Amiga 1200

Amiga 1200
Manufacturer	Commodore (1992-1994) Amiga Technologies (1995-1996)
Type	Home computers
publication	1992 (October) 1992 (December)
End of production	1996 (July)
Factory price	US $ 599 (1992) DM 899 (1992) £ 399 (1992)
processor	32-bit Motorola 68EC020 32-bit data bus 14 MHz clock frequency 16 MB address space
random access memory	2 MB RAM (max. 16 MB)
graphic	32-bit Lisa, 32-bit Alice Max. 1280 × 512 pixels (PAL) Max. 1280 × 400 pixels (NTSC) Max. 8 sprites
Sound	8-bit Paula Four channel stereo
Disk	3½-inch floppy disks (DS, DD) 2½-inch hard disk (IDE)
operating system	AmigaOS 3.0 (1992–94) AmigaOS 3.1 (1994–96)
predecessor	Amiga 600 (May 1992)
successor	-

When Amiga 1200 (in short: A1200 ) is a 32-bit - home computer of the American technology company Commodore International of West Chester , Pennsylvania , United States , who arrived in October 1992 to market. In the lower market segment, the computer was supposed to replace the unsuccessful predecessor Amiga 600 (A600 for short).

The A1200 designed as a keyboard computer has an on 14 MHz clocked main processor of the type Motorola 68EC020 , a memory of 2 MB ( chip RAM ) and a read-only memory of 512 kB ( ROM equipped), which the operating system , together with a graphical user interface contains. The model emerged from the high-end Amiga 4000 computer designed for the multimedia sector and thus belongs to the third and last generation of Amiga computers to be equipped with the powerful AGA chipset .

The A1200's launch price in the United States was $ 599. In Germany, the manufacturer's recommended retail price at the same time was DM 899. By the end of 1993, 95,500 copies of the computer had been sold on the German market alone. After the bankruptcy of the original manufacturer Commodore in April 1994, production of the A1200 was initially suspended for around a year. From May 1995 the computer was then reissued technically almost unchanged by the German company Amiga Technologies (a subsidiary of Escom ). In the wake of Escom's bankruptcy, production of the A1200 was finally stopped in 1996. However, the exact number of units sold worldwide up to this point in time is not known.

With the end of the A1200, the number of system platforms that were still competitive on the market was reduced to two, namely the dominant IBM-PC and MS-DOS-compatible ones and the computers of the Macintosh series from Apple .

history

development

Amiga 4000/040

Game console CD³²

In summer 1991, the former took over IBM - Manager Bill Sydnes at the instigation of the then managing director Mehdi Ali, the business management of the development department of Commodore International. Under Sydnes' aegis, the Amiga 600, presented in March 1992 as the successor to the successful Amiga 500 (A500 for short) or the slightly improved Amiga 500 Plus (A500Plus for short), flopped . The reasons for this were serious design errors: the A600 lacked a numeric keypad, the keyboard was unergonomic and, due to the tiny housing and the lack of interfaces, the computer was hardly expandable. On top of that, the A600 hardly delivered any better performance data than the A500Plus, as both models were already equipped with the ECS chipset .

Since Sydnes had already ceased production of the outdated but still quite popular A500 and the A500Plus in an exaggerated hurry, in order not to give the A600 any in-house competition, Commodore suddenly found himself without a competitive Amiga home computer. In May 1992 Sydnes commissioned Greg Berlin, who u. a. had already participated in the project planning of the Commodore 128 , but only with the development of a new high-end computer from which the Amiga 4000 emerged . This decision revealed Sydnes' blindness for the lower market segment, which came from his time at IBM, but from which Commodore traditionally recruited its customers. When the new high-end model was ready for series production as planned in September 1992, Sydnes had already been dismissed and the development department immediately began working on the design of a home computer version of the Amiga 4000.

