Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

	دافغانستان دمکراتی جمهوریت ( Pashtun ) ; جمهوری دمکراتی افغانستان ( Persian )
	Dǝ Afġānistān Dimūkratī Dschomhūriya ( Pashtun ) ; Jomhūrī-ye Dimukrātī-ye Afġānistān ( Persian )
	Democratic Republic of Afghanistan ; Republic of Afghanistan
	1978-1992
flag	coat of arms
Official language	Pashtun , Persian
Capital	Kabul
Form of government	People's Republic
Head of state	most recently Abdul Rahim Hatef
Head of government	most recently Fazal Haq Chaliqyar
founding	1978
resolution	1992
National anthem	Garam shook, la garam shook
	Location of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in South Asia

The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan ( Persian جمهوری دمکراتی افغانستان, DMG Dschomhūrī-ye Dimukrātī-ye Afġānistān , Pashtun دافغانستان دمکراتی جمهوریت Dǝ Afġānistān Dimukratī Dschomhūriyat ) was a socialist state in southern Central Asia . It existed from 1978 to 1992 as the legal successor to the Republic of Afghanistan, which was proclaimed in 1973 . In 1987 the state was again part of the Republic of Afghanistan ( Persian جمهوری افغانستان Jumhūrī-ye Afġānistān , Pashtun دافغانستان دمکراتی جمهوریت Dǝ Afġānistān Jumhūriyat ) renamed.

The country was economically, militarily and ideologically under the control of the Soviet Union and was politically dominated by the Democratic People's Party of Afghanistan (DVPA). However, it also experienced some reforms that were intended to modernize the country and improve the social living conditions of the population, but many of its achievements were destroyed by the civil war that broke out after the withdrawal of the Soviet army and continues to this day .

Emergence

One day after the Saur revolution : a destroyed BMP-1 armored personnel carrier in front of the presidential palace in Kabul .

On April 27, 1978, the Afghan army carried out a communist coup . At that time, by international standards, Afghanistan was far behind. For example, an illiteracy rate of around 90% was still politically highly fragmented and only a few institutions such as the army or the Communist Party had a nationwide base of operations, so that the turn of the communists towards parts of the army in the run-up to the revolution was another of numerous attempts can be seen to establish an assertive central political power in Afghanistan. The coup began with an advance from Kabul International Airport towards the city center. It only took 24 hours to consolidate power in the capital. President Mohammed Daoud Khan and most of his family members were executed in the presidential palace in Kabul the following day.

The DVPA seized power through the military coup known as the Saur Revolution . Only Muhammad Taraki , Secretary General of the DVPA, became President of the Revolutionary Council and Prime Minister of the newly established Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. After the military coup, Taraki assumed the position of President of Afghanistan and Hafizullah Amin became Deputy Prime Minister of Afghanistan.

history

Between 1,000 and 3,000 people were killed as a result of Islamist uprisings and coup attempts during the Communist Saur Revolution in 1978, including President Daoud Khan and seventeen members of his family. Many people, including many members of the royal family, were not released from prison.

Only Muhammad Taraki was appointed chairman of the Revolutionary Council and prime minister, while Babrak Karmal became deputy prime minister and Hafizullah Amin became foreign minister.

Babrak Karmal was the leader of the Communist Party Partscham ( German the flag ), which was dominated by Tajiks , and supported the Daoud putsch against the monarchical regime in 1973. In 1977 the Partscham merged with the Chalq ( German the people ), another Communist party that was founded in the 1960s and had predominantly Pashtuns as party members. Gradually, Babrak and other Partschamis were banished, and on March 28, 1979, Hafizullah Amin became Prime Minister. Tensions arose between the two factions. Thousands of Partscham communists were put under pressure, and some were taken prisoner.

The communists took power in the state through a coup. The first coup attempt took place in the province of Kunar in Nuristan place in the year 1978th Even before the military intervention of the USSR, 400,000 people fled to Pakistan as a result of uprisings by Islamist mujahideen , the Kyrgyz people of the Wakhan fled to Turkey and 60,000 Afghans to Iran .

In September 1979 Taraki was killed by Amin's henchmen, who now redistributed political power to his followers, which in turn contradicted the Soviet plans, which provided for military assistance to the regime established after the Saur Revolution due to the precarious situation in the country. On December 24, 1979, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan began , the aim of which was to appoint Babrak Karmal as head of government. Hafizullah Amin was units of spetsnaz in brief struggle for the capture of the capital Kabul killed.

The communist government of Afghanistan asked other socialist countries for help because of resistance from the mujahideen. The war , which lasted from 1979 to 1989, ended with the withdrawal of the Soviet army, without whose protection the communist government was on its own. In 1992 the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan disintegrated as a result of the struggle with the warring mujahideen militias.

