Tuva

Tuva is a redirect to this article. For other meanings, see Tuva (disambiguation) .

Subject of the Russian Federation Republic of Tuva Республика Тыва (Тува) ( Russian ) Тыва Республика ( Tuvinian ) flag coat of arms Federal district Siberia surface 168,604  km² population 307,930 inhabitants (as of October 14, 2010) Population density 1.8 inhabitants / km² Capital Kyzyl Official languages Tuvinian , Russian Ethnic composition Tuvins (81.0%) Russians (16.1%) (as of 2010) president Scholban Kara-ool Founded October 11, 1944 anthem Men - Tyva Men Time zone UTC + 7 Telephone prefixes (+7) 394xx Postcodes 667000-668999 License Plate 17th OKATO 93 ISO 3166-2 RU-TY Website www.gov.tuva.ru

Coordinates: 51 ° 42 '  N , 94 ° 0'  E

The Republic of Tuva ( Russian Респу́блика Тыва́ / Respublika Tywa , also Тува́ / Tuwa ; Tuvan Тыва Республика / Tywa Respublika ) is an autonomous republic in the southern part of Siberia belonging to the Russian Federation .

geography

Tuva is located in southern Russia on the north-western border of Mongolia and is framed by the mountains of Western Sayan in the north, Tannu-ola in the south and the Altai in the west. The most important river is the Yenisei , whose right source river Big Yenisei ( Bii-Chem ) rises in the republic. This unites near Kyzyl with the Little Yenisei ( Kaa-Chem ), which flows through the southwest of the republic and arises from two source rivers coming from Mongolia.

The climate is continental. The average temperatures in January are −45 ° C to −28 ° C. The average temperature in July is around 20 ° C, and it is often very hot up to 30 ° C. It rarely rains in summer and only a little snows in winter. The amount of precipitation is low: 200–300 mm (in the mountains 400–600 mm) per year. In Tuwa there are about 300 sunny days a year.

The area of ​​Tuwa is located in the foothills of the Mongolian highlands and can be divided into an eastern mountainous and a western flat territory, framed by Western Sayan and Tannu-ola. The flat steppes of Tuva are at 520- 1200  m above sea level. The highest mountain is the Mongun Taiga with 3976  m above sea level. There are about 6700 larger and smaller lakes. Most are in the Todscha Basin (also Todscha Basin ).

population

The population was 307,930 at the 2010 census. The Tuvins are a Turkic people and make up the majority of the population in the republic. The Tuvins are one of the largest minorities in Siberia and, along with the Yakuts in the Sakha Republic, are the only ones in an autonomous region of Siberia compared to the Russians in the majority. In addition, many Russians have emigrated in recent years. This is why their number halved between 1989 and 2010 (98,831 in 1989, 49,434 in 2010). Smaller minorities are the Khakass , Ukrainians , Komi (1,404 in 2002) and Tatars (584 in 2002).

The official languages ​​are Tuvan and Russian . The Tuwins profess themselves mainly to Buddhism , more precisely to Tibetan Buddhism , there are also many old-believing Orthodox Christians in Tuwa and a small number of followers of indigenous shamanism .

Ethnic group	VZ 1959		VZ 1970		VZ 1979		VZ 1989		VZ 2002		VZ 2010 1
	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%	number	%
Tuvinians	97.996	57.0%	135.306	58.6%	161,888	60.5%	198,448	64.3%	235.313	77.0%	249.299	81.0%
Russians	68,924	40.1%	88,385	38.3%	96,793	36.2%	98,831	32.0%	61,442	20.1%	49,434	16.1%
Khakass	1,726	1.0%	2.120	0.9%	2,193	0.8%	2,258	0.7%	1,219	0.4%	877	0.3%
Ukrainians	1.105	0.6%	1,466	0.6%	1,729	0.6%	2,208	0.7%	832	0.3%	493	0.2%
Other	2,177	1.3%	3,587	1.6%	4,996	1.9%	6,812	2.2%	6.704	2.2%	7,827	2.5%
Residents	171,928	100%	230.864	100%	267,599	100%	308,557	100%	305.510	100%	307.930	100%
1 4,073 people could not be assigned to any ethnic group.