The use of the AGA chipset was at the center of the planning for the new computer. The case with an integrated 3½-inch floppy disk drive was inspired by the A500. Following the example of the failed A600, the new computer should also have an external PCMCIA interface and an AT-IDE pin connector for connecting an internal 2½-inch hard drive. The development team also decided to use a relatively powerful, but at the same time inexpensive, main processor found in the Motorola 68EC020. To bring the advanced graphics capabilities of the AGA chipset into its own, as was intuitive operating system serving graphical user interface of previous models for AmigaOS 3.0 developed.

Developed based on the Amiga 1200 Commodore 1993, a CD-ROM - game console called CD³² which, however, remained ultimately unsuccessful.

Market success

Motorola logo

MOS Technology logo

Hewlett Packard logo

McDonald's logo

The main processors used in the A1200 were produced by Motorola . Since Commodore had already had to cut back its in-house semiconductor production at MOS Technology due to a lack of liquidity at this point in time, the production of the AGA chipset was outsourced to Hewlett-Packard . By Christmas 1992 only around 100,000 AGA chipsets had been delivered, although around 200,000 pre-orders for the A1200 had been made, most of which came from Western Europe. The profits made by Commodore with the new computer could have been significantly higher if they had managed to produce a sufficient number of devices to meet the very strong demand. The long delivery times annoyed many potential customers. The Christmas business in 1992 turned out to be a disappointment for Commodore, as the A600, which was already being produced in large quantities, was considered technically obsolete after the market launch of the new Amiga model series with AGA chipset and was increasingly becoming a slow-moving product.

However, with the advanced AGA architecture and great value for money, the A1200 gradually overtook the A500. In the summer of 1993, sales of the new low-end model exceeded those of the former bestseller for the first time. In Europe, the A1200 finally managed to displace the Apple Macintosh from second place in terms of market share until Commodore went bankrupt , although it did not succeed in touching or even breaking the market dominance of the MS-DOS-compatible machines , which had already been cemented at that time .

In order to boost sales of the computer, which had not been produced since the bankruptcy of Commodore last year, the A1200 was massively advertised by Escom from May 1995 in all branches of the American fast food chain McDonald’s . By December 1995 Escom sold only 20,000 more units of the computer in Western Europe and thus remained far behind its own sales forecasts. Another source, however, reports that 40,000 devices had been sold by then. From 1996 the A1200 was offered in combination with two software packages. The Amiga Magic package contained application software worth more than DM 1,000 as well as two games. The Amiga Surf package included an A1200 equipped with a 260 MB hard drive, a 14.4 kBd modem and additional software for Internet access at a low purchase price of DM 1,200 .

Despite all the progressiveness of the AGA chipset, the Amiga in the mid-1990s was inferior to the then common MS-DOS computers with the Windows 3.0 operating system , VGA graphics card and sound card, especially in terms of graphics, so that now increasingly demanding games on the much more widespread PC Platform appeared, while little new software was developed for the comparatively small Amiga market. This reduced the attractiveness of the A1200 home computer model in particular. The high-end model Amiga 4000 was only able to hold its own for a while in the field of video processing . However, Escom was no longer able to capture a larger market share with the third generation Amiga models.

Keyboard, case and interfaces

The keyboard of the A1200 has 96 keys and largely corresponds to the industry standard of the time. It is divided into four areas: the main keyboard, the numeric keypad , the cursor keypad and ten function keys . In addition to the usual special keys , the computer also has two Amiga keys, which are arranged to the left and right of the space bar and are used in particular for menu selection.

The A1200 has a rectangular housing made of light beige plastic that measures 49 cm × 24.5 cm × 7 cm (width × depth × height). The computer is factory-equipped with an internal 3½-inch floppy disk drive with a storage capacity of 880 kB , the opening of which is on the right-hand side. Above the numerical block there are three LED control displays that provide information about the current flow, the status of the floppy disk drive and the operational readiness of the optional internal hard disk . There are also numerous ventilation slots on the top of the case. The power supply runs via an external power supply unit , which also houses the power switch .