Reforms

The following reforms were initiated under President Taraki:

Prohibition of forced marriages and introduction of a minimum age for marriage
Introduction of religious freedom for religious minorities within the framework of official atheism
Burqa ban for women
Abolition of the obligation for men to wear a beard
State surveillance and control of all mosques
Agrarian reform : overturning the land tenure in the country by transforming the feudal to a socialist property system
industrialization
Expansion of foreign trade relations with the Eastern bloc states
Introduction of compulsory schooling, especially for girls
Building a public health system

Heads of state

Chronological list of presidents of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan:

Muhammad Taraki only (September 30, 1978 to September 14, 1979)
Hafizullah Amin (September 14, 1979 to December 27, 1979)
Babrak Karmal (December 28, 1979 to November 20, 1986)
Hajji Mohammed Tschamkani (November 20, 1986 to September 30, 1987)
Mohammed Nadschibullāh (September 30, 1987 to April 16, 1992)
Abdul Rahim Hatef (April 18, 1992 to April 28, 1992)

Web links

Denny R. Nelson: Soviet Air Force: Tactics and Weapons Used in Afghanistan
Library of Congress country study on Afghanistan
Soviet documents for the conquest of Afghanistan ( Memento of April 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive )

Individual evidence

↑ Bhabani Sen Gupta: Afghanistan. Politics, Economics and Society. Revolution, resistance, intervention. Pinter, London 1986, ISBN 0-86187-390-4 , p. 128.
↑ From people's democracy to the rule of the Taliban. In: jochenhippler.de . 1998, accessed March 24, 2019 .
^ ^A ^b Raymond L. Garthoff: Détente and Confrontation. American-Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan. Revised edition. The Brookings Institute, Washington DC 1994, ISBN 0-8157-3042-X , p. 986.
^ World: Analysis Afghanistan: 20 years of bloodshed. In: BBC News . April 26, 1998, accessed March 15, 2009 .
^ The April 1978 Coup d'etat and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. In: Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved January 4, 2016 .
^ Henry S. Bradsher: Afghanistan and the Soviet Union (= Duke Press Policy Studies. ). Duke University Press, Durham NC 1983, ISBN 0-8223-0496-1 , pp. 72-73.
^ Raymond L. Garthoff: Détente and Confrontation. American-Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan. Revised edition. The Brookings Institute, Washington DC 1994, ISBN 0-8157-3042-X , p. 986.
^ Carol Mann: Models and realities of Afghan Womanhood, a retrospective and prospects. Les Dossiers de Louise, June 8, 2007, archived from the original on October 13, 2007 ; Retrieved March 21, 2008 .
↑ Racist Scapegoating of Muslim Women - Down with Quebec's Niqab Ban! Spartacist Canada, Summer 2010, No. 165, ISSN 0229-5415 .
↑ ^a ^b WOMEN IN AFGHANISTAN: Pawns in men's power struggles
^ John Ishiyama: The Sickle and the Minaret. The Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA), 2005, accessed March 21, 2008 .

[1] Bhabani Sen Gupta: Afghanistan. Politics, Economics and Society. Revolution, resistance, intervention. Pinter, London 1986, ISBN 0-86187-390-4 , p. 128.

[2] From people's democracy to the rule of the Taliban. In: jochenhippler.de . 1998, accessed March 24, 2019 .

[Garthoff,_Raymond_L._1994._p._986-3] A ^b Raymond L. Garthoff: Détente and Confrontation. American-Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan. Revised edition. The Brookings Institute, Washington DC 1994, ISBN 0-8157-3042-X , p. 986.

[bbc-4] World: Analysis Afghanistan: 20 years of bloodshed. In: BBC News . April 26, 1998, accessed March 15, 2009 .

[cvcc-5] The April 1978 Coup d'etat and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. In: Library of Congress Country Studies . Retrieved January 4, 2016 .

[6] Henry S. Bradsher: Afghanistan and the Soviet Union (= Duke Press Policy Studies. ). Duke University Press, Durham NC 1983, ISBN 0-8223-0496-1 , pp. 72-73.

[7] Raymond L. Garthoff: Détente and Confrontation. American-Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan. Revised edition. The Brookings Institute, Washington DC 1994, ISBN 0-8157-3042-X , p. 986.

[Mann-8] Carol Mann: Models and realities of Afghan Womanhood, a retrospective and prospects. Les Dossiers de Louise, June 8, 2007, archived from the original on October 13, 2007 ; Retrieved March 21, 2008 .

[9] Racist Scapegoating of Muslim Women - Down with Quebec's Niqab Ban! Spartacist Canada, Summer 2010, No. 165, ISSN 0229-5415 .

[amnesty.org-10] WOMEN IN AFGHANISTAN: Pawns in men's power struggles

[Ishiyama-11] John Ishiyama: The Sickle and the Minaret. The Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA), 2005, accessed March 21, 2008 .