Life expectancy in Tuva is one of the lowest in Russia at 56.4 years. In 1994, the life expectancy of men fell below 50 years.

history

Map of Tuva

The geographic center of Asia is in the capital, Kyzyl

The oldest traces of human settlement are estimated to be at least 40,000 to 100,000 years old (Paleolithic). In the Neolithic ( 5th millennium BC ) cattle breeding and the production of copper and bronze tools began, as evidenced by rock carvings . The increase in population during the Iron Age led to semi-nomadic cattle breeding. In Siberia Valley of the Kings at Turan archaeologists found from Germany and Russia in 2001 the untouched for about 2,500 years, to Aldy-Bel culture belonging grave hill Arschan 2 a Scythian ruler. The structure and wealth of the barrow refute the ancient sources, which the Scythians only described as a "wild horde". During this period the Scythians reached from Mongolia to the Black Sea coast .

In the course of history, Uyghurs , Kyrgyz , Mongols and Oirats populated the Mongolian highlands . In 1207, Genghis Khan conquered the region that later came under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty . The area of ​​today's Tuva, formerly also called Urjanchai, belonged administratively to Outer Mongolia for a long time . During the Qing Dynasty , the Mongolian Highlands were divided into two provinces in 1644: northern Outer Mongolia and southern Inner Mongolia , both of which were part of the Chinese Empire until 1912 .

The wealth of furs and mineral resources in the region attracted many Russians from the mid-19th century, who increasingly influenced the area. Supported by the tsarist government , a separatist movement was formed, which on February 15, 1912, proclaimed independence from Tuva under the name "Republic of Urjanchai". Since this secession recognized neither the provincial administration of Outer Mongolia nor the government in Beijing , Russian troops occupied the country. On April 17, 1914, the Russian Empire declared Urjanchai its protectorate .

After the Xinhai revolution , the Chinese government representative Sun Baoqi achieved with the conclusion of the Treaty of Kjachta in 1915 that the Republic of China regained complete sovereignty over the whole of Outer Mongolia. However, the province was granted extensive autonomy rights. Formally, the Tuwa region remained part of China. In 1918/19 the country was drawn into the Russian Civil War . After the victory of the Bolsheviks , mainly Russian settlers proclaimed the People's Republic of Tannu-Tuva with the capital Belozarsk on August 14, 1921 with the support of the Red Army . Tannu-Tuwa thus became a satellite state of the Soviet Union , founded in 1922, but without becoming part of it. In 1926, the Soviet Union signed a treaty waiving claims to the Tuva area with the Mongolian People's Republic , which was also a satellite state of the USSR. This process was contrary to international law, since the Mongolian People's Republic did not have any sovereign rights at least until 1946 and was not diplomatically recognized by any country apart from the Soviet Union.

The country's first president was Donduk Kuular . The currency in circulation was initially the Soviet ruble , then from 1934 to 1944 the Tuvinian Akşa , which was pegged to the ruble. Kuular tried to curb dependence on the Soviet Union; there were efforts to re-establish a closer bond with Mongolia. Donduk Kuular made Buddhism the state religion and limited the influx of Russian settlers. In 1929 he was arrested at Stalin's orders and later executed. After Kuular's death, the Soviet Union was finally the determining power in the Tuvinian People's Republic. The new communist leadership began with the collectivization of the country, which until then had been nomadic. At the same time, the Stalin Purges began, along with the destruction of Buddhism and shamanism in the region.

As a satellite state of the USSR, the Tuvinian People's Republic was one of the first countries to respond with a declaration of war on the German Reich on June 22, 1941 after the outbreak of the German-Soviet War , which was de jure of no importance as the German Reich did not recognize the country would have. On August 17, 1944, representatives of the Tuvinian People's Republic “applied” for incorporation into the Soviet Union, which the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet approved. Thus, on October 13, 1944, the country became part of the Russian Federative Socialist Soviet Republic (RSFSR) as an autonomous region . The double breach of the constitution was remarkable, because according to the Tuvinian as well as the Soviet constitution, such a decision could only have been made by the Tuvinian parliament or the Supreme Soviet of the USSR . Soviet newspapers only reported about the Anschluss two years later, other contemporary publications also mention 1945 as the date of incorporation into the USSR.