On the back of the A1200 there are numerous interfaces for connecting peripheral devices . These include two 9-pin Sub-D plugs for the joystick and mouse , a 25-pin Sub-D plug as a serial interface , a 25-pin Sub-D socket as a parallel interface , a 23-pin Sub-D Socket for an external floppy disk drive, a 23-pin Sub-D plug for the analog RGB or digital RGBI video signal , two cinch sockets for composite color video , an antenna socket on the HF modulator for connecting a standard color television and two Cinch sockets for the stereo audio signal . On the left side there is also a 68-pin standard slot for a 16-bit PCMCIA - memory card . Since the standardization of this interface was not yet completed when production started, the built-in interface is not fully compatible with the final PCMCIA standard.

Finally, the computer has a CPU expansion slot on the underside, the so-called trapdoor with two internal interfaces that are protected from dust by a cover. It is a 44-pin AT-IDE - post connector for the operation of internal IDE hard drives, as well as a 150-pin local processor for the insertion of processor cards with additional CPU.

• Keyboard, case, internal interfaces and Blizzard III accelerator card
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  Housing of the A1200 with keypad and PCMCIA interface (left)

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  Part of the main board with PCMCIA interface

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  AT IDE interface (internal)

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  CPU expansion slot for turbo cards, memory cards etc. (internal)

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  Blizzard III accelerator card with Motorola 68030 main processor

Microchips

Main processor

→ Main article : Motorola 68020

A Motorola 68EC020 with a clock frequency of 14 MHz serves as the main processor in the A1200 . This CPU is based on the Motorola 68020 , which was ready for series production in 1984 and is the first true 32-bit processor in the Motorola 68000 family . Just like this, the Motorola 68EC020 also has a 32-bit data bus and a corresponding register set , but differs from the original Motorola 68020 in its address bus structure. The address bus of the variant built into the A1200 has a word length of just 24 bits, which means that In the case of the full expansion stage, an address space of 16 MB RAM can theoretically be controlled, which can be added to the system using a memory expansion card. Of this 16 MB RAM, up to 2 MB can be set up as chip RAM and the rest as Fast RAM or as I / O address space. Alternatively, turbo cards with full 32-bit main processors can be retrofitted via the CPU expansion slot in order to increase the operating speed of the A1200 to the level of the Amiga 4000 (or beyond) while bypassing the main processor . Turbo cards like the Blizzard III , which are equipped with a Motorola 68030 clocked at 50 MHz , Fast RAM sockets and a parallel SCSI controller, were particularly popular .

AGA chipset

→ Main article : Advanced Graphics Architecture

In order to relieve the main processor, the A1200 is equipped with a system of several coprocessors that are responsible for the video signal , sound output, input and output operations and memory management. In their entirety, these coprocessors, which are closely coordinated in terms of their functionality, are called Advanced Graphics Architecture (AGA chipset for short), which was originally developed for the Amiga 4000. In Germany at that time the AGA architecture was known under the name "AA chipset" to avoid confusion with the AGA graphics card of the same name from the MS-DOS- compatible Commodore PC series , which was exactly like the Amiga 1000 in the year Introduced in 1985.

The increased performance of the AGA architecture is based on improved custom chips and the continuous use of 32-bit data bus structures. Your focus is on improving the graphics capabilities of the A1200 compared to the previous models from the second generation of the Amiga series. In terms of technology history, the design philosophy of the AGA architecture goes back to the Atari 2600 game console and the 8-bit Atari home computer developed at the end of the 1970s under the leadership of Jay Miner .

