Attack on the Zion Church

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Photo of the concert in the Zionskirche
Erik Weiss , 1987

Link to the picture
(please note copyrights )

The attack on the Zionskirche on October 17, 1987 was an attack by right-wing radical skinheads on visitors to an Element of Crime concert in the Zionskirche in East Berlin . The attack, the criminal trials and the associated media coverage led to a public debate with neo-Nazis in the GDR for the first time . The Ministry for State Security subsequently conducted a secret investigation into skinheads in the GDR. The first antifa groups were formed at the end of 1987 in the vicinity of the GDR opposition, which was also based in the Zionskirche . The attack was perceived as a turning point , already existing right-wing radical and nationalist currents in East Germany became visible and could no longer disappear under the cloak of state-decreed " anti-fascism ".

history

Punks and skinheads in the GDR until 1987

In the GDR in the second half of the 1980s - especially in East Berlin - there was an active and diverse youth culture , which also included punks and skinheads . Not all of the skinheads belonged to the right-wing extremist scene ; the transitions between punks and skins were still fluid, especially at the beginning of the 1980s. This changed from 1983 when a large part of the skinheads left the punk movement. Some of the skinheads involved in the attack on Zionskirche were former punks.

In 1987 there were a few hundred skinheads in East Berlin, as well as sympathizers. The transitions from the skinhead scene to hooligans in the vicinity of the two East Berlin upper league clubs BFC Dynamo and FC Union were fluid. Even if there was really no “ fan friendship ” between the fans of BFC and Union , there were also connections between the skinheads and violent fans of both clubs. The first organized groups of right-wing extremist skinheads in East Berlin emerged in 1983. The “Lichtenberger Front” was founded in 1986 in Berlin-Lichtenberg and led by Ingo Hasselbach and his friend André R. Members of this group were involved in the attack on the Zionskirche, with Hasselbach having the perfect alibi due to a prison sentence .

The Evangelical Church of the GDR offered punks a certain amount of freedom, including performance opportunities and small festivals such as the Alösa Spring Festival at the Erlöserkirche . However, this always depended on the respective pastors and the parish church council , there were only a few churches that were considered punk-friendly. This also included the Zion Church, which was also close to squatted houses . The Church from Below offered a certain organization of these opposition-minded and youth-oriented groups across individual parishes from 1986/1987 . The Zionskirche with the environmental library founded there in 1986 was also one of the centers of the Church from Below in East Berlin.

Before the concert

“Out of sheer boredom” - hand-painted concert poster
Silvio Meier , 1987

Link to the picture
(please note copyrights )

The concert of the West Berlin indie rock band Element of Crime in the East Berlin Zionskirche was organized by activists of the opposition networks Church from Below and Environment Library , the latter was based there. The central person in the preparation was Silvio Meier . His brother had left the GDR and lived in West Berlin - coincidentally in the same Kreuzberg apartment building as Paul Lukas , the Element bassist. In July 1987 the first appearance of Element of Crime took place in the Zion Church. The whole thing was declared as "devotion with music", accordingly the approval system of the state concert agency was bypassed. About 200 people attended this concert.

After this success, Silvio Meier convinced the parish council of the Zionskirche to hold a bigger concert, although the nave was being built. From September 17th, the date became known in the youthful subculture of East Berlin - there was a poster hand-painted by Silvio Meier, otherwise the advertising was via word of mouth . The East Berlin punk musicians Die Firma should be the opening act . Element of Crime only crossed the border from West Berlin with a daily ticket on the day of the performance . In order not to attract attention, they did not bring any equipment, but wanted to play on the company's instruments. One of the musicians had at least his own mouthpiece for the borrowed trumpet.

On October 16, 1987, the day before the planned concert, there was an argument between punks and skinheads in front of the House of Young Talents (HdjT) in Mitte . This is said to have resulted in the idea of ​​the skinheads involved to “clarify” the matter in a larger group the next day at the concert in the sense of a revenge . In 1987/1988, the HdjT, like the HO restaurants Frankfurter Tor in Warschauer Straße , Sputnik in Greifswalder Straße , Rennsteig in Schönhauser Allee and the discotheque Café Nord in Wichertstraße ( Prenzlauer Berg ) belonged to the meeting places of right-wing extremists in East Berlin.

Done on October 17, 1987

Interior of the Zionskirche (2015). The bands played in front of the altar, right under the cross. The attack took place through the portal on the right.

