Afro-Germans

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Ghanaian- born German national soccer player Gerald Asamoah took part in the 2005 social marketing campaign “ Du bist Deutschland ”

As African German , even black German or Black German are German nationals sub-Saharan African or African-American descent designated or people who are both German and as part of the African Diaspora identify or "people who have dark skin and German their nationality ".

Terminology

The expressions Afro-Germans and Black Germans were originally self-names of the New Black Movement that emerged in the early 1980s. New Black Movement describes the organizational forms of black people from the 1980s onwards. This designation is based on the fact that a black movement as an organizational form of black people in Germany, especially in the form of associations of Africans in the colonial metropolises of Hamburg and Berlin, has been observable since the beginning of the 20th century. They emerged through the increased politicization of the black population in Germany and in the endeavor to discard or question external attributions , to develop a self-image or a self- concept and to give oneself a name through self-awareness, through clarification of one's own identity and history .

The term Afro-German was developed at the suggestion of the American activist Audre Lorde based on Afro-American . The terms Afro-Germans and Black Germans are related to concepts of empowerment , emancipation and identity politics, as well as dealing with discrimination and racism . They replaced racist terms such as “ Mohr ”, “ Neger ” or “ Colored ” . In the Spelling Dudes , the term Afo-German was included in the 24th edition of July 2006, previously it was represented in the Duden synonym dictionary .

Well-known organizations of Afro-Germans or Blacks in Germany are the associations Initiative Schwarze Menschen in Deutschland (ISD) and Black German Women and Black Women in Germany (ADEFRA), both based in Berlin . A corresponding organization for the field of the film industry was founded in 2006 with the Black Filmmakers in Germany (SFD). The Internet portal Afrotak TV cyberNomads has been established as an Afro-German media archive and as a social network for topics relating to the world of People of African Descent and migrants . The Berlin education initiative Each One Teach One (EOTO) has been a program partner since 2017 as part of the “Live Democracy!” Program initiated by the Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth in the field of “Preventing racism and empowering black people”.

Following the example of events of the same name in the USA , so-called Black History Months have been organized for several years in some major German cities to draw attention to the roots of Afro-Germans and other blacks as well as their social situation in Germany. In 2004 Afrotak TV gave cyberNomads (in cooperation with the House of World Cultures, among others ) the “May Ayim Award” , the “first Pan-African Black German International Literature Prize”. The award was presented by the German section of UNESCO as a project to commemorate the slave trade and its abolition.

story

Gustav Sabac el Cher , military musician born in Berlin in the Kingdom of Prussia (1908)
An Askari soldier in German East Africa (around 1916)

middle Ages

Friedrich II. , Emperor of the Roman-German Empire was considered a cosmopolitan who also welcomed Africans to his court. When he was traveling through the German lands in 1235, he attracted attention from the black soldiers in his army. The image of Africans at that time was shaped by isolated black musicians, servants and guests as well as by legends such as that of St. Mauritius . During the Crusades , there was a small black presence in European courts, but it lasted for a long time and was captured in works of art.

15th to 19th century

Hanseatic traders were involved in trading with enslaved Africans from an early age. Black slaves were also often to be found as so-called chamber moors at German courts (e.g. Ignatius Fortuna , whose life is well documented). There is also isolated evidence of black slaves living outside of the courtyards, e.g. B. were employed as stable boys. Blacks were also active as musicians. They also reached the courts because they were considered a symbol of far-reaching power and they were sold and given away, especially as young people, were racially devalued and discriminated against, but there was also integration into the respective societies (for example, existed in the Duchy of Württemberg no legal obstacles to marriages between Africans and whites and there is evidence of corresponding marriages). Baptism was of particular importance for the possibility of social advancement. The philosopher Anton Wilhelm Amo, who was born in Ghana and works in Halle and Wittenberg, achieved particular fame .

Colonial times

The German Empire , which since the Congo Conference in 1884/1885 increasingly participated in the so-called race for Africa , acquired four colonies in Africa from 1884 . As a result of the resulting relationships, a large number of dark-skinned people came to Germany for the first time since ancient times . This also included blacks who were displayed at fairs, in traveling menageries and national shows . The colonial regime also offered so-called "colonial adventurers" such as Ernst Henrici a basis for corresponding activities. In the colonies, many locals were trained in German-speaking schools, worked as translators and interpreters for the German Reich or became part of the German colonial troops, the so-called Askaris .