Graphics processor Lisa

The graphics processor Denise, which has only changed slightly for seven years , has been replaced by the more advanced and much more powerful Lisa graphics chip. Lisa has 300,000 more transistors in the same space than her predecessor. In principle, however, it remained with the typical use of bitplanes for the Amiga series , of which in the new HAM8 mode, instead of the previous six, up to eight can now be superimposed at the same time when generating the RGB video signal. With her 24-bit color space , Lisa is able to display 256 colors simultaneously from a palette of 16,777,216 options in any resolution. In operation with the PAL monitors common in Europe , Lisa works with six different standard graphic modes supported by the operating system, which differ in terms of resolution and refresh rate : SuperHiRes (1280 × 256), SuperHiRes Interlace (1280 × 512), HiRes ( 640 × 256), HiRes Interlace (640 × 512), LowRes (320 × 256) and LowRes Interlace (320 × 512). Theoretically, horizontal resolutions of more than 1,200 pixels are possible and in the HAM8 mode mentioned, almost as many colors can be displayed at the same time as there are screen dots , which with a maximum visible resolution of SuperHiRes Interlace Overscan (1504 × 576) of a color palette of 866,304 colors and thus comes very close to real colors .

Custom chip Alice

→ Main article : Agnus (Amiga)

The original custom chip Agnus and its successors (including the Fat Agnus) have been replaced by the significantly improved Alice, which is specifically tailored to the new 32-bit CPUs of the types 68020 and higher from Motorola . Officially known as MOS Technology called 8374 Alice coordinated with the help of a built-in address generator with integrated DMA logic are not simultaneous accesses from the CPU, graphics processor Lisa and Paula sound chip on the factory-installed memory of 2 MB chip RAM . Alice also helps with image construction with two internal coprocessors ( Blitter and Copper ) and is also able to move memory contents at high speed.

Sound chip Paula

→ Main article : Paula (Amiga)

On the other hand, the digital sound chip Paula , equipped with four 8-bit stereo channels, remained unchanged , the design of which had not undergone any noteworthy changes since the introduction of the Amiga series in 1985. Each sound channel has its own digital-to-analog converter (DAC; English for digital-to-analog converter ). In order to generate tones or noises, the digital 8-bit sound files must first be written by the CPU into the working memory before they are sent by Alice byte by byte to Paula and then finally transmitted to the external analog speakers via the four DACs can.

In addition to generating the sound, Paula also serves as an I / O module and is responsible for controlling the floppy disk drives and the peripheral devices connected via the serial interface .

Memory chips

The A1200 has a main memory of 2 MB chip RAM , which is distributed over four dynamic 32-bit CMOS -RAM chips of the type 424260-80 with a storage capacity of 512 kB each . The main processor can only access the chip RAM via the Alice coprocessor. The computer does not inherently have Fast RAM , which is only available to the CPU and thus allows shorter access cycles. However, it can be retrofitted if necessary.

The operating system is housed in two 16-bit ROM chips, each of which has a storage volume of 256 kB and together achieve a word length of 32 bits. The operating system occupies a total of 512 kB ROM.

• Motherboard, microprocessors and memory chips
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  Custom chip Alice in PLCC housing
  (MOS Technology 8374)

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  Sound chip Paula in PLCC housing (MOS Technology 8364)

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  CPU Motorola 68EC020 in PQFP housing

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  DRAM chips in DIP housing.
  Universal chip Budgie in PQFP housing

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  Operating system ROM chips in DIP housing

Computer architecture

The core of the computer architecture of the A1200 is the system bus , which is used for the exchange of data between the system components. The system bus has a continuous 32-bit data bus and a 24-bit address bus . The control of the system bus and the coordination of bus access on the part of the main processor or the coprocessors of the AGA chipset are handled by the two special chips Gayle and Budgie.

Multipurpose building block Gayle

Gayle is a multifunctional gate array made up of various components that are connected to one another via glue logic . Gayle takes on the task of address decoding and only supports synchronous operations of the CPU. It also functions as an IDE controller for the internal hard disk and is responsible for controlling the PCMCIA interface.

Bus controller Budgie

Budgie is also a multi-purpose module with a wide range of bus control and logic functions. The main task, however, is bus management, which is why it is usually treated as a bus controller. Budgie has a buffer for temporarily storing image information and controls the data flow directions on the data bus. In addition, Budgie fulfills a number of logic functions, such as clock generation.