The concert took place as planned on the evening of October 17, 1987. At Element of Crime was Sven Regener the microphone. The East Berlin punk band Die Firma performed as the opening act , with Paul Landers playing guitar, Tatjana Besson playing bass and band founder Frank “Trötsch” Tröger providing the vocals. Landers was later a founding member of Rammstein , whereas Besson and Tröger were later exposed as unofficial employees (IM) of the MfS . The concert was well attended, the number of visitors was estimated at 1000 to 2000. There were no tickets, you could donate at the exit. The bands played in the area of ​​the altar, visitors stood between the pews, next to and behind the band, sometimes in daringly climbed positions at the pulpit or galleries.

At the same time as the Zionskirch concert, a closed event took place in the HO restaurant “Sputnik” in Prenzlauer Berg , at which around 100 skinheads celebrated. The occasion was a birthday and the farewell to a skinhead for ten years of military service as a professional sergeant . The pub at Greifswalder Straße 204 is about 2 km from the Zionskirche. In the afternoon Lok Leipzig had played against Union Berlin in East Berlin , on the sidelines there were fights with skins and hooligans. Some of the skinheads celebrating at the party were part of the BFC Dynamo fan scene, but there were also Union fans. Some skinheads from West Berlin also celebrated. Torsten B. picked them up from the Friedrichstrasse railway station border crossing and brought them to the party.

At the end of the concert the church emptied, around 500 visitors were still present. Shortly after 10:00 p.m., around 30 skinheads stormed indiscriminately through the entrance of the right wing. The use of striking tools such as bicycle chains was reported. They shouted slogans like “No Jews in German churches” and “Communist pigs”. At first, the concert-goers backed away despite their large majority. After a while, smaller groups of punks formed to resist and pushed the skinheads out of the church. Bottles were thrown, some of which hit their own people. Wooden slats were torn from church pews and used as improvised beatings. Outside the church, some of the brawls continued. The police were present in the surrounding streets with several patrol cars and fully occupied team trucks, but did not intervene. The police did not record the personal details of the skinheads leaving Zionskirchplatz.

This police passivity led to speculation that the situation was caused deliberately by the conduct of the police and the MfS, or that it was at least consciously tolerated. This thesis was plausible at the time because the punk and skinhead scene was known to have been infiltrated by the Stasi. One could therefore assume that the authorities knew both the planning of the concert and the planning of the robbery, if they had not actually staged it consciously. Investigations after 1990 came to the conclusion that this thesis cannot be held. Although the security organs knew about the concert in advance, it is highly likely that the attack was not controlled. Instead, the failure of the police was due to a lack of clear operational orders and a simultaneous lack of guidance and communication, as well as fear of the unexpectedly violent events.

After the skinheads had left the crime scene by tram, their group spread out from Schönhauser Allee at the corner of Dimitroffstrasse . Some attacked men at the gay club there , some went to a pub, and another subgroup got on the tram in the direction of Warschauer Strasse. Two concert goers had already ridden in the first tram and reported this group to a police patrol on foot for assault. The police sent a police car to follow the tram by radio. At the intersection of Dimitroffstrasse and Greifswalder Strasse, the patrol car crew stopped the tram, took out the group of skinheads and recorded the personal details. So the investigation got underway.

Criminal prosecution

The first trial against four skinheads involved in the assault took place from November 27 to December 3, 1987 before the criminal chamber of the Berlin-Mitte district court. There were three main trial days (November 27th, November 30th and December 1st), on December 3rd, 1987 the judgment was announced in the first instance. The accused were:

  • Ronny B. (* 1965), the 22-year-old leader of the "Lichtenberger Front", BFC hooligan, 195 cm tall, directed the skinheads during the attack. Ronny B. was a Post employee based in Bernau .
  • Sven E. (* 1967), the then 20-year-old defendant is one of the BFC hooligans. Sven E. was a glass and building cleaner based in Berlin-Treptow .
  • Torsten B. (* 1970), the then 17-year-old, was the only one of the defendants who confessed to having shouted right-wing extremist slogans by shouting "Heil Hitler". Torsten B. was an apprentice at VEB Kühlautomat Berlin based in Berlin-Mitte .
  • Frank B. (* 1964), the defendant was around 23 years old at the time of the crime. Frank B. was a repairman at VEB Plasta Erkner based in Erkner .