Around 40,000 German Askaris carried the brunt of the fight against British troops in German East Africa during the First World War . After the end of the First World War, the German Askaris received a lifelong pension from the Weimar Republic . The Askaris pensions were taken over by the Federal Republic of Germany from the beginning of the 1960s until the death of the last Askaris in the late 1990s. The Cameroonian Duala Prince Alexander Douala-Bell fought for the German Empire in the Battle of Gallipoli in 1915 as an officer of the Royal Württemberg region , although his father, King Rudolf Manga Bell , had been executed for high treason in 1914 by the German colonial regime of Cameroon .

Weimar Republic and the Nazi era

At the time of the Weimar Republic and National Socialism , it is estimated that between one thousand and three thousand black people lived in Germany. Most of them came from the former German colonies in Africa. Racist tendencies in the Weimar period, the propagation of racial theories and the process of the Allied occupation of the Rhineland led to the fact that many of the children of German women conceived by black fathers (such as French colonial soldiers such as the Tirailleurs sénégalais ) were disparaged with the swear word " Rhineland bastards " . The children of black fathers who emerged from the occupation of the Rhineland were surveyed several times in the 1920s and 1930s.

In his program Mein Kampf , Adolf Hitler described the deployment of black French soldiers in the occupied Rhineland as a planned work by Jews . During the time of National Socialism , the few black people living in Germany were often victims of discrimination and persecution, some were forcibly sterilized and mostly interned in concentration camps. The number of people of African origin murdered in concentration camps is estimated at 2000, not counting victims among prisoners of war and among soldiers of French, Belgian and British colonial troops. One of the earliest victims was Hilarius Gilges . With the Nuremberg Laws of the National Socialists of 1935, “gypsies, negroes and their bastards” were recorded according to racist criteria and treated as equal to Jews, which led to discrimination and persecution. Well-known Afro-Germans who lived in Germany during this time include Fasia Jansen , Hans-Jürgen Massaquoi , Theodor Wonja Michael , Gert Schramm and Bayume Husen .

Post-war and divided Germany

Only after the Second World War did the open discrimination and persecution of Afro-Germans end, but the population still had great reservations about black people living in Germany. Many of the children, so-called Brown Babies , who emerged from Afro-American-German relationships , and their parents were exposed to discriminatory reservations in the western occupation zones and later in the young Federal Republic. A survey by the Federal Statistical Office from 1956 lists 67,753 children who have emerged from illegitimate relationships with Allied soldiers since 1945 and were on record under guardianship law. 4,776 of them (7%) were classified as colored ancestry . 13% of the latter were up for adoption at the time. After 1945, numerous Africans immigrated to West Germany again over the years, so that the Afro-German community is larger today than ever before.

In the 1980s, encouraged by activists of the civil rights movement in the United States , such as Audre Lorde , many Afro-Germans developed a greater awareness of questions of identity and common interests in German society. A resulting movement was called the New Black Movement after it had become aware that there had been black clubs and societies in major German cities, especially in Berlin and Hamburg, at the beginning of the 20th century. An activist of the New Black Movement and a founder of critical whiteness research in Germany was the educator May Ayim . The book color confess , published by her, Katharina Oguntoye and Dagmar Schultz in 1986, provided an important impetus for building political and identity awareness and networking among blacks in Germany.

There was also a small black section of the population in the GDR . This sat down, inter alia. from contract workers , students and trainees from the friendly “ socialist brother states ” of Africa (in particular from Angola , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Tanzania and Ethiopia ); as well as politically persecuted people, activists and cadres from the environment of the African independence movements, such as the South African ANC , the Namibian SWAPO (including the GDR children of Namibia ) or the Mozambican FRELIMO , as well as their Afro-German descendants. In the course of the economic and political relations between the GDR and Cuba, there was also the immigration of Cuban contract workers, among whom were Afro-Cubans .

In the GDR there were isolated, racially motivated excesses of violence against the black minority of white GDR citizens, who stood in blatant contradiction to the publicly proclaimed anti-fascist and international - friendly self- image of the state and were therefore concealed at great expense. The majority of contract workers and delegates from liberation movements who lived in the GDR returned to their countries of origin after reunification with the fall of the Berlin Wall. With them, among others, the process of the end of apartheid began in Namibia and South Africa. In free democratic elections held for the first time, the former liberation movements SWAPO and ANC received an absolute majority in the following years. On the other hand, some black citizens who had meanwhile started a family often stayed in the unified Germany.

