Alfred Sohn-Rethel

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Alfred Sohn-Rethel (born January 4, 1899 in Neuilly-sur-Seine near Paris, † April 6, 1990 in Bremen ) was a German economist and social philosopher .

biography

family

Elisabeth born Oppenheim, wife of August Grahl with her great-great-grandchildren Alfred and Lissi Sohn-Rethel, in Loschwitz around 1902

Sohn-Rethel came from a family of painters with upper-class relatives. To avoid becoming a painter too, he was supposed to grow up in an amusement household - with the Düsseldorf steel industrialist Ernst Poensgen  , who was a friend of his family - and later study economics or natural sciences. At Christmas 1915 he wanted his foster father Poensgen to receive the three volumes of the capital , which he also received and then began to study very carefully.

Sohn-Rethel was the great-grandson of the history painter Alfred Rethel (1816–1859) and the painter Karl Ferdinand Sohn (1805–1867) as well as the great-great-grandson of the miniature painter August Grahl (1791–1868) and Elisabeth, née. Oppenheim (1813-1904). Son-Rethel's father of the same name, Alfred (1875–1958), son of the painter Karl Rudolf Sohn (1845–1908) and Else Sohn-Rethel (1853–1933), daughter of Alfred Rethel, can work as a painter as well as his artist Brothers Otto Sohn-Rethel (1877–1949) and Karli Sohn-Rethel (1882–1966) are stylistically assigned to Classical Modernism . Son-Rethel's mother Anna Julie Michels (1874–1957) came from Oppenheimer's Jewish parents and had connections to influential circles in industry and high finance. His older sister Elisabeth (Lissi) (1897–1993) was Albert Steinrück's second wife . His younger brother Hans-Joachim Sohn-Rethel was a painter and cabaret artist.

In his first marriage, Sohn-Rethel was married to the musician Tilla Henninger (1893–1945) from 1920. The marriage had their daughter Brigit (1921–1995), who was married to the painter Hans Potthof and later to the British Peter Wright. Tilla Henninger wanted to follow Sohn-Rethel from Switzerland into French interim exile, but her efforts to obtain a visa failed.

In 1945 in exile in Britain, his son-Rethel married Joan Margeret Levi (1907–1980), from whom the children Ann (* 1949) and Martin (1947–2016) were born. Joan Levi worked as a nurse at Queen Elisabeth Hospital in Birmingham in the follow-up care of cancer diseases. For her sake he stayed in Great Britain, where he gave private tutoring in French and worked as a teacher. His son Martin Sohn-Rethel taught film and media studies at Varndean College in Brighton from 1990 to 2013 . Ann Sohn-Rethel is a ceramist in Cheltenham .

In 1984 Alfred Sohn-Rethel and Bettina Wassmann (* 1942) married; active as a bookseller and publisher in Bremen.

education and profession

Alfred Sohn-Rethel first grew up in Barbizon . From 1908 to 1912 he lived as a foster child in the family of the steel industrialist Ernst Poensgen in Dusseldorf and began in his school days with the reading of the Capital of Karl Marx . Here he got his first contact with the anti-war movement. The subsequent conflicts at school and in the Sohn-Rethel family, who moved to Berlin with him in 1912 , led Alfred to move to Lüneburg, where he graduated from high school in January 1917 at the Johanneum .

Under pressure from his parents, he first enrolled in chemistry in Darmstadt , but moved to Heidelberg that same year to study economics , philosophy , history and sociology . He commuted between Heidelberg, where he heard Emil Lederer , Alfred Weber , and Heinrich Rickert , and Berlin , where Ernst Cassirer read about Immanuel Kant and problems of epistemology . In 1921/22 he retired to Gaiberg am Königsstuhl, where he spent a year working with Marx's capital .

The desperate economic situation in Germany made him stay in Italy for a longer period of time . The young family lived here from 1923 to 1926 in the villa of their uncle Otto Sohn-Rethel in Anacapri , as well as in Positano with Alfred's favorite uncle , the painter Karli Sohn-Rethel . Numerous essayistic texts were written during this period.