In 1961 the name was changed to Tuvinian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic . With the collapse of the Soviet Union , Tuva declared its independence in November 1991, but this was not recognized by the governments of the RSFSR and the formally still existing USSR. On March 31, 1992, Tuva was one of the signatories of the Treaty establishing the Russian Federation .

coat of arms

In the blue coat of arms with gold aboard a horse and rider that after heraldic left of the golden sun on the plate edge is striving for. Under the horse is a silver ribbon with the name of the republic in Cyrillic capital letters : " ТЫВА ". The shield is a pentagon , the sides of which are curved outwards in a circle.

economy

Only two tarred roads lead to Tuva.

Sayansky Pass at 2206 m on the border between Khakassia and Tuva.

There are only two major road connections to Tuva, one through the West Sayan to the capital Kyzyl, the other from Abakan via Abasa to Ak-Dowurak in the west of the country. The road winds 250 km through the Sajans gorges and over three mountain passes . The border between Khakassia and Tuva lies at the Sayansky Pass at 2206  m altitude, the highest of the three passes .

According to a decision by the Russian Ministry of Transport under Minister Levitin on May 17, 2006, Kyzyl is to be connected to the Trans-Siberian Railway via a railway line to Kuragino . The route is also intended to open up the Elegest coal storage facility. In December 2011, the construction of the route (symbolically) was opened. After the Russian government removed the project from the list of state investment projects in November 2012, construction work on the basis of private investments was approved in early 2013. It had not started until the end of 2019.

Tuvinian landscape: part of the Sayano-Schuschensk reservoir .

According to a government decision, the subsistence level in the second quarter of 2006 is 3295 rubles per capita , 3527 rubles for workers, 2516 rubles for pensioners and 3196 rubles for children. Compared to other Russian regions, the economy is underdeveloped. Agriculture dominates , especially livestock farming . The nine Tuvinian “domestic animals” are: cattle , horses , reindeer , sheep , goats , camels , yaks , dogs , cats . Nowadays the “nine-eyed” should be a “ten-eyed” because the Tuvinian domestic animals have grown: the chicken . The chicken was considered an exotic animal in ancient Tuva.

Mining is important. Tuwa has many natural resources and also various (including semi) precious stones. There are stocks of rock salt , coal, iron, non-ferrous and rare metals and also asbestos. A subsidiary of the Chinese Zijin Mining opened a new mine near Kyzyl-Tashtygskoe in 2015. At Ak-Dowurak in western Tuwas, operated by Soyuzasbestos, was from 1933 until its closure in 1991 , one of the largest asbestos mines in the world, which was operated in open-cast mining. The cobalt mining by Tuwa cobalt at Chowu-Aksy, which had been in operation since 1970, was also stopped. Gold is mined in the catchment area of ​​the Great Yenisei (Bii-Chem). The hydropower is used for the barrages on the Yenisei at the Sajano-Schuschensk reservoir , Maina reservoir and Krasnoyarsk reservoir on the Yenisei .

Nevertheless, the region still depends heavily on grants from Moscow for around 90% of its budget or, viewed differently, sells its raw materials too cheaply. There are three independent banks in the Tuva area and four branches outside of Kyzyl. The volume of credit issued is said to be about 308 million rubles. With its untouched landscapes and its diverse geology, flora and fauna, Tuwa has tourist potential ( rafting , horse riding , mountaineering ), which is currently little used.

Culture

Tuvan Music and Drama Theater (TMDT) in Kyzyl

Shaman during a Kamlanie ceremony by the fire in Kyzyl

In 1998, in the Tsar valley in Tuva an intact Scythians - grave mound (Arschan-2) from the 6th to the 5th century. Identified and measured and completely uncovered by 2003. The finds are being examined and restored by the Hermitage in Saint Petersburg .

On the upper reaches of the great Yenisei, on the island of Lake Tere-Chol, lies the fortress Por-Baschyn (Пор-Бажын), built more than 1200 years ago in the middle of the eighth century during the Uighur khaganate . The fortress with walls up to 10 m high covers an area of ​​3.5 hectares on the border with Mongolia. The fortress is one of the historically and culturally significant objects on the territory of the Russian Federation.