Normally, trials under juvenile criminal law in the GDR only took place under limited public, but this trial was attended by representatives of the SED and FDJ , employees of the MfS and a journalist from the Junge Welt . Independent observers also took part, including representatives from the Zionskirch community. Recordings of the processes are in the audio archive of the Robert Havemann Society . 22 witnesses were heard. The accused were sentenced to prison terms of between one and two years for " hooliganism " (§ 215 StGB-DDR ) in unity with "public degradation" (§ 220 StGB-DDR).

Three of the four defendants appealed appeal against the judgment, and the prosecutor of the district center went into revision . Meanwhile there were letters to the editor and petitions in which the verdict was criticized as to whether the sentence was perceived as low. In an official letter, the Supreme Court recommended renegotiation before the Berlin City Court as a second instance. The main hearing took place at the Berlin City Court on December 22, 1987. All four judgments were increased in terms of punishment without the need to take evidence again, which had previously been signed by Erich Honecker personally. The defendants' appeals were dismissed as unfounded. Ronny B., regarded as the main perpetrator and leader, received the longest pronounced sentence, four years in prison.

The second trial against eight other people involved in the attack on the Zionskirche began on January 26, 1988 before the district court in Berlin-Mitte. The sentence was passed on February 3, 1988, and prison terms ranged from one and a half years to three years and nine months. André R., whose father, as a major in the State Security department, was responsible for "right-wing extremism", was also accused. André R. was sentenced to two years' imprisonment, released early for good conduct, and participated in the transformation of the skinhead group "Lichtenberger Front", which he co-founded, into the "January 30th Movement", which in 1990 became the National Alternative . In 1990 André R. became deputy chairman of this neo-Nazi party. Jens-Uwe V., who was considered the leader of the BFC hooligans and who is known to have participated in the attack, was not charged. There were rumors that this was due to his collaboration with the MfS .

The main defendant in the first trial, Ronny B., was released early from custody in Bautzen in May 1990 . In 2007, B. tried to obtain recognition as a victim of the SED regime, referring to the previously agreed sentence, which would have brought him compensation .

In March 1992 three West Berlin perpetrators were tried before the juvenile lay judge's court in Moabit . The accused were two men who were 16 and 18 years old at the time of the crime, and a woman who was 18 years of age. At the time, the East German public prosecutor's office had sent a request for legal assistance to the West Berlin prosecution authorities in order to identify skinheads involved in the crime. According to the 1992 indictment, there were ten other West Berlin perpetrators who remained unknown, as well as 50 skinheads from East Berlin who were involved in the crime. The main defendant in the Moabite proceedings was Martin Sch., Called "Bomber". The trial took place in camera and was discontinued on payment of fines.

Contemporary perception in the media

The first reports in the mass media about the attack appeared in " Westmedien ", then also in the GDR underground press . The official Eastern media initially withheld the incidents and only reacted later to Western publications, but in a way that was difficult to understand without knowledge of the Western media reports. This was also complained of by "loyal to the line" GDR citizens. The GDR media further trivialized the incidents, withheld the right-wing extremist context or overemphasized the proportion of perpetrators from West Berlin. In the Junge Welt there was for the first time on December 30, 1987 something about "skinrowdys", a corruption of "skinheads" with "rowdies". The New Germany called for the first time on February 5, 1988 'so-called punks "as participants.

On October 18, the West Berlin radio station RIAS reported on the events early in the morning, and on October 21 the first newspaper report appeared in the taz , also in West Berlin. The groups (punks) and perpetrators (skinheads) involved were named as well as the fascist slogans and the non-intervention of the people's police .

A short message appeared in the Berliner Zeitung on November 19, in which the arrest of some perpetrators was reported. In New Germany , the attack on the Zionskirche was first mentioned on November 28, 1987, on the occasion of the opening of the first legal proceedings. The perpetrators were referred to as hooligans in the short note, the focus was on the exercise of violence, not on the ideology of the perpetrators.