After his return to Germany, Sohn-Rethel worked on his dissertation and received his doctorate in economics from the Austro-Marxist economist Emil Lederer in Heidelberg in spring 1928 . In his dissertation he criticizes the theory of marginal utility as a " petitio principii ", since this direction tacitly presupposes the concept of number . His theoretical questions and theoretical approaches as well as his intellectual background are related to the thinking of critical theory . In 1924 he met Theodor W. Adorno and Siegfried Kracauer on Capri . He had been friends with Ernst Bloch since 1920 in Heidelberg and had known Walter Benjamin since 1921 . From then on he was in lifelong contact with the representatives of the Frankfurt School , in particular with Adorno. Due to Max Horkheimer's concerns about a possible too speculative social criticism , however, there was no permanent collaboration.

Through the mediation of Poensgen, in September 1931 he got an academic assistant job at the Central European Business Conference (MWT). The MWT was an interest group of the leading German industrial companies, banks and associations. There, Sohn-Rethel - a rare case for sociologists - was able to observe the power-political events and analyze them according to industry, unrecognized since 1931, "in the lion's den" and up close, "in the middle second". While in emigration, Sohn-Rethel wrote his analysis on the basis of his own observation, which was only published in 1973 under the title “Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism”.

He was spared the first large-scale raid carried out by the police and SA after the Nazi takeover of power in March 1933 against the Berlin artists' colony . He lived with his sister Lissi Steinrück on Laubenheimer Strasse 1. The apartment below him, that of theater director Heinz Hilpert , was shot open, but they couldn't get up to him. In the winter he was arrested during a subsequent raid. A suitcase with combat pamphlets, leaflets and excerpts from old books like the one by Rosa Luxemburg: "Die Wirtschaftsgeschichte" was found in a shed, and he sat in the Gestapo for two days and two nights - Headquarters in the Prinz-Albrecht-Palais . After his release, Sohn-Rethel lost his position at the MWT. He stayed in Berlin until 1936, in the apartment of a police building cooperative . In 1934 he took up the post of managing director of the Egyptian Chamber of Commerce in Germany on Bendlerstrasse. At the same time he kept in contact with left-wing socialist resistance groups such as Neu Beginnen or Red Shock Troop and made contact with Richard Löwenthal , Margret Boveri , and Peter von Haselberg .

Portrait of Alfred Sohn-Rethel
Kurt Schwitters , 1940

Link to the picture
(please note copyrights )

In 1936, Sohn-Rethel emigrated to France via Switzerland. He had sent his wife Tilla and his daughter Brigit ahead to Lucerne in 1935 , where they stayed. After a year and a half in Paris, Sohn-Rethel finally came to Great Britain. In 1940 , in the Hutchinson internment camp in Douglas on the Isle of Man , a camp for German and Austrian emigrants, he met Werner Türk again, who had lived above him in the artists' colony in Berlin. The internees lived in a kind of railroad settlement, Sohn-Rethel in a small house with Kurt Schwitters . This is where the portrait of Sohn-Rethel painted by Schwitters was created. During his time in the camp, Sohn-Rethel wrote economic-political analyzes for the circle around Winston Churchill , who was happy to find out about the work of German emigrants in order to be able to justify himself against Arthur Neville Chamberlain 's policy of appeasement .

Sohn-Rethel stayed in Great Britain for forty years, and in 1947 he took British citizenship. He earned his living by the hour as a French teacher in Birmingham and lived on the small salary of his second wife, Joan Margeret, née Levi, who was employed in the hospital sector. In the 1950s he met the classical philologist and Marxist George Derwent Thomson in Birmingham , who was his most important interlocutor on theoretical issues at this time. Thomson introduced him to the philosophy of Parmenides , among other things . While Thomson equated the Parmenidean concept of substance (το ἐόν) “as a reflection or projection of the substance of the value of goods”, for Sohn-Rethel this concept of being is the first philosophical category that arose through coinage, since this is thought of as materially constant and unchangeable.

