Żuławy Wiślane
Żuławy Wiślane refers to the area of the Vistula-Nogat delta around the delta of the rivers Vistula (Polish Wisła) and Nogat in Poland . The literal translation of the term means Werder der Vistula . It is an old cultural landscape that has been extensively shaped and redesigned by its inhabitants since the time of the Teutonic Order .
Division of the area
The area is divided into the three big Werder: Danziger ( Żuławy Gdańskie ), Großes Marienburger ( Żuławy Wielkie or Żuławy Malborskie ) and Elbingsches Werder ( Żuławy Elbląskie ). There were also smaller Werder, such as B. the Steegener Werder. The Scharpau was the northern part of the Great Marienburger Werder. The narrow dune ridge of the Gdańsk Spit was widened considerably through land reclamation measures. The reclamation of the outdoor ceremony this was the new single ceremony (today Sobieszowo island ) and the already diked inland ceremony for old single ceremony . Deposits designated polder areas . The construction office of the Gdansk lowlands was distinguished from the Danzig Werder .
geomorphology
Geomorphologically, a distinction is made today between the expanded Werder landscape Żuławy Wiślane (313.54) and the area of the compensation coast, which not only includes the spit strip, but the area of the compensation coast from the city limits of Sopot ( Sopot ), but is referred to as Mierzeja Wiślana (313.53).
The river system of the Vistula Delta
The flow of the Vistula into the Baltic Sea was blocked by the dune ridge of the Danzig Spit , the western part of the Fresh Spit ( Mierzeja Wiślana , Vistula Spit accordingly). An inland delta has formed between Danziger, Elbinger Höhe and the dune ridge. Shortly after Gniew ( Mewe ), the Nogat branches off to the east , which only became an independent river (again) to the Vistula arm due to a flood in 1371 and flows into the Fresh Lagoon ( Zalew Wiślany , Weichselhaff accordingly) in the area of the Elbinger lowlands .
The main river of the Vistula branched into the Gdansk Vistula and the Elbinger Vistula ( Szkarpawa ), which also flows into the Fresh Lagoon and was the main river until the beginning of the 19th century. The Szkarpawa got its name from the Scharpau and in turn formed a delta. Its northernmost arm is called Königsberger Weichsel (Wisła Królewiecka).
Gdansk Vistula followed the lakebed and culminated near the city of Danzig (Gdansk) in the Gdansk Bay (Zatoka Gdańska) . In 1840 a flood caused the Vistula Gorge halfway between the fork and Danzig. The new arm of the Vistula was named Kühne Wechsel (Wisła Śmiała) , the old arm was increasingly silting up . In the years 1889 to 1895, the spit was pierced at the fork in order to reduce the risk of flooding in the Vistula Delta. Since the largest part of the river Vistula (Leniwka) flows through this Vistula breakthrough (Przekop Wisły) into the Baltic Sea, the silting up of the Gdańsk Vistula has been prevented by a sluice. It was named Dead Vistula (Martwa Wisła).
On the western edge of the delta, the Motława ( Motława ) and the Radaunekanal ( Radunia ) flow into the Dead Vistula .
history
colonization
Around 100 the Roman historian Publius Cornelius Tacitus named in his Germania, along with other Germanic peoples, the Goths as inhabitants of the Vistula Delta. The archaeological legacy of the Goths and other peoples living on the Vistula was named Wielbark culture after 1945, after the town of Willenberg, which is near the Nogat . Around 200 the Germanic tribes, namely the Goths and Gepids , began to leave the Vistula region and migrate southeast to what is now Ukraine . Western Baltic branches , the ancestors of the Prussians , migrated further west, where they lived before the Goths.
West Slavic tribes spread from the end of the 6th century and reached the Baltic Sea. The area west of the lower Vistula was largely Slavic colonized in the 10th century. After the middle of the 10th century, the Polanen were first mentioned in western sources, a tribe closely related to the Slavic Pomeranians.
The location at the mouth of the Vistula has always brought the area close contacts to the south. The Amber Road led since the Neolithic period from Samland on the Vistula Delta south to the Adriatic Sea . Numerous Arabic silver coins from the 8th to 10th centuries, often crushed to " hack silver ", were found in Pomerania . You may have got there through trade or booty voyages by the Vikings, as well as Slavic and even Arab traders from the Mediterranean .