A special "trademark" of Tuvinian culture is the cultivated throat singing (Tuvinian: Khöömei for throat ), the highest level of overtone singing (Tuvinian: Sygyt ), with several notes being intoned at the same time, and undertone singing (Tuvinian: Kargyraa ). A well-known representative of this special song and of Tuvinian music is the group Huun-Huur-Tu . Through the presentation of this singing art, among others by this music group in concert halls such as New York's Carnegie Hall , the culture of Tuwas also reaches western society.

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union , shamanism has also revived. In Kyzyl and other localities, shamans now operate several shamanic clinics as group practices. The most important of these is "Dungur" (Tuvinian for "drum"). Tuva has an old Lamaist-Buddhist tradition. In September 1992 the 14th Dalai Lama visited Tuva.

The national sport of the Tuvins on the upper reaches of the Yenisei is wrestling , as there are also extensive cultural similarities with the Mongols. At Beschei , a small village on the Little Yenisei about 140 km south-east of Kyzyl, lies one of the Old Believers' villages, which the Tuvinians call "Kerschaki".

In 2006 the Tuvinian theater celebrated its 70th anniversary and the hundredth birthday of its founder, actor and playwright Wiktor Kok-ool .

Personalities

• Marianna Artaschirowna Dewlet (* 1933), prehistoric
• Scholban Kara-ool (* 1966), Prime Minister of the Republic of Tuva
• Mongusch Borachowitsch Kenin-Lopsan (* 1925), historian, ethnologist, writer, poet
• Wiktor Kok-ool , author and co-founder of the Tuvinian theater
• Albert Kuwesin , singer and guitarist of the band Yat-Kha , founding member of Huun-Huur-Tu
• Sainkho Namtchylak (* 1957), larynx singer and modern musician
• Sergei Shoigu (* 1955), Defense Minister of the Russian Federation , Hero of the Russian Federation
• Galsan Tschinag (* 1943), writer, writes in German ( Mongolian citizen, member of the Tuvin minority in northwest Mongolia)

State structure

After the collapse of the USSR, Tuva declared its independence in November 1991, but then signed a federation treaty with the newly formed Russian Federation on March 31, 1992, to which it has belonged as an autonomous republic ever since . President is Scholban Kara-ool , who replaced Scherig-ool Oorschak , who had ruled since 1992, in 2007 .

Administrative divisions and cities

→ Main article : Administrative divisions of the Republic of Tuva

The Republic of Tuva is divided into 17 Koschuune (corresponding to the Rajons of the other federal subjects ) and two city districts.

A third of the republic's population lives in the capital, Kyzyl . Kyzyl is the only major city in Tuva; there are another four small towns and one urban-type settlement .

Cities and one * urban-type settlement

Surname	Soot. Surname	Tuwin. Surname	Rajon	Residents (October 14, 2010)
Ak-Dowurak	Ак-Довурак	Ак-Довурак	Urban district	13,468
Kaa-Chem *	Каа-Хем	Каа-Хем	Kyzyl	15,044
Kyzyl	Кызыл	Кызыл	Urban district	109,918
Schagonar	Шагонар	Шагаан-Арыг	Ulug-Khemsky	10,956
Chadan	Чадан	Чадаана	Dsun-Chemchiksky	9,035
Turan	Туран	Туран	Pii-Khemsky	4,981

