The temptations of Saint Anthony

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The temptations of Saint Anthony through earthly lusts and his torments by the devil and his demons , as they are described in the Vita Antonii of Athanasios of Alexandria or in the Legenda aurea of Jacobus de Voragine , have been particularly frequent since the end of the Middle Ages depicted motif, initially in painting, from the 18th century onwards in literature, music, theater and film.

The Isenheim Altarpiece by Matthias Grünewald and the implementation of the motif by Hieronymus Bosch represent the most famous painterly adaptations of the theme. Among the modern adaptations, the versions by Max Ernst and Salvador Dalí are particularly noteworthy. Gustave Flaubert edited the subject in La Tentation de saint Antoine literarily.

overview

painting

Hieronymus Bosch : The Temptation of Saint Anthony , Lisbon

After the first fresco depictions in the 10th century, there was a first accumulation of depictions of the topic in book illumination and later in book printing in the late Middle Ages . Shortly after 1500, the great, well-known Antonius experiments emerged, above all those of Hieronymus Bosch (around 1450–1516) in Lisbon ( Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga ) and Matthias Grünewald (around 1475–1528) in Colmar ( Unterlinden Museum ). In recent art, the depictions of Max Ernst (1891–1976) and Salvador Dalí (1904–1989), both created in 1946 as part of the Bel Ami competition , are particularly noteworthy. Even today, many young artists, especially those influenced by Surrealism , are inspired by the life of St. Anthony.

literature

The temptations of St. Anthony were also dealt with in literature, for example by ETA Hoffmann (1776–1822, The Elixirs of the Devil , 1815/16). The most famous literary work is the scenic novel The Temptation of Saint Antoine (La tentation de Saint Antoine) by the French writer Gustave Flaubert (1821–1880), who worked on the subject over a long period of his literary work, until 1874 the so-called version définitive , the final version of the novel, has been published and translated into many languages.

Wilhelm Busch also wrote an illustrated “ballet” for the picture story Saint Anthony of Padua with the title The Temptation of Saint Anthony .

music

In terms of music, the work of the German composer Werner Egk (1901–1983) La tentation de Saint Antoine d'après des airs et des vers du 18e siècle for alto, string quartet and string orchestra (1952; as ballet 1969) should be mentioned. Even Paul Hindemith (1895-1963) the temptations of Antony set to music in his symphony Mathis der Maler (1934). In 2003 the American author and director Robert Wilson (born 1941) brought the Temptation of Saint Anthony to the stage as a musical based on texts by Gustave Flaubert together with the singer and composer Bernice Johnson Reagon in London's Sadler's Wells Theater .

Temptation or torment?

When naming the images, a correct distinction is not always made between the temptations and the torments that the saint had to endure. In the Vita Antonii des Athanasios (around 300–373) and in other sources, various facts are told:

  • Temptations in which the tempter (ie Satan ) feigns illusions to Antonius , reminding the saint of the joys of life that he has lost due to his ascetic way of life, such as family security, village conviviality, sexual joys and prosperity.
  • Torments and torments in which Satan lets go of his demons on Antonius, who torture and beat the saint without restraint and thus inflict almost unbearable physical pain on him.

There are also pictorial representations that cannot be properly assigned to one or the other genre, which are then mostly labeled as temptations.

Artistic implementations

painting

Gothic frescoes

  • Giovanni di Corraduccio, called Mazzaforte (around 1380–1440): Scenes from the life of St. Anthony (around 1410/20), cycle of frescoes in Montefalco / Umbria, Complesso museale di San Francesco

Illumination of the Gothic

  • Limburg Brothers (after 1385–1415 / 16): The Torment of St. Anthony (around 1408/10), miniature, 238 × 168 mm (sheet), Les belles heures du Jean de Berry, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
  • Robin Fournier ; Codex Antonii (1426): 200 miniatures, including z. B. No. 22: The temptation of St. Anthony by the spirit of fornication , Malta, Public Library La Valletta (see also Rose Graham )

15th century graphics

  • Martin Schongauer (around 1450–1491): The Torment of St. Antonius (around 1490), copper engraving.