In 997, the Prague bishop Adalbert came to Gdansk in the company of soldiers of the later Polish king Bolesław Chrobry : the baptism of many pagans after a one-day sermon marked the beginning of Christianization.
To 1224 which gave pommerellische Duke Swantopolk II. (Zwantepolc de Danceke) the Lübeck law to the German merchant settlement of Gdansk Main Town . Around 1295, the Polish King Przemysław II granted her Magdeburg rights .
In the years from 1225 the Teutonic Order supported Duke Konrad von Mazowien in the fight against the pagan Prussians and established Kulmer Land . The city of Elbing was founded in 1237 under the protection of the Teutonic Order by craftsmen and merchants from Lübeck .
In 1308 the order conquered the city of Danzig and burned it down. The Grand Master, who had resided in Venice since 1291 , moved his seat to the Marienburg in 1309 . The Teutonic Order State experienced its heyday in the 14th century. Danzig and Elbing developed into the leading Hanseatic cities in eastern Central Europe.
In 1397 began the uprising of the nobility and the cities against the rule of the knights of the order. After the battle of Tannenberg the power of the order was broken. In 1440 the Prussian Hanseatic cities together with the state estates founded the Prussian Confederation , which was directed against the rule of the order and sought to be subordinate to the Polish king. In 1452 they got their rights and privileges from Emperor Friedrich III. to confirm. After the victorious Thirteen Years' War of the Prussian Confederation together with Poland against the Teutonic Order (1453–1466), Royal Prussia ( Prusy Królewskie ) was established. In addition to the Gdansk and Elbingen territories in Werder, the Marienburg Voivodeship was formed. In 1454 the cities paid homage to the Jagiellonian King of Poland Casimir IV as patron. He and his successors confirmed all old privileges to the Hanseatic cities and awarded many new ones.
- Dutch (including Flemings, Frisians and Dutch ≈ Olędrzy )
- Mennonites (largely synonymous with the second group)
Free City of Gdansk
Second World War
Immediately after the attack on Poland , a civil prison camp for Poles was set up near Stutthof . In 1942 the Stutthof concentration camp received the status of concentration camp level I , it existed from September 2, 1939 to May 9, 1945. It was only liberated after the capitulation in Karlshorst and was thus the last concentration camp liberated. Of 110,000 people detained, about 65,000 perished.
After the encirclement of East Prussia, the main route of the refugee trek ran across the Fresh Spit and the Vistula towards the west since the end of January 1945. The Werder area between the Vistula and Bodenwinkel at the foot of the spit was defended by scattered units of the Wehrmacht until the last day of the war.
After the end of the World War, the area was placed under Polish administration. Poles who were relocated from formerly eastern Poland now migrated to the area. As far as the German residents had not fled, they were expelled by the local Polish administrative authorities in the following period .
UNESCO World Heritage in Poland
The Marienburg has been on the list of World Heritage in Poland since 1992 as the Ordensburg and the largest brick building in Europe . Since 1993, the entire area of the Vistula Delta has also been temporarily nominated by UNESCO for the World Heritage List, both as a cultural heritage and a natural heritage.
administration
- Powiat Gdański
- Powiat Nowodworski ( Tiegenhof )
- Powiat Malborski
- Powiat Elbląski
Land reclamation
- Embankment
- Slurry
- Drainage and pumping stations
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Roman Cieśliński: Typy krajobrazów na wybrzeżu województwa Pomorskiego i I geneza (, Polish PDF.)
- ↑ in chap. 45 of his Germania
- ^ Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler : Regesten and documents of the constitutional and legal history of the German cities in the Middle Ages. Erlangen 1863, p. 700 ff. ( Online. )
- ↑ Johannes Voigt : History of Prussia, from the oldest times to the fall of the rule of the Teutonic Order , volume 2: The time from the arrival of the order to peace in 1249 , Königsberg 1827, p. 290 .
- ^ Max Toeppen : Historisch-Komparative Geographie von Preußen , Gotha 1858, pp. 187-195 .
- ↑ UNESCO List 2003 (PDF)
- ↑ UNESCO list 1995 (PDF)
Coordinates: 54 ° 8 ′ 0 ″ N , 19 ° 0 ′ 0 ″ E