Main board of the A1200 with system bus, electronic components, AGA chipset, HF modulator, internal and external interfaces and CPU expansion slot

Model variants

Commodore models

The A1200 was available in two model variants until April 1994. In addition to the basic version, Commodore brought out a model that, in addition to the 3½-inch floppy disk drive integrated in the housing, with 880 kB of storage capacity and double the recording density ( double density ) also comes with an internal 2½-inch hard drive with a storage capacity of either 20 or 40 MB is equipped. This model variant was known under the name “Amiga 1200HD” (A1200HD for short), with the suffix “HD” standing for hard disk , the English word for “hard disk”.

Escom models

Escom logo

Revised type logo of the Escom variant of the A1200

The models brought onto the market by the Escom subsidiary Amiga Technologies from May 1995 retained the model designations introduced by Commodore. Technically, they hardly differ from the original model variants, since a technical revision of the computer was practically impossible due to missing or incomplete documentation on the part of Commodore. For example, the Paula sound chip first had to be laboriously milled off layer by layer to clarify how it worked. However, the housing is made of a different plastic.

The type logo was adapted to the Amiga Technologies company logo and redesigned according to the model of the white and red patterned ball from the famous Boing demo at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show of 1984.

In addition, the 3½-inch floppy disk drive from another third party had to be installed, as the model originally used was no longer manufactured. Although it was quite expensive, the choice fell on an already outdated Mitsumi DD drive , as the Paula sound chip could not be synchronized with the newer HD drives. The use of the Mitsumi model leads to limitations in compatibility, especially in the case of computer games that were still written for the Commodore version of the A1200 and access the hardware of the internal drive directly, bypassing the operating system.

The internal hard drive of the Escom version of the A1200HD also has a significantly increased storage capacity of 170 MB compared to the Commodore version .

operating system

→ Main article : AmigaOS

As in the other models of the Amiga series, the A1200 also uses the modular AmigaOS operating system. The AmigaOS is capable of multitasking and consists of the Amiga Workbench, which serves as the graphic user interface (GUI), and the Kickstart , which contains those components of the operating system that are permanently burned into the computer's ROM memory chips. These include the Exec operating system , parts of Amiga DOS , the command line interpreter Shell and the central system libraries for the GUI. In addition, additional system files must be loaded from a boot floppy disk or a hard disk during commissioning .

AmigaOS 3.0

ROM chips with Kickstart 3.0 (1992)

In order to fully develop the graphics capabilities of the AGA chipset, a new version of the AmigaOS operating system, the AmigaOS 3.0, was developed for the third generation Amiga models. It replaced the versions AmigaOS 2.04 for the A500Plus and AmigaOS 2.1 for the A600 and the Amiga 3000.

The graphical improvements include new mouse arrow controls, a menu bar in 3D optics and menu windows in black and white. The boot menu has also been revised and now contains extensive options for system error diagnosis . Another characteristic of AmigaOS 3.0 is the introduction of Multiview with its own hypertext format called AmigaGuide , which was primarily intended for help texts to facilitate operation. In addition, the revised operating system allows you to choose your own background images for the first time instead of the background patterns that were common up until then.

AmigaOS 3.1

1994 appeared with the AmigaOS 3.1, a slightly improved version of AmigaOS 3.0 for Amiga models 4000 and 1200 as well as the game console CD³², in addition to an expanded program library for graphics cards - device driver called Retargetable Graphics (RTG) with 24-bit color depth additional file types to Provides. In addition, this version of the operating system allows the use of a CD-ROM drive . The AmigaOS 3.1 represents the last official version of the operating system for classic Amiga computers. Later the AmigaOS 3.1 also served as an update for the older Amiga models mentioned (A500, A600, A2000 and A3000).

reception

Contemporary

The A1200 was received with enthusiasm in Europe. In the test reports of the popular computer magazines, the judgments were largely positive, especially with regard to the performance of the AGA architecture, and the third generation of the Amiga series was perceived as a real innovation in contrast to the previous generation. In addition to the consistent 32-bit architecture of the new computer, which in combination with the new CPU made it three to five times faster than previous Amiga models, especially the graphics capabilities of the A1200 were praised.