After the Second World War he joined the Communist Party of Great Britain . He was soon disillusioned with her dogmatism, but remained loyal to her until he moved to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1972. It wasn't until late in life that he received recognition from the 1968 movement . Suhrkamp publisher Siegfried Unseld made the acquaintance of Sohn-Rethel on the occasion of Adorno's funeral in 1969. On his advice, Sohn-Rethel wrote his opus magnum Spiritual and Physical Work , with which he found great approval in the undogmatic part of the student movement. Especially Hans-Jürgen Krahl and Oskar Negt were from his materialistic epistemology impressed. At the intercession and mediation of Negt, from 1972 to 1976, Sohn-Rethel received a visiting professorship in the mathematics department of the University of Bremen . A full professorship followed in 1978, which he held until the mid-1980s. In the industrial sociological research of the 1970s and 1980s, he had a great influence with his subsumption theorem , especially at the Institute for Social Research (IfS) and the ISF Munich . In 1984 he married the bookseller Bettina Wassmann for the third time. He was happy about the hours he was able to work, mostly in the mornings, since his eyes were visibly bothering him, and sat with Detlev Claussen on a new version of his analysis of fascism.

Theories

Throughout his life, Sohn-Rethel's persistently pursued goal was to combine Immanuel Kant's epistemological criticism with Karl Marx's "Critique of Political Economy " to create a materialistic epistemology and critique of knowledge. Sohn-Rethel saw the “real abstraction of the exchange of goods” as the decisive condition for acquiring formal, abstract thinking. For him, all Kantian categories were inherently contained in the exchange of goods: space , time , quantity , quality , substance , accident , movement , value, etc. According to Sohn-Rethel, formal-abstract thinking emerged, which first appeared in the form of Ionic natural philosophy in cultural history , through the Lydian invention of coin money (cf., inter alia, Warenform and Denkform , 1978; Das Geld, die bare Münze des Apriori , 1990). Due to the necessity of abstracting from any empirical quality in the exchange of goods mediated by coins, people were unconsciously instructed to think in formal-abstract categories and forms. His epistemological conception received a lot of attention from Western European intellectuals in the 1970s and 1980s. In the classical studies , the theory of Sohn-Rethel is received significantly less than the theories following Eric A. Havelock , which see the phonetic alphabet as a main condition for the development of thought in ancient Greece. Sohn-Rethel's approach, however, was taken up and further developed by Rudolf Wolfgang Müller in 1977 in Money and Spirit in a differentiated form. The English classical scholar Richard Seaford has published a book entitled Money and the Early Greek Mind , in which he makes positive references to Sohn-Rethel and Müller. The theoretical and sociological analysis of transport economics and economic rationality in the post-Mycenaean Mediterranean area by Othmar Franz Fett in The Unthinkable Third is also committed to the explanatory approach of Sohn-Rethels . Pre-Socratic beginnings of the eurogenic relationship to nature . In contradiction to Thomson, Sohn-Rethel and Müller, Tobias Reichardt came to the conclusion in 2003 in his study of Marx's theory of antiquity that the economy of antiquity could not exceed the limits to capitalism described by Marx.

In sociological terms, his distinction between market and time economics in industrial sociology made him known. True to Marx's thesis, according to which all economy flows into time, for him the time-economic "theorem of real subsumption " stands in contrast to market economy. Because the time imperative is not limited to the economy, but extends universally to all forms of society. Subsumtion in the narrower sense means “the separation of the intellectual powers of the production process from manual labor.” In general, the subsumption stands for “the development of the social productive force of work through the conscious organization of division of labor and cooperation and the targeted use of science and technology under the control of Capital for the production of relative surplus value . "

In addition, he analyzed economic and political contexts, in particular the political rise of “German Fascism ” ( National Socialism ). Here he placed particular emphasis on the distinction between the economically prosperous " Brüning warehouse" (electrical, chemical, mechanical engineering, major banks) and the deficit industries (steel, mining, construction and concrete industries - with the exception of Krupp ) , which he assigned to the Harzburg Front . Only the approval of the IG Farben General Council at the beginning of December 1932 to the “ agricultural cartelization ” program, a compromise of interests between industry and large- scale agrarians , paved the way for dictatorship. Sohn-Rethel also took up the considerations of Eugen Schmalenbach , who in a lecture in 1928 put forward the thesis that German companies had special problems due to rising fixed costs that would ultimately require state intervention. Schmalenbach found a contradiction between "technical rationality" and "economic rationality" (in the case of Sohn-Rethel then contradiction between "production logic" and "sales logic"). From this, Sohn-Rethel concluded that in the absence of a social revolution there would be “no other alternative than capitalist production independent of the market, i. H. to continue producing products that are no longer marketable according to purely economic needs. That is the economic definition of fascism. "