On December 12, 1987, the editor-in-chief of Junge Welt, Hans-Dieter Schütt, called for a harsher punishment in a comment. He equated participants in a vigil at the Zionskirche with neo-Nazis and emphasized the western influence:

“The enemy, whether he is sending young writers against us with missionary zeal, whether he is in the pose of a warning guard, always on time to order with television cameras, in front of church gates, or whether he equips hooligans with fascist vocabulary and weapons - he has with him no chance for us. "

- Hans-Dieter Schütt : Junge Welt from 12./13. December 1987

The judgment in the second instance was also widely noticed and commented on. Vera Wollenberger recorded a report about the incidents in East Berlin, which was broadcast on Radio Glasnost in West Berlin. The commentary pointed out that the paragraphs applied were basically apolitical despite the tightening of the penalties. The political paragraphs otherwise used against opposition groups, such as "Formation of groups against the state" (§ 107 StGB-DDR ), " Anti-state agitation " (§ 106 StGB-GDR) and "Unlawful connection" (§ 219 StGB-DDR) were not applied. With this, the GDR leadership and judiciary are following the tradition of "hardness against the left, forbearance against the right!"

Reactions beyond the case

As a reaction to the attack on the Zionskirche and in particular the broad press coverage in the West, the party and state leadership of the GDR decided to take a tougher course against skinheads. Numerous skinheads were “preventively brought in”, i.e. arrested and interrogated for no specific reason. From the beginning of 1988 the “security organs” tried to hide skinheads in the GDR from being visible. Typical young people's get-togethers such as discos, youth clubs and pubs were instructed not to let in people with skinhead appearance and not to serve them either. In the event of resistance, the People's Police should be called. Some skinheads, especially leaders, reacted by wearing rather inconspicuous, sporty clothing. From 1987/1988 onwards the “fasco” trend emerged, which acted inconspicuously and appropriately on the outside, but represented the ideology of the NSDAP internally in conspiratorial work. Smaller cells were formed that were networked across regions.

The Interior Ministry of the GDR formed a research group of criminologists and sociologists, which was internally called "AG Skinhead". This was done in coordination with the Security Department of the Central Committee of the SED . The research group included members of the criminal police and scientists from the Humboldt University , led by Lieutenant Colonel Bernd Wagner and the sociologist Loni Dutchman. The research group examined the right-wing extremist milieu among young people in the GDR, particularly in Leipzig, Weimar and Berlin. The main means of the investigation were the evaluation of investigation documents and criminal files as well as discussions with right-wing extremists and the youth prosecutor's office. As a result, the number of neo-Nazis across the GDR was estimated at 6000 people. Most of the neo-Nazis came from the young working class. In 1988 there were up to 500 acts per month from this milieu, including attacks on guest workers from Mozambique . The influence from the West seemed small, so the development was "homemade". The "AG Neo-Nazis" was dissolved again in autumn 1988, the study completed in November 1988 received a blocking notice and was therefore kept secret.

A study by the Leipzig Central Institute for Youth Research led by Walter Friedrich came to the result that 2% of GDR youths viewed themselves as members of the skinhead scene, while 4% sympathized with them. Almost a third of young people approved of right-wing activities. This study also received a blocking notice.

As a direct reaction to the attack on the Zionskirche, the first independent anti- fascist groups were formed in the GDR . Among the participants in the concert, the impression was widespread that the resistance in the church against the outnumbered group of skinheads was too weak and did not form quickly enough - both a consequence of the lack of organization. In addition, the state seemed to tolerate the right-wing extremist thugs, at least not intervening. Although the experience of violence by skinheads among punks and their sympathizers in 1987 was by no means new, there was a new quality in their massive appearance and being let down by the state power. In 1987, independent anti-fascist groups were formed in Potsdam and Dresden, in Halle in 1988 and in Berlin after a failed attempt in 1987 then in April 1989 in the rooms of the church from below.

reception

The civil rights activist Konrad Weiß wrote the text “The New Old Danger: Young Fascists in the GDR” in November 1988 and published it in March 1989 in the underground magazine KONTEXT . In this early analysis of right-wing radicalism in the GDR, Weiss made direct reference to the attack on the Zion Church, in particular the right-wing scene's veneration of those who participated in the attack and who were convicted of violence as “martyrs of the movement”. The main thesis of the text by Weiß was the continuity of National Socialist thought in the area of ​​the GDR before and after 1945. This thinking was possible in the 1980s under the favorable conditions of economic stagnation, "convulsive" avoidance of the national and the affirmation of state violence as well as lack of democratic traditions flourish.

