Allah is the Arabic word for " God ". Akbar is the elative form of the adjectiveكبير kabīr 'big, great; important ', meaning “larger”, “greatest” or “very large”. The grammatical function of the elative includes both the meaning of the comparative (greater than) and that of the superlative (greatest). The articleless elative primarily fulfills the function as a predicate or as an apposition to indeterminate rain : Allāhu akbaru, d. H. God is (incomparably) great. However, the elative only fulfillsthe function of a comparisonin combination with the preposition min . For example: Allāhu akbar min malāʾikatihi ("Allah is greater than his angels"). Otherwise the meaning corresponds to the superlative ("greatest").
Takbīr is already documented in this meaning in sura 17 verse 111:وكبّره تكبيرا / wa-kabbirhu takbīran / 'and praise him everywhere'. See also: Sura 74 , verse 3, which is one of the oldest verses of the Koran:وربّك فكبّر / wa-rabbaka fa-kabbir / 'And praise your Lord'.
The phrase is to be said at the beginning of the daily compulsory prayers ( salāt ) ; they call him:تكبيرة الإحرام / takbīratu ʾl-iḥrām / 'takbir of the state of consecration'. In Islamic law, this takbir is considered either a religious duty and part of prayer or a sunna. It is repeated five times during the prayer. Accordingly, the expression is also part of the voluntary prayers. The call to prayer ( adhān ) also begins with this expression. The tradition According to Mohammed that at a funeral takbir four or five times have created. It is prophet sunna , takbir to speak at different stages of the pilgrimage ceremonies , at the sight of the Kaʿba and at the end of a journey. According to some traditions , it is also a prophetic sun to shout "Allāhu akbar" at the sight of the new moon ( hilal ) at the beginning of the fasting month of Ramadan .
The phrase "Allāhu akbar" is included in the flags of Iraq , Iran and Afghanistan .
Due to the media presence of Islamist terrorism , the expression “Allahu akbar” is associated with it, especially in the West. In fact, however, the expression is used by Muslims and also by Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews on various occasions, such as expressing general joy.
See also
literature
- Constance E. Padwick: Muslim devotions. Oxford 1996. pp. 29-36
- Wolfdietrich Fischer : Grammar of Classical Arabic . Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1972. § 125 c)
- Hans Wehr: Der arabische Elativ (Academy of Sciences and Literature in Mainz. Treatises of the humanities and social sciences. Class, 1952, No. 7). Wiesbaden 1953.
- The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Suffering, brill. Vol. 10, p. 119.
- al-mausūʿa al-fiqhiyya . (Encyclopedia of Islamic Law). 4th edition. Kuwait 2002. Vol. 13, 206ff
Individual evidence
- ↑ Wolfdietrich Fischer: Grammar of Classical Arabic . Wiesbaden 1972. p. 69; Carl Brockelmann: Arabic grammar . Leipzig 1974. p. 69
- ^ Theodor Nöldeke: History of the Qorāns. 2nd edition edited by Friedrich Schwally. Part One: On the Origin of the Qorān. Pp. 85-86. Leipzig 1909
- ↑ al-mausūʿa al-fiqhiyya (Encyclopedia of Islamic Law). Kuwait 2002. Vol. 13, 206-207
- ↑ al-mausu'a al-fiqhiyya (Encyclopedia of Islamic Law). Kuwait 2002. Vol. 13, 217
- ↑ al-mausu'a al-fiqhiyya (Encyclopedia of Islamic Law). Kuwait 2002. Vol. 13, 214-216
- ^ Why I hate cricket. DNA India, March 12, 2014, accessed July 2, 2020 .
- ↑ Deborah Ellis: Kids of Kabul: Living Bravely through a Never-ending War . Ed .: Groundwood Books. 2012, ISBN 978-1-55498-181-6 , pp. 52 .
- ^ Salman Ahmad: Rock & Roll Jihad: A Muslim Rock Star's Revolution . Ed .: Free Press. 2010, ISBN 978-1-4165-9767-4 , pp. 73 .