Since the reunification

In the decade that followed, blacks, like other members of minorities, in all of East Germany , including the former East Berlin , were at great risk from racially motivated political extremism and right-wing terrorism. Alberto Adriano gained tragic notoriety after being knocked down by three neo-Nazis in Dessau in June 2000 and succumbing to his injuries a few days later. Amadeu Antonio Kiowa , Noel Martin, Jorge Gomondai and Steve Erenhi are other black people who were murdered or permanently traumatized physically and psychologically in the course of such attacks .

From the 1990s onwards, blacks had a much stronger presence in the German public, and Afro-Germans could now be seen more and more in sports and the media. Small parts of the football audience, however, reacted in an openly racist manner to appearances by black footballers in the late 1990s. Afro-Germans responded to the racism of the 1990s with public self-statements and counter-statements. The short film Schwarzfahrer produced in 1992 and depicts a xenophobic situation between an elderly white lady and a young black woman in a Berlin tram, won an Oscar in 1994 . In the rap " Fremd im Vaterland" , which the group Advanced Chemistry released in 1992 as a protest song against racism, stereotypes of the majority society were confidently countered with the self-designation Afro - German . In the year of the soccer World Cup in 2006 there was a widely noticed public debate in Germany about the nuisance and danger for black people in so-called no-go areas in the new federal states .

present

Prominent Afro-German politicians
Karamba Diaby, 2019, b.jpg
Karamba Diaby (2019)


In 2013, Charles M. Huber (CDU) and Karamba Diaby (SPD) were the first Afro-German MPs to join the German Bundestag
Aminata Touré ( Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen ), Vice President of Parliament in the Schleswig-Holstein State Parliament since August 2019 (Photo: 2018)

Since the Federal Statistical Office does not record any data on ethnicity, the exact size of the Afro-German population is not known. Various organizations have carried out their own surveys or censuses in recent years in order to record the demographics of Germans with African roots. In 2008 the Initiative Schwarzer Menschen in Deutschland (ISD) estimated the number of Afro-Germans at around 500,000. Since 2020, the Afrozensus of the Berlin-based association Each One Teach One (EOTO) has been trying to get the most comprehensive picture possible of what experiences people of African origin have in Germany, how they assess their life in Germany and which ones, with the support of the Federal Anti-Discrimination Agency Expectations they have of politics and society ”. The association estimates the Afro-German population at over a million.

The largest community of Blacks and Afro-Germans is in Hamburg if you look at the absolute number of African citizens and people with roots in an African state. In relation to the total population, the cities of Darmstadt , Frankfurt am Main and Bonn had the largest African community in 2012 . Since there is and cannot be an exact scientific definition of the attribute “black” (see Critique and Overcoming of Racial Theory ), these numbers are rough estimates. Most of the Afro-Germans living in Germany today are naturalized African immigrants and their descendants, so-called " occupation children" with a US, British or French parent, as well as children of students, seafarers, guest workers or recruited skilled workers of African descent. Many Afro-Germans also have a parent of German origin.

In Germany, the proportion of blacks in the population is significantly higher than in the countries of Eastern and Southeastern Europe or Scandinavia , but still far lower than, for example, in France , Great Britain , Portugal and the Netherlands . This is primarily due to historical reasons. While the German colonial empire only existed for a short time, British, French and Portuguese colonies in Africa existed well into the 20th century; to France , the UK and the Netherlands are still overseas territories in the Caribbean . The situation and problems of black people in Germany are the subject of more intensive research today. The sociologist Nkechi Madubuko found that when confronted with stereotypes and prejudices , black academics are exposed to greater stress of acculturation , to which they react with certain behavioral patterns. It is not uncommon for them to have to do a lot more in their fields than others in order to receive equal social recognition.

In its 2011 shadow reports , the European Network Against Racism (ENAR) found that people of African descent - especially because of their visibility - are prone to racial discrimination. In various EU countries this problem has worsened due to the ongoing economic crisis. For Germany it can be stated that Afro-Germans are more affected by discrimination on the labor market than European immigrants or immigrants with a Turkish background . Afro-Germans would also be discriminated against on the German housing market . There are reports of many forms of exclusion of black people through everyday racism , such as racial profiling by authorities and individual officials and sovereigns.

In the weekly newspaper Die Zeit , the German captain Ntagahoraho Burihabwa (* 1981 in Siegen ), co-founder of the soldiers' association Deutscher.Soldat eV, reported that he had experienced the Bundeswehr as an area in which the color of his skin played no role because there was an encounter at eye level practiced while experiencing discrimination in his civil life. Another Afro-German who is particularly attracting media attention is the footballer Kevin-Prince Boateng , who is socially committed against racism and who took part in the UN Conference on Racism and Sport in March 2013 .