The time around 1500

In the period around 1500, the turning point between the Middle Ages and the modern age, the works by Bosch and Grünewald that have most impacted to this day were created:

Flemish Mannerism

  • Jan Mandyn (around 1500–1560): The Temptation of St. Anthony (after 1530 / around 1550), 61.5 × 83.5 cm, Frans Hals Museum , Haarlem.

French baroque engravings

  • Jacques Callot (1592–1635): The Temptation of Saint Anthony (1635).

Flemish baroque

David Teniers the Younger , around 1640 (Dresden)
  • David Teniers the Younger (1610–1690): The Temptation of St. Anthony (around 1640), 69 × 86 cm, Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister, Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden.
  • David Teniers the Younger: The Temptation of St. Anthony (around 1634), 37 × 56 cm, Museum Wasserburg Anholt.

Italian baroque

  • Salvator Rosa (1615–1673): The Temptation of St. Anthony (around 1645), 96.5 × 78 cm, Museo di Villa Luca, Coldirodi-Sanremo.

19th century French salon painting

  • Eugène Isabey (1803–1886): The Temptation of St. Anthony (1869), 3.13 × 2.90 m, Museé d'Orsay, Paris.

symbolism

Félicien Rops , La Tentation de saint Antoine , 1878

expressionism

surrealism

  • Salvador Dalí (1904–1989): The Temptation of St. Anthony (1946), 89.5 × 119.5 cm, Musée d'Art Moderne, Brussels.
  • Max Ernst (1891–1976): The Temptation of St. Anthony (1945), 108 × 128 cm, Wilhelm-Lehmbruck-Museum, Duisburg.

Both paintings were submitted for the Bel Ami competition in 1945/46 , from which Max Ernst's painting emerged as the winner.

Painting and graphics since 1978

  • Pia Dehne (* 1964): The Temptation of St. Anthony (1994), 120 × 140 cm, private collection.
  • Harald Metzkes (* 1929): The Temptation of St. Anthony (1978), lithograph, 25.0 × 38.5 cm.

literature

  • Frederick Forrest (1728-1784): Saint Anthony and his pig (1766), A Cantata.
  • ETA Hoffmann (1776–1822): The Elixirs of the Devil (1815/16), novel.
  • Prosper Mérimée (1803–1870): Une femme est un diable ou la tentation de Saint Antoine (1825), scene from the play Théâtre de Clara Gazul .
  • William Harrison Ainsworth (1805-1882): The Temptation of Saint Anthony (1836/37), poem from the novel Crichton .
  • Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (1818-1883): Temptation of St. Anthony (1842), drama
  • Wilhelm Busch : The temptation of St. Antonius. A ballet. [1871?] In: Rolf Hochhuth (ed.): Wilhelm Busch, Complete Works and a Selection of Sketches and Paintings in two volumes. Volume 2: What is popular is also allowed. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1959, pp. 91–97.
  • Gustave Flaubert (1821–1880): La tentation de Saint Antoine (1874), version définitive, scenic novel.
  • Paul Arène (1843–1896): La vraie tentation du grand Saint Antoine (1880), contes de Noël
  • Paul Verlaine (1844–1896): La Tentation de Saint-Antoine (around 1890/96), poem (unfinished)
  • Hugo Ball (1886–1927): Temptation of Saint Anthony (1913/14), poem.
  • Isidor Schneider (1896–1976): The Temptation of Anthony (1928), a novel in verse.
  • Michel de Ghelderode (1898–1962): La grande tentation de Saint Antoine (1932), cantate burlesque.
  • Henri Queffélec (1910–1992): Antonius in the Desert (1954), retelling of the Vita Antonii of Athanasios of Alexandria.
  • Donald Barthelme (1931–1989): The Temptation of St Anthony (1972), short story.
  • Christian Ganachaud (born 1958): Le roman de saint Antoine (2004), Roman.
  • Jörg Diernberger (born 1964), adaptation and direction: Die Temptung des Sankt Antonius (2015), radio play by WDR based on Flaubert's novel

