Adolf Reichwein

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Adolf Reichwein around 1942
Adolf Reichwein before the People's Court, 1944
Stumbling stone in front of the house at Hohenzollernstrasse 21, in Berlin-Wannsee
Memorial plaque on the house at Köpenicker Strasse 76 in Berlin-Mitte
Bust of Adolf Reichwein in the Museum of European Cultures

Adolf Reichwein (born October 3, 1898 in Ems , † October 20, 1944 in Berlin-Plötzensee ) was a German educator and cultural politician ( SPD ). As a member of the Kreisau Circle, he was active in the resistance against the National Socialist dictatorship .

Life

In 1904, Reichwein's family moved from Ems to Ober-Rosbach , where their father Karl Gottfried Reichwein worked as a teacher until 1933 and as a choir director and organist . After primary school in Ober-Rosbach, Adolf Reichwein attended the Augustinian School in Friedberg from 1909 and the Oberrealschule in Bad Nauheim in 1914/1915 , in order to then prepare himself for the Abitur with autodidactic methods. In November 1916 he was drafted as a war volunteer . Even before the end of his military training, he passed his Abitur as an external student at the Realgymnasium in Friedberg in February 1917 and then went to the First World War . At the end of 1917 he was seriously wounded near Cambrai .

Still convalescent, Reichwein began studying at the University of Frankfurt am Main in 1918 with Hugo Sinzheimer and Franz Oppenheimer , among others , before moving to Marburg in 1920 , where Friedrich Wolters became one of his most important teachers. Here the former Wandervogel also became a member of the Marburg Academic Association . In 1921 he received his doctorate in Marburg on the intellectual and artistic influences of China on Europe in the 18th century (published under the title China and Europe ). In the 1920s Reichwein was active in education policy and adult education in Berlin and Thuringia . He founded and directed the adult education center and the workers' education center in Jena until 1929. During his hunger march through Lapland , he described, like a diary, an extreme migration with young unemployed people to the far north. Reichwein was one of the participants in the Löwenberg labor camps organized by the Löwenberger Arbeitsgemeinschaft . From 1929 to 1930 he worked as head of the press office and personal advisor to the Prussian Minister of Education, Carl Heinrich Becker .

From 1930 to 1933 Reichwein was a professor at the newly founded Pedagogical Academy in Halle (Saale) . After the National Socialist " seizure of power " he was dismissed for political reasons. He applied for the position of elementary school teacher in a one-class school in Tiefensee , where he carried out much-noticed teaching attempts in the sense of reform pedagogy and especially work pedagogy and project work until 1938 . In 1937, in his work Schaffendes Schulvolk, Reichwein described his teaching concept, which was shaped by the wandering bird movement and work school pedagogy, with a focus on trips , action-oriented teaching with a school garden and cross- year projects. For the subject teaching and its history, he provided important historical documents. Reichwein divided the course content into a summer circle (natural and world studies) and a winter circle (man “as a designer” / “in his landscape”). He worked on several educational films for the Reich Institute for Film and Image in Science and Education (RWU).

As early as the 1920s and 1930s, Adolf Reichwein developed differentiated didactic considerations on the use of media for natural history lessons. With his constructive attitude towards film, Reichwein took on an outsider role in the educational reform movement. The use of film, which Reichwein in his writing Film in der Landschule. Describing from looking to creating should not be reduced to substitute or enrichment functions. Without the medium of film, the educational goals he intended cannot be achieved. If films are used, they are of central importance in the “overall project”, since organized observation ”for Reichwein is the prerequisite for an“ active relationship with nature ”:“ [...] the films are supplemented and in the present case have the main task of bringing order and method to these observations. "

From 1939 Reichwein was active in museum education at the State Museum for German Folklore in Berlin .

As a member of the Kreisau Circle, Reichwein was part of the resistance against Hitler and was designated as Minister of Education in the event of a successful overthrow of the Hitler regime. Julius Leber and Reichwein met on June 22, 1944 in Berlin with leading members of the communist Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein organization , among whom was the Gestapo spy Ernst Rambow . In the opinion of Leber and Reichwein, the aim of the meeting was to involve the communists in the conspiracy of July 20, 1944 and to win them over to a new state order. These efforts were made with knowledge and in consultation with Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg . The conversation with the Berlin communists Anton Saefkow and Franz Jacob is said to have been very constructive. On the way to another meeting with the communists on July 4, 1944, Reichwein was arrested by the Gestapo and, after a trial under Roland Freisler before the " People's Court ", hanged on October 20, 1944 in the Berlin-Plötzensee prison .

His wife Rosemarie Reichwein and her four children survived him .

Honors

The Reichweindamm was named after him near the Plötzensee execution site.

Numerous schools in Germany are named after Adolf Reichwein, u. a. in Berlin-Neukölln , Düsseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt am Main, Freiburg, Friedberg, Halle (Saale), Heusenstamm , Hilden, Jena, Kiel, Langen, Langenhagen, Limburg an der Lahn, Lüdenscheid , Marburg, Meudt, Neu-Anspach, Nuremberg , Pohlheim, Pretzsch (Elbe), Wiesbaden and Witten .

In the Lower Saxony city of Celle , the Pedagogical Academy was named after Adolf Reichwein. The Adolf Reichwein University of Celle was relocated to Osnabrück in 1953 . It was based in Osnabrück Castle . In 1974 the university became part of the University of Osnabrück . Also in Osnabrück is Adolf-Reichwein-Platz in the immediate vicinity of the pedestrian zone. There is a bust in memory of Reichwein.