The use of the Motorola 68EC020 main processor, which was clearly inferior to the Motorola 68030 and Intel i386, was criticized. The sound capabilities of the A1200, which were not improved compared to the previous models, were also criticized, as well as the lack of an HD floppy disk drive, as was already standard in the PC environment at that time. Another thing that was sorely missed was a chunky pixel mode for displaying fast 3D graphics, as offered by the VGA graphics cards that were emerging in the PC sector at the time. The programming of 3D games in the style of "Doom" or "Wing Commander" remained difficult or even impossible on the Amiga, which at the time caused many users to switch to the PC.

Retrospective

The A1200 also received a positive rating from a technological history perspective. The computer is counted among the few models in which the manufacturer Commodore International “did almost everything right.” The last Amiga home computer gave the manufacturer company, which is threatened with bankruptcy, new impulses and, due to its high performance at comparatively low purchase prices, was at the Customers have been "extremely popular".

Despite its popularity, the Amiga 1200 sticks to the fact that the Amiga platform failed to make the leap from the 16 to the 32 bit age. While the previous model, the Amiga 500, was considered to be the technological leader in the 16-bit generation, the Amiga 1200 was no longer competitive overall in the 32-bit generation. This was also reflected in the sales figures and ultimately heralded the decline of Commodore.

Retrocomputing scene

Commodore version of the A1200 as an exhibit at Gamescom 2009

AmigaOS 3.5 (2000)

A lively retrocomputing scene has developed around the A1200 and other Amiga models in recent years , which, in addition to new demos and programs, also produces new hardware extensions for computers. In addition, the computer is regularly represented as an exhibit on technical-historical websites and in computer museums and thus has a permanent place in the collective memory. In addition, over the last two decades or so, third-party providers have created new versions of the AmigaOS operating system, such as versions 3.5, 3.9, 4.0 (PowerPC) or 4.1 (PowerPC), which have considerably expanded functionality compared to the classic versions AmigaOS 3.0 and 3.1. AmigaOS 3.5 and 3.9 run on all Amiga models, not just the A1200.

The internal clock port of the A1200 is particularly interesting for hobbyists and retrocomputing enthusiasts . Originally intended for a battery-powered real - time clock or a memory expansion , this interface had long unimagined potential that is used today for various controllers , ISDN connections, USB interfaces, etc. Due to the advanced age of the A1200 and the associated material fatigue, it is now advisable to replace the electrolytic capacitors , as they have a tendency to leak due to deficiencies in production and can cause serious damage to the motherboard and the sensitive electronic components of the models still in operation .

Selected bibliography

Monographs

• Jörg Allner, Kerstin Allner: Computer Classics. The highlights from 30 years of home computers. Data-Becker, Düsseldorf 2003, ISBN 3-8158-2339-0 .
• Brian Bagnall: Commodore: A Company on the Edge. Variant-Press, Winnipeg 2010, ISBN 978-0-9738649-6-0 .
• Rainer Benda: The downfall of Commodore. Morschen: Scriptorium (2007), ISBN 978-3-938199-10-7 .
• Winnie Forster: Game consoles and home computers 1972–2009. Gameplan, Utting 2009, ISBN 978-3-00-024658-6 .
• Boris Kretzinger: Commodore. The rise and fall of a computer giant. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2005, ISBN 3-938199-04-0 .
• Michael Kukafka: Amiga - Quo vadis? The development of a cult computer. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, ISBN 978-3-938199-15-2 .
• Jimmy Maher: The Future Was Here: The Commodore Amiga. MIT-Press, Cambridge 2012, ISBN 978-0-262-01720-6 .
• Volker Mohr: The Amiga: The story of a computer legend. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, ISBN 978-3-938199-12-1 .
• Christian Zahn, Boris Kretzinger, Enno Coners: The Commodore Story. CSW-Verlag, Winnenden 2013, ISBN 978-3-941287-35-8 .