In September 2013, Karamba Diaby ( SPD ) and Charles M. Huber ( CDU ), the first people with Afro-German biographies, were elected to the German Bundestag . Both have Senegalese , Huber also German roots. Huber now lives in Senegal, Diaby is still a member of the German Bundestag . In 2017, Aminata Touré became the first African-born MP to join the Schleswig-Holstein state parliament (for Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen ) and was elected as the first Afro-German woman to be the vice- president of the state parliament on August 28, 2019 . She was born in Neumünster , her parents fled Mali . In 2019 Pierrette Herzberger-Fofana was elected to the European Parliament for Alliance 90 / The Greens .

literature

  • May Ayim , Katharina Oguntoye , Dagmar Schultz (eds.): Show your colors: Afro-German women on the trail of their history. 6th edition. Orlando, Berlin 2020, ISBN 978-3-944666-20-4 .
  • Stefan Gerbing: Afro-German activism. Interventions by colonized people at the turning point of the decolonization of Germany in 1919. Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2010.
  • Bärbel Kampmann: Black Germans. Reality of life and problems of a neglected minority. In: Paul Mecheril, Thomas Teo (ed.): Other Germans. On the living situation of people of multiethnic and multicultural origins. Dietz, Berlin 1994, pp. 125-143.
  • Eva Massingue (Ed.): Visibly different. From the life of Afro-German children and young people. Brandes and Apsel, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 978-3-86099-821-2 .
  • Annette Mbombi: Black Germans and their social identities. An empirical study on the reality of life for Afro-Germans and their significance for the development of a black and a German identity. Cuvillier, Göttingen 2011.
  • Theodor Michael : Being German and black too. Memories of an Afro-German. DTV, 2015.
  • Emmanuel Ndahayo: Citizenship - How Do Blacks Become Germans? On the social situation of naturalized Germans of African origin. Transcript, Bielefeld 2020.
  • Katharina Oguntoye: Black roots. Afro-German family stories from 1884 to 1950. Orlanda, Berlin 2020, ISBN 978-3-944666-62-4 .
  • Anti-Discrimination Office Cologne, Public Against Violence eV / cyberNomads (Ed.): The Black Book. Germany's moults. IOK publishing house for intercultural communication, Frankfurt am Main 2004, ISBN 978-3-88939-745-4 .