Some of these theses found their way into Marxist-oriented history. The historian Reinhard Neebe, on the other hand, in his study Big Industry, State and NSDAP 1930–1933 criticizes that because of his personal involvement, Sohn-Rethel would largely exaggerate the role of the MWT in the early thirties. The Bielefeld social historian Hans-Ulrich Wehler counts Sohn-Rethel's interpretation of fascism in his German history of society as one of the "older misinterpretations". In more recent works on German economic history during the time of National Socialism , Sohn-Rethel is rarely received.

Work editions

  • The political offices of large German industry . In: Blick in die Welt 1948 (15), pp. 20–22, 1948.
  • Intellectual and physical work. On the theory of social synthesis . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1970.
  • The social reconsolidation of capitalism . First published anonymously in: Deutsche Führerbriefe . No. 72 and 73, Berlin, September 16 and 20, 1932 → online .
  • A comment after 38 years . In: Kursbuch . September 21, 1970, pp. 17–35, 1970 → Excerpt: see last section: “The best informed in Germany” ( Memento from August 19, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
  • Economy and class structure of German fascism . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1973.
  • Form of goods and form of thought . With two attachments [incl. Dissertation]. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1978.
  • Sociological theory of knowledge . Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1985, ISBN 3-518-11218-X .
  • The ideal of the broken . About Neapolitan technology . In: L'invitation au voyage to Alfred Sohn-Rethel. Bettina Wassmann, Bremen 1979, ISBN 3-9800243-0-X .
  • Logic of production versus logic of appropriation . In: Peter Löw-Beer: Industry and happiness. The alternative plan from Lucas Aerospace . Pp. 195–210, Wagenbach, Berlin 1981
  • Sigurd's rats. Wassmann, Bremen 1985 → audio file O-Ton ASR .
  • Alfred Sohn-Rethel, Stefan Breuer , Bodo von Greiff: Differences in the Paradigmaker of Critical Theory, Part II . In: Leviathan 14 (2), pp. 308-320, 1986.
  • Intellectual and physical work. On the epistemology of Western history . Revised and supplemented new edition, VCH, Weinheim 1989, ISBN 3-05-003970-1 .
  • The money, the face of the apriori . Wagenbach , Berlin 1990, ISBN 978-3-8031-5127-8 .
  • Theodor W. Adorno and Alfred Sohn-Rethel. Correspondence 1936–1969 . Published by Christoph Gödde, edition text + kritik , Munich 1991, ISBN 3-88377-403-0 .
  • Industry and National Socialism. Notes from the "Central European Business Day" . Edited and introduced by Carl Freytag, Wagenbach, Berlin 1992.
  • From the analysis of economics to the theory of economics. Early writings . Edited by Oliver Schlaudt and Carl Freytag, ça ira, Freiburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86259-109-1 .
  • German economic policy in transition to Nazi fascism. Analyzes 1932–1948 and additional texts . Edited by Carl Freytag and Oliver Schlaudt, ça ira, Freiburg 2015, ISBN 978-3-86259-120-6 .
  • The ideal of the broken . Edited and with an afterword by Carl Freytag, ça ira, Freiburg 2018, ISBN 978-3-86259-144-2 .
  • Intellectual and physical work. Theoretical writings 1947–1990 , edited by Carl Freytag, Oliver Schlaudt and Françoise Willmann, Schriften IV, In two part volumes, Freiburg 2018, ISBN 978-3-86259-121-3 .