Reviews

• Stevie Kennedy: "Evolution of the species", In: Amiga Computing , Vol. 6, No. 1 (1993), pp. 34-36.
• Richard Löwenstein: "The future of the Amiga: Amiga 1200 & Amiga 4000." In: Amiga Joker. 4th vol., H. 11 (1992), pp. 40-41.
• Stephan Quinkertz, Rainer Zeitler, Michael Eckert: "Working with the Amiga 1200: Price hammer with power." In: Amiga magazine. 7th vol., H. 1 (1993), pp. 6-10.

Web links

Commons : Amiga 1200  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

General

• Commodore Computer Online Museum of Technical History Review Articles (German)
• Old-Computers.com overview article and table with performance data

System architecture

• Amiga Hardware Database table with performance data
• Amiga History Guide block diagram of the A1200
• Kultboy.com table with performance data (German)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Volker Mohr: The Amiga: The story of a computer legend. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, p. 72.
2. ↑ Boris Kretzinger: Commodore: The rise and fall of a computer giant. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2005, p. 89.
3. ↑ ^{a b} Jimmy Maher: The Future Was Here: The Commodore Amiga. MIT-Press, Cambridge 2012, p. 77.
4. ↑ Rainer Zeitler: Amiga 1200 - all-round talent of the 90s? In: Amiga magazine . No. 12 . Markt & Technik Verlag, 1992, p. 6-10, 80 .
5. ↑ Michael Kukafka: Amiga - Quo vadis? The development of a cult computer. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, p. 54.
6. ↑ Michael Kukafka: Amiga - Quo vadis? The development of a cult computer. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, p. 57.
7. ↑ Jeremy Reimer: Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures . arstechnica.com, accessed May 30, 2014 . 
8. ↑ Volker Mohr: The Amiga: The story of a computer legend. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, p. 69.
9. ↑ Jörg Allner, Kerstin Allner: Computer Classics: The highlights from 30 years of home computers. Data-Becker, Düsseldorf 2003, p. 146.
10. ↑ Volker Mohr: The Amiga: The story of a computer legend. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, pp. 70f.
11. ↑ ^{a b} Volker Mohr: The Amiga: The story of a computer legend. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, p. 71.
12. ↑ Winnie Forster: Game consoles and home computers 1972-2009. Gameplan, Utting 2009, p. 111.
13. ^ Christian Zahn, Boris Kretzinger, Enno Coners: The Commodore Story. CSW-Verlag, Winnenden 2013, p. 114.
14. ↑ ^{a b c} Volker Mohr: The Amiga: The story of a computer legend. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, p. 74.
15. ^ ^{A b c} Christian Zahn, Boris Kretzinger, Enno Coners: The Commodore Story. CSW-Verlag, Winnenden 2013, p. 111.
16. ↑ Michael Kukafka: Amiga - Quo vadis? The development of a cult computer. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, p. 52.
17. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Christian Zahn, Boris Kretzinger, Enno Coners: The Commodore Story. CSW-Verlag, Winnenden 2013, p. 122.
18. ↑ ^{a b} Michael Kukafka: Amiga - Quo vadis? The development of a cult computer. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, p. 58.
19. ↑ ^{a b} Volker Mohr: The Amiga: The story of a computer legend. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, p. 75.
20. ↑ Carina Ahren, Wilson Harp, Ross Hippely: User Manual: A1200. Edited by Commodore Int., Self-published, West Chester 1992, pp. 2-4.
21. ↑ Carina Ahren, Wilson Harp, Ross Hippely: User Manual: A1200. Edited by Commodore Int., Self-published, West Chester 1992, pp. 2-7.