Web links

Movies

  • Annette von Wangenheim: Pages in the dream factory - Black extras in German feature films. (Documentary, Germany, 2001)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Victoria B. Robinson: Black German forces: About the absurdity of the integration debate. In: Journal 360. No. 1, 2007, pp. 1–10, here p. 2 ( PDF: 396 kB ( Memento from December 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) on journal360.de).
  2. ↑ Annette Mbombi: Black Germans and their social identities. An empirical study on the reality of life for Afro-Germans and their significance for the development of a black and a German identity. Cuvillier, Göttingen 2011.
  3. ↑ Afro German , keyword in Duden.de, accessed on February 26, 2021st
  4. ↑ Ciani-Sophia Hoeder: What is Afro-German? In: RosaMag , March 25, 2019.
  5. ^ Bärbel Kampmann: Black Germans. Reality of life and problems of a neglected minority. In: Paul Mecheril, Thomas Teo (ed.): Other Germans. On the living situation of people of multiethnic and multicultural origins. Dietz, Berlin 1994, pp. 125-143, here p. 126.
  6. ^ Eleonore Wiedenroth-Coulibaly: Black organization in Germany. Federal Agency for Civic Education , August 10, 2004, accessed on May 6, 2019.
  7. ↑ Eastsidemediabuckow: Rassismus in Deutschland on YouTube, March 24, 2010 (5 minutes; film portrait about black people in Germany and the Initiative Black People in Germany ISD).
  8. ↑ Katharina Oguntoye and others: A like ... Afro-German. In: Glossary of Political Self-Designations. Portal Migrazine.at. , Edition 2009/1, accessed on May 6, 2019.
  9. ^ Stefan Gerbing: Afro-German activism. Interventions by colonized people at the turning point of the decolonization of Germany in 1919 . Lang, Frankfurt a. M. 2010, ISBN 978-3-631-61394-8 , p. 22.
  10. ↑ May Opitz (Ed.): Showing our colors: Afro-German women speak out. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst 1992, ISBN 978-0-87023-759-1 , pp. ?? (English).
  11. ↑ Nana Odoi: The color of justice is white - institutional racism in the German criminal justice system. Federal Agency for Civic Education, August 10, 2004, accessed on May 6, 2019.
  12. ↑ Duden overview: 101 selected new words from "Duden - The German Spelling" (24th edition). ( Memento of September 24, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) 2008, accessed on May 6, 2019.
  13. ↑ Duden newsletter archive : Newsletter of October 29, 2004 ( memento of September 30, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on May 6, 2019.
  14. ↑ Project page: Each One Teach One (EOTO) e. V. In: Demokratieie-leben.de. Federal Ministry for Family, Seniors, Women and Youth, undated, accessed on May 6, 2019.
  15. ↑ Ulrike Kahnert: Black History Month: "Not all Germans are white". In: Spiegel Online . February 22, 2006, accessed May 6, 2019.
  16. ↑ Press release from UNESCO Germany: May Ayim Award: First Black German Literature Award - 1st International German Black Literary Award. In: Mayayimaward.wordpress.com. April 19, 2004, accessed May 6, 2019.
  17. ↑ Olivette Otele: African Europeans: an untold history . Hurst, London 2020, ISBN 978-1-78738-459-0 .
  18. ^ Paul HD Kaplan: Black Africans in Hohenstaufen Iconography . In: Gesta . tape 26 , no. 1 , 1987, ISSN  0016-920X , pp. 29-36 , doi : 10.2307 / 767077 .
  19. ↑ Eric Martone: Encyclopedia of Blacks in European History and Culture [2 volumes] . ABC-CLIO, 2008, ISBN 978-0-313-34449-7 ( google.com [accessed May 24, 2021]).
  20. ↑ Monika Firla: African timpanists and trumpeters at the Württemberg ducal court in the 17th and 18th centuries . In: Music in Baden-Württemberg: Yearbook 1996 / Volume 3 . Metzler, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 978-3-476-03676-6 , pp. 11-42 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-476-03676-6_1 .
  21. ↑ Kate Lowe: The Black Diaspora in Europe in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, with Special Reference to German-speaking Areas . In: Mischa Honeck, Martin Klimke, Anne Kuhlmann (Eds.): Germany and the Black Diaspora: Points of Contact, 1250-1914 . Berghahn Books, 2013, ISBN 978-0-85745-954-1 , pp. 38–56 ( google.de [accessed on March 9, 2021]).
  22. ^ Anne Kuhlmann: Ambiguous Duty: Black Servants at German Ancien Régime Courts. In: Mischa Honeck, Martin Klimke and Anne Kuhlmann (Eds.): Germany and the Black Diaspora: Points of Contact, 1250-1914 . 1st edition. Berghahn Books, 2013, ISBN 978-0-85745-953-4 , pp. 57-73 .
  23. ↑ Werner Bloch: The first black philosopher in Germany. In: Zeit Online. September 11, 2020, accessed March 9, 2021 .
  24. ↑ Compare the presentation of racism in the film industry of the Weimar Republic by Tobias Nagl: Fantasies in black and white - Black Germans, German cinema. Federal Agency for Civic Education , August 10, 2004 (Africa and Africans in German film since 1919).
  25. ↑ Julia Roos: The Race to Forget? Bi-racial Descendants of the First Rhineland Occupation in 1950s West German Debates about the Children of African American GIs. (PDF) In: German History, Vol. 37, No. 4. German History Society, December 2019, pp. 517-539 , accessed on December 8, 2020 (English).