literature

- chronological -

  • Margret Boveri : Recalled speculations . In: New German Issues. Contributions to the European present . 16, pp. 205-208, 1969.
  • Michael Springer: Son-Rethel beats Habermas . In: New forum . Austrian monthly newspaper for cultural freedom . Nov./Dec. 1971, pp. 38-41, 1971.
  • Harun Farocki : Not only the time, also the memory stands still . In: Filmkritik , 22 (263), pp. 562-606; therein: My existence was pretty much in the back room. A conversation with Alfred Sohn-Rethel, 1974, about the sources of anti-capitalist research . Pp. 580-582, 1978.
  • Heinz D. Dombrowski, Ulrich Krause, Paul Roos (Eds.): Symposium Warenform - Denkform. On the epistemology of Sohn-Rethels . Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1978.
  • Bettina Wassmann, Joachim Müller (eds.): L'invitation au voyage. Festschrift for Alfred Sohn-Rethel . Wassmann, Bremen 1979.
  • Rudi Schmiede: Abstract work and automation. On the relationship between industrial sociology and social theory . In: Leviathan 11 (1), pp. 55-78, 1983.
  • Karl-Siegbert Rehberg : Son-Rethel, Alfred. In: Wilhelm Bernsdorf and Horst Knospe (eds.): Internationales Soziologenlexikon . Vol. 2, pp. 803-805, Enke, Stuttgart 1984.
  • Oskar Negt: laudation for Alfred Sohn-Rethel . In: Leviathan 16 (2), pp. 140ff., 1988.
  • Joachim Bergmann: "Real Subsumption" as a sociological category . In: Wilhelm Schumm (Ed.): On the development dynamics of modern capitalism. Contributions to social theory, industrial sociology and trade union research. Symposium for Gerhard Brandt . Pp. 39–49, Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1989.
  • "Some interruptions were really unnecessary." Conversation with Alfred Sohn-Rethel in: Mathias Greffrath : The Destruction of a Future. Talks with emigrated social scientists . Pp. 213–262, Campus, Frankfurt am Main 1989.
  • Stefan Berkholz: A Marxist in the cave of the capitalists. A visit to the social philosopher Alfred Sohn-Rethel. In: Die Zeit , No. 48/1989, p. 66; as well as many other articles in ZEIT.
  • Carl Freytag: Left profiling misery and left culture of debate. About an attack on Alfred Sohn-Rethel . In: Buccaneers . Quarterly magazine for culture and politics 11 (44), pp. 14–22, 1990.
  • Carl Freytag: Alfred Sohn-Rethel. Intellectual and physical work . In: Walter Jens (Hrsg.): Kindlers new literature lexicon . Vol. 15, pp. 681-682, Kindler, Munich 1991.
  • Carl Freytag: "Can you live from your genius?" Alfred Sohn-Rethel in Heidelberg . In: Reinhard Blomert , Hans Ulrich Eßlinger and Norbert Giovannini (eds.): Heidelberger Sozial- und Staatswissenschaften. The Institute for Social and Political Sciences between 1918 and 1958 , pp. 329–347. Metropolis, Marburg 1997.
  • Karim Akerma: The gain of the symbolic. Deriving natural theory from social being in the tradition of critical theory since Marx , pp. 125–177. Lit Verlag, Hamburg 1992, ISBN 978-3-89473-251-6 . Chapter 7: A. Sohn-Rethel. Money economy and natural theory.