literature

• Sergej R. Minzloff: "On a secret mission" - report of an expedition in 1914 . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1929 (translation from the Russian by R. Frhr. V. Campenhausen)
• Douglas Carruthers: Unknown Mongolia: A Record of Travel and Exploration in North-West Mongolia and Dzungaria . Hutchinson & Co. 1914. (Reprint: New Delhi et al. 1994, ISBN 81-206-0857-7 )
• Mongusch B. Kenin-Lopsan: Shaman 's stories from Tuwa (Ger. Üs. By Mifi Tuvinskych Shamanov) . Lamuv, Göttingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-88977-693-8 .
• Anett C. Oelschlägel: The White Way. Natural religion and divination among the western Tyva in southern Siberia . Leipziger Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2004, ISBN 3-937209-52-2 .
• Anett C. Oelschlägel: Plural interpretations of the world. The example of the Tyva of South Siberia . SEC Publications, Fürstenberg / Havel 2013, ISBN 978-3-942883-13-9 .
• Anett C. Oelschlägel: The Taiga Spirit. Reports and stories from people and spirits from Tuva. Contemporary sagas and other folklore texts . Tectum-Verlag, Marburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-8288-3134-6 .
• Gisela Reller: From the Volga to the Pacific: Tradition and transformation; with Tuwinern, Kalmyken, Niwchen and Oroken . Photos: Detlev Steinberg. Drawings and maps: Karl-Heinz Döring. Verlag der Nation, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-373-00308-3 .
• Egon Richter: In the land of the white camels. Chronicle of a flying visit . 2nd Edition. Hinstorff, Rostock 1988, ISBN 3-356-00001-2 .
• Soviet Union. Hiking in the Wild East: Altai, Lake Baikal, Dagestan, Kamchatka, Tuwa etc. a. m. Singer, Bonn 1990, ISBN 3-926992-04-2 .
• Margarete Franz: Taiga, steppe and shamans. Encounters with Central Asian shamans . Onion dwarf, Willebadessen 2008, ISBN 978-3-938368-96-1 .
• Pyotr Zubkov: A republic in the heart of Asia. Soviet - Tuva 40 years. Travel notes . Moscow, 1984, DNB 891043322 .
• Reinhold Messner: Mongolia. With Reinhold Messner among the Tuwa nomads . Director: Elke Werry. DVD video (52 min.). Countries, people, adventures. Grünwald: Complete Media 2006 and 2008.
• Sewj'an I. Weinshtein: Mysterious Tuva. Expeditions to the heart of Asia . Book with DVD. Documentary and photos by Leonid Kruglow. Oststeinbek: Alouette 2005. DVD running time 72 min. - Documentary film, photos, examples of the Tuva's larynx singing.

Web links

Commons : Tuwa  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Official Website of the Republic of Tuva (Russian)
• Tuva Online (English, Russian )
• Report of the Society for Threatened Peoples
• tuva.asia (Russian) , alternatively tuva.asia (English)
• Ethnological research in Tuwa (German, English, Russian)

swell

1. ↑ Administrativno-territorialʹnoe delenie po subʺektam Rossijskoj Federacii na 1 janvarja 2010 goda (administrative-territorial division according to subjects of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2010). ( Download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
2. ↑ ^{a b} Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
3. ↑ Nacional'nyj sostav naselenija po sub "ektam Rossijskoj Federacii. (XLS) In: Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Rosstat, accessed on June 30, 2016 (Russian, ethnic composition of the population according to federal subjects , results of the 2010 census). 
4. ↑ Population of the Russian territorial units by nationality 2010 (Russian) http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_etn_10.php?reg=66
5. ^ Robert Arthur Rupen: Mongols of the Twentieth Century. Indiana University, 1964, p. 276.
6. ↑ Toomas Alatalu: Tuva. A state reawakens. In: Soviet Studies. Vol. 44, No. 5, 1992, ISSN  1465-3427 , pp. 881-895
7. ^ Friedrich-Christian Schroeder , Ludwig Bauer, Boris Meissner : Federal State and Nationality Law in the Soviet Union. Duncker & Humblot, 1984, p. 51.
8. ↑ Eva-Maria Stolberg : Stalin and the Chinese Communists. A study of the history of the origins of the Soviet-Chinese alliance against the backdrop of the Cold War. Franz Steiner Verlag, 1997, p. 113.
9. ^ David J. Dallin: Soviet Russia and the Far East . Yale University Press, New Haven 1948, p. 89
10. ↑ Julian Towster: Political Power in the USSR from 1917 to 1947. The Theory and the Structure of Government in the Soviet State. Oxford University Press, New York 1948, p. 108
11. ↑ Decision to build a railway to Kyzyl  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
12. ^ Report on the official start of construction work on dela.ru , December 21, 2011 (Russian). Retrieved January 30, 2014.
13. ↑ Kyzyl - Kuragino Railway Line Excluded from the List of State Investment Projects ( Memento of the original dated February 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on rzd-partner.com , November 14, 2012 (English). Retrieved February 1, 2014. 
14. ↑ Russias longest private railway line approved ( Memento of the original dated February 2, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on railwaybulletin.com , March 1, 2013 (English). Retrieved February 1, 2014. 
15. ↑ Reller (1990), p. 45
16. ↑ Por-Bazhyn Exhibition to Open in Moscow
17. ^ The Dalai Lama in Tuva, 1992