Titus Manlius Torquatus (Consul 235 BC)

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Titus Manlius Torquatus († 202 BC ) was the most important representative of the Roman noble family of the Manlier in the second half of the 3rd century BC. He dressed in 235 and 224 BC. The consulate , struck during the Second Punic War in 215 BC. A rebellion in Sardinia and was 208 BC. Chr. Dictator .

Lineage and Early Career

According to the Fasti Capitolini, Titus Manlius Torquatus had a father and grandfather of the same name. The ancient historian Friedrich Münzer considers it likely that he was a nephew of the consul from 244 and 241 BC. BC, Aulus Manlius Torquatus Atticus , was.

The first time Manlius dressed in 235 BC The consulate; his fellow official was Gaius Atilius Bulbus . About 238 BC BC the Punians had to cede the island of Sardinia to the Romans, where Manlius now traveled. He defeated the local tribes and was allowed to hold a triumph for it . Even early Roman annalists wrongly attributed the temporary closure of the Temple of Janus to him, which proclaimed a peace that would rule in all parts of the empire. Rather, the aforementioned consul Aulus Manlius Torquatus Atticus, on the occasion of the victorious end of the First Punic War (241 BC), ordered the closure of the Temple of Janus, which was carried out only this time during the entire Roman Republic ; the next took place only during the Principate of Augustus .

231 BC The election of Manlius took place in the important office of a censor , which he shared with the consul from 237 BC. BC, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus , should clothe; but both had to resign from this magistracy due to an election error. For this, the two men were re-elected consuls seven years later (224 BC). They had to renew the struggle against the Celtic tribes of northern Italy, which had so far been satisfactory for Rome. After a great victory over the Boier , the consuls used the Po to defeat the Insubrians , but could not completely subjugate this people.

Role in the Second Punic War

In the first years of the Second Punic War the Romans fought extremely unhappily against Hannibal and had to fight in 216 BC. BC suffer a devastating defeat in the battle of Cannae . Manlius proved to be a representative of ancient Roman austerity by successfully advocating in the Senate not to ransom the thousands of Romans captured by the Carthaginians in this battle. Out of the same spirit, he refused to allow Latins to replace deceased senators.

215 BC The Sardinians, who suffered from a high tax burden, tried to revolt against Roman rule. They asked for Carthage's support through secret messages. The Roman historian Titus Livius names the Sardinian leader Hampsicora , who was of Punic origin, and the Carthaginian senator Hanno, who lived in Sardinia, as the main initiators of the rebellion . The rebels judged that a new praetor, who was not very familiar with the situation in Sardinia, was sent in Quintus Mucius Scaevola. As Scaevola soon fell ill and was therefore unable to direct the war operations, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, who was then the city praetor, appointed his former consular colleague Manlius to command a newly formed legion and gave him extensive powers to maintain order on the island to care.

As an experienced general who had been successful in Sardinia twenty years earlier, Manlius mastered his task brilliantly. At first he managed a clear victory over the Sardinian associations of Hostus, the son of Hampsicora. Hostus had led the fight against Manlius alone, even before the arrival of the general Hasdrubal the Bald , who was sent from Carthage with a large army to Sardinia , whose fleet had been driven off to the Balearic Islands by a storm . When the Punic general landed in Sardinia, Manlius withdrew to Carales (now Cagliari ). Hampsicora and Hasdrubal united their armies and marched against Manlius, who however again decisively defeated the common armed forces of the Punians and Sardinians at Carales. Hostus fell in battle; his father Hampsicora then committed suicide while on the run. On the Punic side, the commander-in-chief Hasdrubal and the above-mentioned nobleman Hanno were captured by the Romans. The remnants of the defeated insurgents had fled to the west coast of Cornus (near today's Santa Caterina di Pittinuri), but Manlius now conquered this city with ease. The Sardinians had to submit, take hostages and pay tribute in the form of money and grain. Then Manlius returned to Carales, sailed from there to Rome and reported to the Senate that Sardinia was once again completely under Roman control.

212 BC In BC Manlius and his former consulate colleague Quintus Fulvius Flaccus were defeated by their competitor Publius Licinius Crassus Dives in the election for the vacant post of Pontifex Maximus , although he was clearly inferior to them in age and rank. A third consulate would have Manlius in 210 BC. BC can compete with certainty after he had been elected by the centuria praerogativa (first voting centurie). But he is said to have voluntarily resigned this highest state office because he allegedly did not approve of the political line at the time. Early 210 BC The Senate debated how to proceed with the Sicilian city of Syracuse , which the successful general Marcus Claudius Marcellus had conquered and plundered. Manlius was one of the first senators to speak out in favor of protecting the city.

209 BC A new Princeps senatus was appointed. According to tradition, Manlius was to receive this high office as the oldest patrician censor on the suggestion of censor Marcus Cornelius Cethegus . Instead, one of the most influential figures of the Second Punic War got this position: the former dictator Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus , who was supported by the other censor, Publius Sempronius Tuditanus . Allegedly Manlius agreed with this choice.

Because of the death of the two consuls in 208 BC As dictator, Manlius led the elections for the next year. His office as dictator also included holding games. He kept his vow to play new games five years later (203 BC). 202 BC In BC death overtook him; in his place Gaius Sulpicius Galba became the new pontiff .

literature

Remarks

  1. ↑ Fasti Capitolini and Triumphal Acts: Titus Manlius Torquatus T. f. T. n.
  2. ^ F. Münzer, RE XIV 1, col. 1207.
  3. ↑ Fasti Capitolini; Acts of triumph; Titus Livius 23:34, 15; among others
  4. ^ Marcus Terentius Varro , De lingua latina 5, 165; Livy 1:19, 3; Plutarch , Numa 20, 2; among others; on this Thomas A. Szlezák : Manlius [I 19]. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 7, Metzler, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-476-01477-0 , Sp. 826.
  5. ↑ Fasti Capitolini; Livius 23, 34, 15 and ö.
  6. ↑ Fasti Capitolini; Polybios 2, 31, 8-10; Orosius 4, 13, 11; see. Livy, periochae 20.
  7. ↑ Livius 22, 60, 6 - 61, 1 with Manlius' invented speech.
  8. ↑ Livy 23:22 , 7; confused Valerius Maximus 6, 4, 1.
  9. ↑ Livy 23:32 , 10; 23, 34, 10-15.
  10. ↑ Livy 23:40, 1-41, 7; Eutropius 3, 13, 2; Zonaras 9, 4; on this Serge Lancel: Hannibal. A biography. Translated from the French by Bernd Schwibs. Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf et al. 1998, ISBN 3-538-07068-7 , p. 198 f.
  11. ↑ Livy 25: 5, 2-4.
  12. ↑ Livy 26:22, 2-23: 1; later writers such as Valerius Maximus (6, 4, 1) or the historian Cassius Dio (fragment 35, 9) confuse and mix Manlius with his ancestor and threefold consul Titus Manlius Imperiosus Torquatus .
  13. ↑ Livy 26:32 , 1-5.
  14. ^ Livy 27:11 , 10.
  15. ↑ Fasti Capitolini; Livy 27, 33, 6-8.
  16. ↑ Livius 27:35 , 1; 30, 2, 8; 30, 27, 11.
  17. ↑ Livy 30:39, 6.
personal data
SURNAME Manlius Torquatus, Titus
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Torquatus, Titus Manlius
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Roman consul 235 and 224 BC Chr.
DATE OF BIRTH 3rd century BC Chr.
DATE OF DEATH 202 BC Chr.