  • Martin Seckendorf: Discussion of "Alfred Sohn-Rethel, Industry and National Socialism" . In: 1999. Journal for Social History of the 20th and 21st Century 8 (2), pp. 102-105, 1999.
  • Martin Seckendorf: Development Aid Organization or General Staff of German Capital? Significance and limits of the "Central European Business Day" . In: 1999. Journal for Social History of the 20th and 21st Century 8 (3), pp. 10–33, 1999.
  • Theodor W. Adorno and Max Horkheimer: Correspondence 1927–1969 . Vol. 1: 1927-1937, ed. by Christoph Gödde and Henri Lonitz. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 2003, ISBN 3-518-58362-X
  • Axel Paul: Son-Rethel on the magic mountain . About fantastic ideas, intellectual isolation and the descent of philosophy to science. In: Ulrich Bröckling, Axel T. Paul, Stefan Kaufmann (eds.): Reason - Development - Life. Key terms of modernity , Fink, Munich 2004, pp. 73–96. ( PDF ( Memento from September 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ))
  • Rudolf Heinz, Jochen Hörisch (ed.): Money and validity. On Alfred Sohn-Rethel's sociological epistemology . Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 978-3-8260-3151-9 , → excerpt .
  • Tobias Reichardt: Aporias of the sociological epistemology of Alfred Sohn-Rethels. In: Ingo Elbe , Tobias Reichardt, Dieter Wolf (eds.): Social practice and its scientific presentation. Contributions to the discussion on capital, Scientific Communications, Issue 6, Argument Verlag, Hamburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-88619-655-5 .
  • Frank Engster: Sohn-Rethel and the problem of a unity of social and epistemological criticism (Philosophical Discussions, Issue 15), Helle Panke 2009.
  • Jochen Hörisch: The birth of abstraction from the demon of money. References to Alfred Sohn-Rethel's theory of money and validity. In: Anette Kehnel (ed.): Spirit and money. Economy and Culture in Conversation (Volume 1), Frankfurt am Main 2009.
  • Carl Freytag:  Son-Rethel, Alfred Carl Eduard. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 24, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-428-11205-0 , p. 542 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Frank Engster: Money as a measure, a means and a method. Calculating with the identity of time . Neofelis, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-943414-18-9 , pp. 517-646.
  • Matthias Rothe: "Sohn-Rethel, the theoretical work of art." In: Mercury. German magazine for European thinking. Issue 2 (2016), pp. 32–45, 2016.
  • Chaxiraxi Escuela: "El materialismo como anámnesis de la génesis. La influencia de Alfred Sohn-Rethel en la interpretación adorniana del sujeto trascendental", en: Constelaciones. Revista de Teoría Crítica, 5, 2013, pp. 220-235.
  • Frank Engster and Oliver Schlaudt; Alfred Sohn-Rethel: Real Abstraction and the Unity of Commodity-Form and Thought Form . In: Handbook of Frankfurt School Critical Theory , Vol. I, eds. Beverley Best, Werner Bonefeld, Neil Larsen, Chris O'Kane. SAGE, London 2018, pp. 284-301.