Music and stage

  • Michel-Jean Sedaine (1719–1797): La tentation de Saint Antoine (1781), potpourri with 8 satirical chansons.
  • Pierre François Adolphe Carmouche (1797–1868): Antoine et son compagnon, ou le Voyage à la Thébaïde (1832), Singspiel ( Vaudeville ) in three acts for the variety theater .
  • Paul Barbot (1828-1913): La tentation de Saint Antoine (1877), caprice de genre pour piano.
  • Florence Duparc (1844–1914), script and direction; Frédéric Wachs (around 1825–1899), music; Gaston Villemer (19th century) and Lucien Delormel (1847–1899), text: La Tentation de Saint Antoine (around 1880), Singspiel by Diseuse Duparc for cabaret
  • Claude Terrasse (1867–1923), music and text, and Pierre Bonnard (1867–1947), text: La Tentation de Saint-Antoine (1901), Drame sacré en 3 actes avec musique (operetta for children)
  • Hervey White (1866–1962), writer and director; Pierre Henrotte (1883–1974), music: The Temptation of Saint Anthony (1921), play after Flaubert for the Maverick Festival in Woodstock, New York
  • Arnold Bax (1883–1953), comp .: The Devil that Tempted St Anthony (1929), piano duo
  • Raoul Brunel (Raoul Émile Blondel, 1864–1944), text and music: La Tentation de Saint Antoine (1930), Mystère en trois parties et neuf tableaux dont un prologue
  • Paul Hindemith (1895–1963): Mathis the painter (1933/38), opera (musical drama) in 7 pictures based on the life of Matthias Grünewald (around 1475–1528), the painter of the Isenheim Altarpiece , and a symphony of the same name with musical motifs of the opera in three movements, the last movement entitled The Temptation of St. Anthony . In the opera, Mathis sees dreamily in the sixth picture “The Temptation of St. Anthony” from the Isenheim Altarpiece.
  • Cecil Gray (1895–1951): The Temptation of Saint Anthony (1935/37), opera.
  • Jacques Chailley (1910–1999): La Tentation de saint Antoine (1936), choral works, instr. ad lib.
  • Werner Egk (1901–1983): La tentation de Saint Antoine (1947), vocal work for alto voice and strings, based on ways and verses from the 18th century.
  • Gardner Read (1913-2005): The Temptation of Saint Anthony (1947), dance symphony.
  • Eugène Bozza (1905–1991), comp. And Armand Machabey , libr .: La Tentation de Saint Antoine (1948), oratorio based on Flaubert's novel.
  • Sem Dresden (1881–1957): Saint Antoine (1953), oratorio based on Flaubert's novel, first performance on the occasion of the International Congress for Church Music in Augsburg.
  • Michel de Ghelderode (1898–1962), text, and Louis de Meester (1904–1987), music: La grande tentation de Saint Antoine (1957), cantate burlesque based on a medieval mystery play for three people
  • Maurice Béjart (1927–2007), director and choreographer: La Tentation de Saint Antoine (1967), play based on Flaubert's novel.
  • Josep Soler i Sardà (* 1935): Las Tentaciones de San Antonio (1967), opera
  • Michel Chion (* 1947): La Tentation de Saint Antoine (1984), melodrama ( musique concrète ) with a prologue and nine pictures based on Flaubert's novel
  • Wolfgang-Andreas Schulz (* 1948): The Temptations of Saint Antonius (1984–85), fantasy for two pianos based on the novel by Flaubert.
  • The Wooster Group : Frank Dell's The Temptation of Saint Antony (1985), post-dramatic play
  • Ruth Schönthal (1924-2006): The Temptation of Saint Anthony (1989), organ piece in 9 movements for the First Presbyterian Church in Greenwich, Conn.
  • Marian Kouzan (1925–2005), composer, and Frédérick Tristan (* 1931), text: Les tentations de Saint-Antoine (1992), opera, world premiere on February 7, 1992 at the Grand Théâtre de Tours
  • Reiner Wiesemes (* 1957), director and set designer: The Temptation of Saint Anthony (1993), drama (performance) with Sonja Breuer in the Theater Das Schloß, Munich
  • Axel Manthey (1945–1995), director and set designer and Wilfried Schulz (* 1952), dramaturge: The Temptation of Saint Anthony (1994), a play for the stage based on the text by Gustave Flaubert, world premiere May 5, 1994 in the Deutsches Schauspielhaus Hamburg
  • Luis Jaime Cortez Méndez (born 1962), Mexican composer: La tentación de San Antonio (1999), opera based on the novel by Flaubert
  • Jiří Suchý (* 1931) and Vladimír Franz (* 1959): Pokuseni svatého Antonína (2000), Singspiel
  • Art Zoyd (French avant-garde rock band): La Tentation de Saint-Antoine , track on the album UBIQUE (2001)
  • Robert Wilson (director) (* 1941) and Bernice Johnson Reagon (* 1942): The Temptation of Saint Anthony (2003), musical based on texts by Gustave Flaubert
  • Ulrich Alexander Kreppein (* 1979), composer, The Temptation of Saint Anthony (2011/12), music theater based on the scenic novel by Gustave Flaubert, world premiere at the Oldenburg State Theater 2012
  • Alejandro Miranda , composer, and Tomas Henriquez , author, Las Tentaciones de San Antonio (2012), opera, world premiere at the Centro Cultural GAM Santiago de Chile
  • The Mechanical Animal Corporation, Bristol (Dir. Tom Bailey), The Temptation of Saint Anthony (2013), drama (Religious visions, sermons, songs and divine madness ...) at the Bristol Old Vic, Theater Royal
  • James Syler (* 1961), composer, The Temptation of Saint Anthony (2014), Recent Work for Chorus and Winds
  • Leo Eylar , The Temptation of Saint Anthony, chamber concert