Silvio Meier , the initiator of the concert in the Zionskirche, was stabbed to death by neo-Nazis in Berlin in November 1992 at the Samariterstraße subway station. Since then, this act has often been placed in a chain of events with the attack on the Zion Church. The continuity of right-wing extremist violence before and after 1989 based on these two events was particularly emphasized on the occasion of the renaming of Friedrichshainer Gabelsbergerstrasse to Silvio-Meier-Strasse in 2012/2013.

In September 2006 the documentary The National Front - Neo-Nazis in the GDR was premiered in the Zionskirche, in November 2006 it was first broadcast on television. The production was commissioned by the rbb , the Federal Foundation for the Processing of the SED dictatorship funded the project. The focus of the film is the attack on the Zion Church, including the context and consequences. Various protagonists of the event have their say, including Hans-Dieter Schütt as well as two defendants at the time (Ronny B. and Frank H.). The film regards the events surrounding the attack less as a story, but more as an example of the inability of the SED state to publicly address problems such as the growing right-wing extremism.

In 2012, the MDR broadcast a television report on the attack on the Zionskirche in the series Nah dran . In the ZDF three-part Freedom Prize (premiere in 2019), the attack on the Zionskirche was woven into the plot, as was the search of the environmental library and the protests at the Liebknecht-Luxemburg demonstration in 1988, all mixed up with private storylines.