22. ↑ Carina Ahren, Wilson Harp, Ross Hippely: User Manual: A1200. Edited by Commodore Int., Self-published, West Chester 1992, pp. 1-3.
23. ↑ Carina Ahren, Wilson Harp, Ross Hippely: User Manual: A1200. Edited by Commodore Int., Self-published, West Chester 1992, pp. 1-16.
24. ↑ ^{a b} Carina Ahren, Wilson Harp, Ross Hippely: User manual: A1200. Edited by Commodore Int., Self-published, West Chester 1992, p. A-2.
25. ↑ Carina Ahren, Wilson Harp, Ross Hippely: User Manual: A1200. Edited by Commodore Int., Self-published, West Chester 1992, pp. 1-5.
26. ↑ ^{a b c} Michael Kukafka: Amiga - Quo vadis? The development of a cult computer. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, p. 49.
27. ^ Christian Zahn, Boris Kretzinger, Enno Coners: The Commodore Story. CSW-Verlag, Winnenden 2013, p. 112.
28. ↑ ^{a b c} Stephan Quinkertz, Rainer Zeitler, Michael Eckert: Working with the Amiga 1200: Price hammer with power. In: Amiga magazine. 7th vol., H. 1 (1993), p. 10.
29. ↑ Jimmy Maher: The Future Was Here: The Commodore Amiga. MIT-Press, Cambridge 2012, p. 13.
30. ^ Marty Goldberg, Curt Vendel: Atari Inc .: Business Is Fun. Szygy-Company-Press, Carmel 2012, p. 454.
31. ↑ Stevie Kennedy: "Evolution of the species", In: Amiga Computing , Vol. 6, No. 1 (1993), p. 34.
32. ↑ Ross Hippely, Leslie Jones et al. a .: User manual: Workbench 3.0. Edited by Commodore Int. Self-published, West Chester 1992, pp. B-7.
33. ↑ Jimmy Maher: The Future Was Here: The Commodore Amiga. MIT-Press, Cambridge 2012, p. 76.
34. ↑ Michael Kukafka: Amiga - Quo vadis? The development of a cult computer. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, p. 48.
35. ↑ Jimmy Maher: The Future Was Here: The Commodore Amiga. MIT-Press, Cambridge 2012, p. 37.
36. ↑ Stephan Quinkertz, Rainer Zeitler, Michael Eckert: "Working with the Amiga 1200: Price hammer with power." In: Amiga magazine. 7th vol., H. 1 (1993), p. 7.
37. ↑ ^{a b c} Stephan Quinkertz, Rainer Zeitler, Michael Eckert: Working with the Amiga 1200: Price hammer with power. In: Amiga magazine. 7th vol., H. 1 (1993), p. 6.
38. ↑ Michael Kukafka: Amiga - Quo vadis? The development of a cult computer. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, p. 50.
39. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Michael Kukafka: Amiga - Quo vadis? The development of a cult computer. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, p. 57.
40. ↑ ^{a b} Rainer Benda: The downfall of Commodore. Morschen: Scriptorium (2007), p. 73.
41. ↑ Jimmy Maher: The Future Was Here: The Commodore Amiga. MIT-Press, Cambridge 2012, p. 155.
42. ↑ Jimmy Maher: The Future Was Here: The Commodore Amiga. MIT-Press, Cambridge 2012, p. 156.
43. ↑ Volker Mohr: The Amiga: The story of a computer legend. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, p. 121f.
44. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Volker Mohr: The Amiga: The story of a computer legend. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2007, p. 123.
45. ^ Christian Zahn, Boris Kretzinger, Enno Coners: The Commodore Story. CSW-Verlag, Winnenden 2013, p. 108.
46. ↑ Stevie Kennedy: "Evolution of the species", In: Amiga Computing , Vol. 6, No. 1 (1993), p. 34ff.
47. ↑ Richard Löwenstein: "The future of the Amiga: Amiga 1200 & Amiga 4000." In: Amiga Joker. 4th vol., H. 11 (1992), p. 40.
48. ↑ Jörg Allner, Kerstin Allner: Computer Classics: The highlights from 30 years of home computers. Data-Becker, Düsseldorf 2003, p. 144.
49. ↑ Boris Kretzinger: Commodore: The rise and fall of a computer giant. Scriptorium-Verlag, Morschen 2005, p. 61.