Film and video art

  • Georges Méliès (director, 1861–1938): La tentation de Saint Antoine (1898), silent film based on motifs by Gustave Flaubert.
  • NN: Le tentazioni di Sant'Antonio (1911), Italian silent film.
  • Albert Lewin (director, 1894–1968): The Private Affairs of Bel Ami (1946), film based on the novel by Guy de Maupassant (1850–1893), in which the picture The Temptations of Saint Anthony by Max Ernst (1891 –1976), who emerged as the winner of the Bel Ami competition .
  • Allan Friis (Swedish artist, born 1931): Sankt Antonius frestelser (1966, short film on youtube.com).
  • Elliot Anderson : The Temptation of Saint Anthony (1995/2000) , interactive video, sound and computer installation.
  • Rob Benn : The Temptation of Saint Anthony (2007).
  • Antoine Roegiers : La tentation de Saint Antoine (2008, excerpt , d'après le tableau “La tentation de Saint Antoine” by Jérôme Bosch 1505/1506. (Musique Antoine Marroncles) Vidéo Projection sur 3 écrans, DVD, 11'30).
  • Marina Mars : La tentation de st Antoine , (2009) Art contemporain et religion, installation interactive, création Marina Mars, présenté 2009 chez Artmandat à Barjols. matériaux multiples. Filmé by Jean-Marc Lamour.
  • Veiko Õunpuu (Estonian film director): Püha Tõnu kiusamine (2009); German award title: "The Temptation of St. Tony". Surrealist influenced film.
  • Carlos Franklin : La tentation de saint Antoine de Jérôme Bosch en VR (2016), film about the image of Hieronymus Bosch; Trailer at Les poissons volants.

Web links

Commons : The Temptations of Saint Anthony  - Collection of Images, Videos and Audio Files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wilhelm Busch: St. Anthony of Padua. Frankfurt am Main 1871. In: Rolf Hochhuth (ed.): Wilhelm Busch, Complete Works and a selection of the sketches and paintings in two volumes. Volume 2: What is popular is also allowed. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh 1959, pp. 32–90 (see pp. 91–97: The temptation of St. Antonius. A ballet ).