Basis of all science teaching

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The basis of the whole theory of science (in the original basis of GESAM m th Wissenschaftslehre ) of 1794-95 is the systematic main work of the philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte , and one of the key works in the post-Kantian idealism .

Emergence

The basis of the entire Wissenschaftslehre (GWL) is the first of a total of ten versions of the Wissenschaftslehre that Fichte published in the course of his life. For Fichte, one reason for constantly revising the science of science was the strange origin of the GWL. In the winter semester of 1794/95, Fichte, who had suddenly become famous for his attempt to criticize all revelation , was surprisingly appointed professor by a recommendation from Goethe, who was an advisor to the University of Jena. That semester he gave the lecture on science without having worked out a manuscript beforehand. Therefore Fichte always wrote the GWL before the individual meetings. One notices this hectic writing style in the GWL, despite the acumen.

construction

The basis of the entire teaching of science is divided into three introductory principles, a theoretical part derived from it and a practical part derived from it. Typical of early German idealism is the systematic, deductive approach from the unconditional to the conditioned - that is, from the absolute to the world.

Principles

First, absolutely unconditional principle

According to Fichte, the unconditional principle of the science of science should "express that act which ... is the basis of all consciousness and which alone makes it possible." The term action, coined by Fichte, means here that what has done and what has been done are the same. Fichte finds this act in a self-positing of the ego:

"The I posits itself , and it is , by virtue of this mere positing by itself; and vice versa: The I is , and it posits its being, by virtue of its mere being. It is at the same time what does the acting and the product of the action; what is active and what is produced by the activity; action and deed are one and the same; and therefore this is: I am an expression of an act. "

The unconditional principle of the science of science is therefore the self: I = I, understood as equivalent to I am .

Second, its content according to the conditional principle

Unlike the first unconditional principle, the second principle can only be established as a function of the first. While the first principle dealt with self-positing , the second deals with opposing .

"Originally nothing is posited but the I; and this is simply posited. Accordingly, only the I can be opposed to the I as such. But that which is opposite to the I is = not-I . So certainly the unconditional admission of the absolute certainty of the sentence: - A not = A occurs among the facts of empirical consciousness: it is so certain that the ego is opposed to a not-ego .

Third, its form based on a conditional principle

The third principle deals with the mutual limitation of I and not-I. According to Fichte, this limitation takes place in the self, which is why one speaks of a subjective idealism :

The bulk of that which is unconditional and absolutely certain is now exhausted; and I would express it in the following formula: I oppose the divisible ego with a divisible non-ego in the ego . No philosophy goes beyond this knowledge; but every thorough philosophy should go back to it; and just as it does, it becomes a science. "

The three principles of setting, opposing and sharing correspond to the categories of quality (reality, negation and limitation) which Immanuel Kant developed in the Critique of Pure Reason .

Secondary literature

  • Peter Baumanns: Fichte's original system: its location between Kant and Hegel , Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1972-
  • Otto A. Böhmer: facticity and justification for knowledge: e. Under to the meaning d. Fact. in d. early philosophy JG Fichtes , Frankfurt [Main]: RG Fischer, 1979-
  • Eberhard Braun: The transcendental self-reflection of knowledge: subject and method of the science of science JG Fichtes , Tübingen (diss.) 1972.
  • Michael Brüggen: Fichte's science theory: the system in the versions created since 1801/02 , Hamburg: Meiner, 1979.
  • Wolfgang Class / Alois K. Soller: Commentary on Fichte's Basis of the Entire Science of Science , Rodopi, Amsterdam-New York 2004
  • Katja Crone: Fichte's theory of concrete subjectivity: Investigations on the "Wissenschaftslehre nova methodo" , Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2005.
  • Wolfgang Janke: Johann Gottlieb Fichte's "Wissenschaftslehre 1805": methodical-systematic and philosophy-historical commentary , Darmstadt: Wiss. Buchges., 1999.
  • Jörg-Peter Mittmann: The principle of self-certainty. Fichte and the development of the post-Kantian basic philosophy , Bodenheim: Athenaeum.Hain.Hanstein, 1993.
  • Hans-Jürgen Müller: Subjectivity as a symbolic and schematic image of the absolute: Theory of subjectivity and philosophy of religion in the science of Fichte , Königstein / Ts. : Athenaeum, 1980.
  • Andreas Schmidt: The reason of knowledge: Fichte's science theory in the versions of 1794/95, 1804 / II and 1812 , Paderborn: Schöningh, 2004.
  • Ulrich Schwabe: Individual and Trans-Individual I. The self-individualization of pure subjectivity and Fichte's theory of science. With a continuous commentary on the nova methodo Paderborn u. a. 2007
  • Günter Schulte: The science of the late Fichte , Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann, 1971.
  • Ingeborg Schüßler : The discussion of idealism and realism in Fichte's science theory: Basis of the entire science theory 1794/5; Second presentation of the Wissenschaftslehre 1804 , Cologne (Diss.) 1969.
  • Katja V. Taver: Johann Gottlieb Fichte's Theory of Science from 1810: An attempt at an exegesis , Rodopi, Amsterdam 1999.
  • Christian Friedrich Böhme, commentary on and against the first principle of the Fichtische Wissenschaftslehre along with an epilogue against the Fichtisch idealistic system, reprint of the Altenburg 1802 edition, ed., Introduced and annotated by Wolfgang Class and Alois K. Soller, Verlag Senging, Saldenburg 2005, ISBN 3-9810161-0-6 .

Web links

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  1. ↑ Zeno.org
  2. ↑ Fichte, JG; Basis of all science teaching . Hamburg, Meiner, 1997, p. 11
  3. ↑ Fichte, JG; Basis of all science teaching . Hamburg, Meiner, 1997, p. 16
  4. ↑ Fichte, JG; Basis of all science teaching . Hamburg, Meiner, 1997, p. 24
  5. ↑ Fichte, JG; Basis of all science teaching . Hamburg, Meiner, 1997, p. 30