Literature and documentation

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c Paul Hockenos: Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post-Communist Eastern Europe . Routledge, London 2013, ISBN 978-1-136-65567-8 , pp. 78-85.
  2. ^ Ehrhart Neubert: History of the opposition in the GDR 1949–1989 . Ch. Links, Berlin 1998, ISBN 978-3-86153-163-0 , pp. 612f.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h Dirk Moldt: “No confrontation!” In: Horch and Guck , issue 40 (April 2002), pp. 14-25.
  4. ↑ a b "We don't want the one who sings the most beautifully to be elected" . Interview with Sven Regener , conducted by Lena Zade and Johannes Gernert. In: Melodie & Rhythmus, No. 4/2010 (September 2010).
  5. ^ GDR society & Nazis in the GDR , interview statement by "Chrischi" (Christiane Schidek, partner of Silvio Meier). In: "And those who die, they will continue to live ...", brochure in memory of Silvio Meier, Antifa Berlin, undated, p. 7. ( Online )
  6. ↑ a b Anja Maier: The night of the Nazis in the Zionskirche . In: taz , special edition 30 years of taz, September 27, 2008.
  7. ↑ Michael Rauhut : Rock in the GDR: 1964 to 1989 . Federal Agency for Political Education, Bonn 2002, ISBN 978-3-89331-459-1 , p. 118 f.
  8. ↑ Bernd Wagner : Right-wing radicalism in the late GDR . Berlin 2014, p. 403.
  9. ↑ Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk, Arno Polzin: Be brief !: The cross-border telephone traffic of the opposition in the 1980s and the Ministry for State Security. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2014, p. 889.
  10. ^ Condemned East Berlin Skins . In: taz , December 5, 1987 (edition 2379), Inland, p. 6. ( Online )
  11. ↑ a b c d e Bernd Wagner: Right-wing radicalism in the late GDR . Berlin 2014, p. 125.
  12. ^ ADN : Small prison sentences for hooligans . In: Neues Deutschland , December 4, 1987.
  13. ^ A b c d Manfred Stock, Philipp Mühlberg: The scene from the inside: Skinheads, Goths, Heavy Metals, Punks . LinksDruck-Verlag, Berlin 1990, ISBN 978-3-86153-007-7 , p. 14.
  14. ↑ a b c d The Nazi attack on the Zionskirche . In: Fascists in the GDR and anti-fascist resistance , House of Democracy and Human Rights , Berlin. February 14, 2005.
  15. ↑ Another trial against hooligans . In: Neues Deutschland, January 27, 1988.
  16. ↑ No room for inhumanity . In: Neues Deutschland, February 4, 1988 (court report).
  17. ↑ Peter Schwarz: Is the xenophobia in the East a legacy of the GDR? , September 9, 2000. ( Online )
  18. ^ Paul Hockenos: Free to Hate: The Rise of the Right in Post-Communist Eastern Europe . Routledge, London 2013, ISBN 978-1-136-65567-8 , pp. 86-87.
  19. ↑ Klaus Blume: Tatort fan curve: Football, violence and right-wing extremism. Rotbuch, Berlin 2013. (Chapter 6: The neo-Nazis and the GDR)
  20. ↑ Matthias Lohre: The victim is the new hero . Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2019, ISBN 978-3-641-25006-5 , p. 168.
  21. ↑ Lasse Ole Hempel: Right versus Rock . In: Tagesspiegel , October 16, 2007.
  22. ↑ PLU: Late atonement for skinhead attack In: die tageszeitung , March 5, 1992 (issue 3648), Inland, p. 21, ( online )
  23. ^ Michael Meyen: Public in the GDR . In. SCM Studies in Communication and Media , No. 1/2011, doi : 10.5771 / 2192-4007-2011-1-3 , p. 41f.
  24. ↑ Skins stormed the punk concert in East Berlin church . In: taz, October 21, 1987 (edition 2341), Part Inland, p. 6, ( online )
  25. ↑ Hooligans determined . In: Berliner Zeitung , November 19, 1987, p. 12.
  26. ↑ Trial against rowdies began in Berlin-Mitte . In: Neues Deutschland, Berlin-Teil, November 28, 1987.
  27. ^ Ehrhart Neubert : History of the opposition in the GDR 1949–1989 . Ch.-Links-Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-86153-163-1 , pp. 780-781.
  28. ^ Radio Glasnost: Report by Vera Wollenberger on the Skinhead Trial 1987 on jugendopposition.de, a cooperation project between the Robert Havemann Society and the Federal Agency for Civic Education
  29. ↑ a b Bernd Wagner: Hushed up danger: The Stasi & neo-Nazis . In: Germany Archives, bpb, January 2, 2018.
  30. ^ Jochen Hippler : The right-wing radical scene in the GDR . After another: Right-wing extremists in the German East - "Vengeance is just" . In: Monthly newspaper (Vienna), ZDB -ID & key = zdb 1022776-3 , November 1990, pp. 27–31.
  31. ^ Ralph Gabriel et al.: Future Exact: Youth culture in Oranienburg between right-wing extremist violence and democratic engagement . Hans Schiler Verlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 9783899300741 , pp. 70/71.
  32. ↑ Oliver Reinhard: Wotansbrüder and Weimar Front . In: Die ZEIT, No. 8/2012 (February 16, 2012).
  33. ↑ "For many Nazis were a side effect" . Interview with Dietmar Wolf, co-founder of Ost-Antifa, by Peter Nowak. October 9, 2017 (first published in taz)
  34. ↑ Konrad Weiß: The New Old Danger: Young Fascists in the GDR . In: KONTEXT: Contributions from politics, society, culture / ed. from the information group at the Evangelical Confessional Church in Berlin-Treptow, Issue 5 (March 1989), ZDB -ID 1137645-4 .
  35. ↑ Konrad Weiß: The new old danger: Young fascists in the GDR , section "The values ​​of the new rights". In: KONTEXT: Contributions from politics, society, culture / ed. from the information group at the Evangelical Confessional Church in Berlin-Treptow, Issue 5 (March 1989), ZDB -ID 1137645-4 .
  36. ^ Jan Pauer: GDR, Czechoslovakia . In: Wolfgang Eichwede, Ders. (Ed.): Struggle for autonomy: dissident discourses in Central and Eastern Europe . Lit-Verlag, Münster 2017, ISBN 978-3-643-11218-7 , pp. 590f.
  37. ↑ Martin Klesmann: 25th anniversary of Silvio Meier's death: A freedom-loving father, killed by a neo-Nazi . In: Berliner Zeitung, November 21, 2017.
  38. ↑ Nicolas Šustr: "He would show us the bird" . In: Neues Deutschland, November 23, 2012.
  39. ↑ Konrad Litschko and Sebastian Puschner: “If we want to change something, we have to stay” , interview with Meier's then partner. In: taz, April 27, 2013 (edition 10092), p. 46.
  40. ^ Andreas K. Richter (author) and Tom Franke (camera): The National Front - Neo-Nazis in the GDR , Armada Film , Berlin 2006. First broadcast on November 27, 2006 in the rbb.
  41. ↑ Christoph Dieckmann : Blooming landscapes of the NPD . In: Die ZEIT, No. 42/2006, October 12, 2006.
  42. ↑ Tom Fugmann: GDR spoke of rowdies instead of neo-Nazis . Close to it , first broadcast on October 25, 2012
  43. ↑ Matthias Dell: Stew made of feelings . In: Die ZEIT , October 28, 2019.
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on February 20, 2020 .