Film and funk

  • L'Invitation au Voyage with Alfred Sohn-Rethel. BR Germany 1984, biographical documentary film, 44 min., Script, direction and production: Eva-Maria Grimm, freelance filmmaker, ZDF / NDR / Deutsche Wochenschau .
  • Born in 1898 [sic!] , Alfred Sohn-Rethel, social philosopher. BR Germany 1988, television documentary, 60 min., Script and director: Günther Hörmann , NDR -Hamburg, first broadcast: July 3rd, 1988, entry on Filmportal.de
    "Documentary portrait of a person for whom thinking is life: Alfred Sohn- Rethel. "
  • Memories. A radio lecture recorded in 1977. From: Outsiders for a lifetime. A tribute to his hundredth birthday. Radio Bremen 1999. ( Youtube )

Honors

Web links

Contributions by Sohn-Rethel

Articles about Sohn-Rethel

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Sohn-Rethel, Tilla; Henninger, Tilla (maiden name)
  2. ↑ Carl Freytag: Observer in the Middle Kingdom. In: Alfred Sohn-Rethel: Industry and National Socialism. Notes from the "Central European Business Day". Edited and introduced by C. Freytag. Wagenbach, Berlin 1992, 7-34, p. 29.
  3. ^ Rüdiger Hentschel: A correspondent from East Berlin. On the correspondence between Alfred Sohn-Rethel and Ekkehard Schwarzkopf 1964–1972 , in: Rudolf Heinz and Jochen Hörisch (eds.), Geld und Geltung, On Alfred Sohn-Rethel's epistemology, Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2005, 34–49, p. 45 , Fn. 4.
  4. ↑ Hentschel 2005, 35, fn. 7.
  5. ↑ Martin Sohn-Rethel: Real to Reel. A New Approach to Understanding Realism in Film and TV Fiction (about the author) , Columbia University Press, accessed March 22, 2016
  6. ↑ Martin Sohn-Rethel, obituary , in The Argus, accessed on March 22, 2016
  7. ↑ Ann Sohn-Rethel ( memento of March 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), on Arcade Partisans, accessed on March 22, 2016
  8. ↑ Gabriele Goettle : “Hand and head work. Visit to the bookseller Bettina Wassmann ” , the daily newspaper , October 31, 2005.
  9. ↑ http://www.johanneum.eu/seite/172415/sohn-rethel,_alfred.html
  10. ↑ Stefan Bergholm: A Marxist in the cave of the capitalists, A visit to the social philosopher Alfred Sohn-Retnel , November 24, 1989, page 3/5 , Zeit Online
  11. ^ Carl Freytag: Germany's "urge to the southeast". The Central European Business Day and the “Supplementary Area Southeastern Europe” 1931–1945 . Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen p. 96 ff.
  12. ↑ George Thomson: The First Philosophers , Berlin 1980, 254, quoted in Carl Freytag: Heavenly Fire - ignorant night. Sohn-Rethel, the pre-Socratics and the exchange of goods , in: Rudolf Heinz and Jochen Hörisch (eds.), Geld und Geltung, Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2005, 86–96, p. 89.
  13. ^ Richard Seaford: Money and the Early Greek Mind: Homer, Philosophy, Tragedy . 1st edition. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge 2004, ISBN 0-521-53992-7 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  14. ↑ Othmar Franz Fett: The unthinkable third. Pre-Socratic beginnings of the eurogenic relationship to nature . edition diskord, Perspektiven Volume 18, Tübingen 2000, ISBN 3-89295-693-6 .
  15. ↑ Tobias Reichardt, Law and Rationality in Early Greece , Königshausen and Neumann, Würzburg 2003, pp. 203f., Also: Tobias Reichardt: Marx on Society of Classical Antiquity (29 pages pdf; 203 kB), contributions to the Marx-Engels Research New Series , 2004, pp. 194–222.
  16. ↑ MEW 23, 446.
  17. ^ Bergmann 1989
  18. ↑ Cf. Roman Köster: The Schmalenbach controversy during the global economic crisis. In: Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte 1 (2009), pp. 229–244
  19. ↑ Reinhard Neebe, Large Industry, State and NSDAP 1930–1933. Paul Silverberg and the Reich Association of German Industry in the Crisis of the Weimar Republic , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1981, p. 260f, note 3
  20. ↑ Hans-Ulrich Wehler, German history of society, Vol. 4: From the beginning of the First World War to the founding of the two German states 1914–1949 , CH Beck, Munich 2003, p. 1080.
  21. ↑ See Hans-Erich Volkmann: The Nazi economy in preparation for the war . In: The German Reich and the Second World War , Vol. 1: Causes and requirements of German war policy , ed. v. Military History Research Office, Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart 1979, pp. 177–368
    Avraham Barkai : The economic system of National Socialism. Ideology, theory, politics 1933–1945 , Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1988
    Harold James : Germany in the Great Depression 1924–1936 . Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart 1988
    J. Adam Tooze : Economy of Destruction. The history of the economy under National Socialism. Siedler, Munich 2007, new edition. Federal Agency for Political Education u. ö.
    Roman Köster: The Schmalenbach controversy during the world economic crisis. In: Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte 1 (2009), pp. 229–244.
  22. ^ Newspaper article "Ichon Prize awarded", Weser-Kurier of March 6, 1984, issue no. 56, page 7.
  23. ↑ First performance on October 3, 1991, Goethe-Institut Naples. Instituto Italiano per gli Studi Filosofici Goethe-Institut Napoli.
  24. ↑ https://www.filmportal.de/film/linvitation-au-voyage_569fc9bbaeee4dd281a814c94c9575d1
personal data
SURNAME Son-Rethel, Alfred
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Sohn-Rethel, Alfred Carl Eduard (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German economist, philosopher and industrial sociologist
DATE OF BIRTH January 4, 1899
PLACE OF BIRTH Neuilly-sur-Seine , France
DATE OF DEATH April 6, 1990
Place of death Bremen