In a number of cities there is an Adolf-Reichwein-Straße , for example in Siegen , where the main campus of the University of Siegen is located, which is also named after Reichwein. In his home town of Rosbach the town hall was renamed Adolf-Reichwein-Halle.

The cutter Adolf Reichwein in the courtyard of the German Oceanographic Museum in Stralsund , which can be visited, has been called Reichwein since 1949.

In City Hall Schmargendorf in Berlin is since the 1950s a bust, created by the sculptor Knud Knudsen . In 1968 the district library housed in the town hall was given the name “Adolf Reichwein Library”.

There is a memorial plaque at the Thomas-Müntzer-Gymnasium in Halle (Saale).

The building of the regional office south of the SPD Saxony-Anhalt in Halle (Saale) is named after Reichwein (Adolf-Reichwein-Haus).

Publications

  • China and Europe. Osterheld, Berlin 1923.
  • Mexico awakens. “La tierra pará quien la trabája!” Bibliographical Institute, Leipzig 1930.
  • Creative school people. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Berlin 1937.
  • Film in the country school. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Berlin 1938.
  • Wolfgang Klafki u. a. (Ed.): Schaffendes Schulvolk - Film in the school. The Tiefenseer school writings. Beltz, Weinheim / Basel 1993, ISBN 3-407-34063-X (annotated new edition of both volumes).
  • Gabriele C. Pallat, Roland Reichwein , Lothar Kunz (eds.): Adolf Reichwein: pedagogue and resistance fighters. A picture of life in letters and documents (1914–1944). With an introduction by Peter Steinbach . Schöningh, Paderborn u. a., 1999.
  • Educational writings. Annotated work edition in five volumes. Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn, 2011–2015.

literature

  • Ullrich Amlung:  Reichwein, Adolf. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 21, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-428-11202-4 , pp. 322-324 ( digitized version ).
  • Ullrich Amlung: "... there are no detours in the decision": Adolf Reichwein 1898–1944. Reform pedagogue, socialist, resistance fighter . 3. Edition. Schüren, Marburg 2003, ISBN 3-89472-273-8 .
  • Ullrich Amlung: Adolf Reichwein: 1898–1944. A picture of the life of the reform educator, folklorist and resistance fighter . 2nd Edition. dipa, Frankfurt am Main 1999, ISBN 3-7638-0399-8 .
  • Doris Ammermann Caldwell: Subjective interpretation of Adolf Reichwein's pedagogy from the perspective of former pupils of the school in Tiefensee . Duehrkohp & Radicke, Göttingen 1998.
  • Hans Bernd Gisevius : Until the bitter end . II. Volume. Fretz & Wasmuth, Zurich 1946.
  • James L. Henderson: Adolf Reichwein. A political-educational biography. Edited by Helmut Lindemann. German publishing company, Stuttgart 1958.
  • Christine Hohmann: Serving accompaniment and later resistance. The national socialist Adolf Reichwein under National Socialism . Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2007, ISBN 978-3-7815-1510-9 .
  • Siegfried Mielke with the collaboration of Marion Goers, Stefan Heinz , Matthias Oden, Sebastian Bödecker (eds.): Unique - lecturers, students and representatives of the German University of Politics (1920–1933) in the resistance against National Socialism . Lukas-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-86732-032-0 , p. 287-293 .
  • Hartmut Mitzlaff: Adolf Reichwein's (1898–1944) secret reform practice in Tiefensee 1933–1939 . In: Astrid Kaiser , Detlef Pech (Hrsg.): History and historical conceptions of general teaching . Schneider, Hohengehren, Baltmannsweiler 2004, ISBN 3-89676-861-1 , p. 143-150 .
  • Adolf Reichwein . In: Franz Osterroth : Biographical Lexicon of Socialism . Deceased personalities . Volume 1. JHW Dietz Nachf., Hannover 1960, pp. 246–247.
  • Lothar Kunz, Sabine Reichwein: "The years with Adolf Reichwein shaped my life". A book of memory . Ed .: Rosemarie Reichwein . CH Beck, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-406-45358-9 .
  • Andreas Urban: Adolf Reichwein handled political issues appropriately and in accordance with principles . Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz 2005.

Web links

Commons : Adolf Reichwein  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ In addition Ulrich Steinmann , From the life of Adolf Reichwein. Corrections and additions to Henderson's biography . In: Researches and Reports. Art history contributions , Volume 7, 1965, pp. 68–84, here p. 71.
  2. ^ Adolf Reichwein: Film in the country school. From looking to creating. Stuttgart / Berlin 1938, p. 48.
  3. ↑ For details cf. Annette Neumann, Bärbel Schindler-Saefkow: The Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein-Organization 1942 to 1945 . In: Hans Coppi , Stefan Heinz (ed.): The forgotten resistance of the workers. Trade unionists, communists, social democrats, Trotskyists, anarchists and forced laborers . Dietz, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-320-02264-8 , pp. 144–157, here p. 154 ff.
  4. ↑ For details cf. ibid.
  5. ↑ Reichweindamm. In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein (near  Kaupert )
  6. ↑ Adolf Reichwein Library . accessed on May 4, 2016.
personal data
SURNAME Reichwein, Adolf
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German educator, economist, cultural politician and resistance fighter
DATE OF BIRTH October 3, 1898
PLACE OF BIRTH Bad Ems
DATE OF DEATH October 20, 1944
Place of death Berlin-Plötzensee