  26. ↑ a b c d Ciani-Sophia Hoeder: Totgeschwiegen. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin . July 9, 2020, accessed December 31, 2020 .
  27. ↑ Nicola Lauré al-Samarai: Black people under the Nazis. In: bpb.de . Retrieved March 9, 2021 .
  28. ↑ Julia Roos: The Race to Forget? Bi-racial Descendants of the First Rhineland Occupation in 1950s West German Debates about the Children of African American GIs . In: German History Society (Ed.): German History . tape 37 , no. 4 , December 2019, p. 517-539 (English, oup.com [PDF]).
  29. ^ Ras Adauto: We-TV: Afrodeutsche on YouTube, July 30, 2011 (30 minutes; discussion with Katharina Oguntoye, among others).
  30. ↑ Florentin Saha Kamta: Ideology and Identification in Afro-German Literature. In: Michael Hofmann, Rita Morrien (Ed.): German-African Discourses in Past and Present: Perspectives on Literature and Cultural Studies (= Amsterdam Contributions to Modern German Studies. Volume 80). Rodopi, Amsterdam / New York 2012, ISBN 978-90-420-3436-5 , p. 155 ff.
  31. ^ Dossier: African Diaspora in Germany - Community. Federal Agency for Civic Education , undated, accessed on May 6, 2019 (with further information and articles).
  32. ↑ Two-fold anti-apartheid movement. In: Deutsche Welle . Retrieved July 24, 2020 .
  33. ↑ Factories Against Oranges - MDR Dossier. In: Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk . Retrieved July 27, 2020 .
  34. ^ Death of Cubans - Racism in the GDR not dealt with. In: Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk . Retrieved July 24, 2020 .
  35. ↑ Neo-Nazi victim Noël Martin dies. In: Tagesspiegel.de . Retrieved July 22, 2020 .
  36. ^ Right-wing extremists - leaders of the pack. In: Der Spiegel . July 10, 2000, accessed July 22, 2020 .
  37. ↑ Kai Hirschmann in an interview with Otto Addo: 90 minutes of jungle noises. In: Helles Köpfchen. March 21, 2006, accessed May 6, 2019.
  38. ↑ Marja-Leena Hakkarainen: The construction of the transnational identity in the cultural autobiographies of the black Germans. In: Black European Studies. University of Mainz, 2005, accessed on May 6, 2019.
  39. ↑ Kofi Yakpo: "Because I am not an isolated case, but one of many" - Afro-German rap artist in the early days of hip hop. Federal Agency for Civic Education , August 10, 2004, accessed on May 6, 2019.
  40. ↑ Jonathan Fischer: What is happening to Afro-German artists in the East? A survey. In: Jetzt.de. Süddeutsche Zeitung , June 5, 2006, accessed on May 6, 2019.
  41. ↑ Frieda Thurm: Has the migration background become obsolete? In: The time. August 10, 2016, accessed May 25, 2021 .
  42. ↑ David Gordon Smith: “Uncle Barack's Cabin”: German Newspaper Slammed for Racist Cover. In: Der Spiegel : International. June 5, 2008, accessed March 11, 2021.
  43. ↑ Portal: Welcome to the #Afrozensus! In: Afrozensus.de. 2021, accessed March 11, 2021.
  44. ↑ Mapping of African Communities. (PDF): RKI.de . Retrieved June 11, 2020 .
  45. ↑ Judith Rekers: Black Germans: Look what it's like to be German. In: WOZ The weekly newspaper . Zurich, November 10, 2011, accessed on May 6, 2019.
  46. ↑ Amory Burchard: Afro-Germans: fighters and artists. In: Zeit Online. January 21, 2011, accessed May 6, 2019.
  47. ↑ Institute for Migration and Racism Research e. V .: Shadow reports 2011. In: Imir.de. March 20, 2012, accessed May 6, 2019.
  48. ^ Katharina Ludwig: Everyday racism: Afro-Germans are always under suspicion in Berlin. ( Memento from October 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: Tagesspiegel.de. September 30, 2013, accessed May 6, 2019.
  49. ↑ Topic page: Everyday racism. In: Süddeutsche.de. , accessed on May 6, 2019.
  50. ^ Joachim F. Tornau: Racial Profiling: Paragraph 22 for everyday racism. In: Frankfurter Rundschau.de. December 17, 2013, accessed May 6, 2019.
  51. ↑ Julia Egleder: Ntagahoraho Burihabwa. In: Faces and Stories. This is how Germany works.
  52. ↑ Ronja von Wurmb-Seibel: A proud German . In: The time . No. 1/2013 , December 27, 2012 ( zeit.de ).
  53. ↑ Schwarzrotgold tv: Schwarzrotgold : Gaho Burihabwa on YouTube, July 24, 2016 (14 minutes).
  54. ↑ Video: From Bad Boy to Ambassador: Kevin-Prince Boateng in front of the UN. In: Spiegel Online . March 23, 2013, accessed May 6, 2019 (1 minute).
  55. ↑ Stefan Kreitewolf: First African in the Bundestag: Karamba Diaby writes history. ( Memento from October 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) In: Dtj-online.de. October 3, 2013, accessed May 6, 2019.
  56. ↑ Sara Tomsic: "I would like a hyphen-Germany". In time online. August 29, 2019, accessed November 3, 2019.
  57. ↑ Alphabetical directory of all elected nationwide - The Federal Returning Officer. Retrieved January 1, 2021 .
  58. ^ Filmography: Pages in the dream factory - Black extras in German feature films. In: annettevonwangenheim.de. June 15, 2015, accessed October 22, 2019 .