Erythrodiplax
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Erythrodiplax umbrata female |
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| Erythrodiplax | ||||||||||||
| Brewer , 1868 |
The dragonfly genus Erythrodiplax is one of the largest in the Neotropics . It is part of the family of the sail dragonflies . The range of the species extends in the north over the southern states of the USA and on the east coast even into southern Canada . In the south it extends to the south of Chile and Argentina .
features
Construction of the Imago
The adults of the Erythrodiplax are between 20 and 50 millimeters in size and compared to other dragonfly genera they are small to medium-sized animals. In many representatives, pronounced sexual dimorphisms can be observed in the coloration . However, it should be noted here that the appearance and in particular the colors change in some cases strongly with age and therefore other characteristics must be used for a determination.
The face of young animals is usually pale and later turns bright red, brown, blue or black. The same applies to the vertices . The covered with small black hairs frons is rounded and rather poorly developed. The broad wings are either transparent or have black, red, brown or orange patterns. In the forewing, the last ante-nodal vein is incomplete, with the exception of individual animals of the species Erythrodiplax tenuis . The wing mark ( pterostigma ) is elongated and towers over the two cells. The abdomen is colored on segments three to seven in the colored males, in the females it remains pale. Segments eight to ten, however, are black in both sexes.
The genitals of the animals are particularly suitable for differentiating between species. However, some of these are minimal deviations that are difficult or impossible to determine without technical help.
Construction of the larva
Little is known about the larvae and only 16 species have a description. With the exception of the prothorax, the larva has a hairless body. The head is longer than the thorax with four notches on the lower jaw. The molar tooth formula is (2-4), but always without molar dam. The third segment of the antennas is the longest. The paired side plates (ventrolateral plates) of the eleventh abdominal segment , the so-called paraproct , are smooth when viewed from the side.
Systematics
The genus Erythrodiplax belongs to the subfamily of the Sympetrinae . Some researchers believe that the genus is paraphyletic . However, this has not yet been investigated. Ris and Borror both suspected that erythrodiplax is related to the genera Erythemis and Micrathyria due to the similarity of the wing veins . In addition, based on the similarity of the vesica spermalis , they assumed a relation to Rhodopygia and Uracis . More recent studies by Garrison, von Ellenrieder and Louton, however, suggest a connection to Ypirangathemis rather than a connection to Rhodopygia .
In his book A Revision of the Libelluline Genus Erythrodiplax (Odonata) , which is still the standard work of the genus , Donald Joyce Borror divided the genus into twelve groups. In 1957, Borror added to another group that only contains the species Erythrodiplax transversa . The distinction is made mainly on the basis of the penis structure but also some other characteristics. In the following only clearly visible external features are discussed.
Castanea group
The first group, the so-called Castanea group, includes the two subspecies of Erythrodiplax amazonica and Erythrodiplax castanea . Representatives of this group occur in the northern part of South America, as well as southern Paraguay and Trinidad and Tobago . Within Brazil but also to the south of the country.
Representatives of this group are uniformly brownish to bluish black. Their wings are transparent or only slightly brownish in color. At the base of the hind wing there is a yellowish-brown spot that sometimes tends to black. The extent of the spot varies somewhat, but never exceeds the arculus . On the femora of the rearmost pair of legs there are eight to eleven spines that increase in length with increasing distance from the body.
Closest to this group are the Attenuata and Unimaculata groups
Attenuata group
The Attenuata group includes the species Erythrodiplax attenuata , Erythrodiplax solimaea and Erythrodiplax venusta , which are primarily distributed in the Amazon region .
While the species E. attenuata and E. venusta are yellowish or black, the individuals of the species E. solimaea are brownish. What they all have in common, however, is a striking pattern. In particular, the wing pattern in this group is very variable. It varies from a small point at the base to wing-filling brown or black bands. There are 15 to 20 small spines on the femur of the hind legs. Only the last sting, about three times the length of the penultimate, towers over all the others. The group is closest to the following two groups.
Longitudinalis group
The longitudinalis group includes the species Erythrodiplax anatoidea , Erythrodiplax angustipennis and Erythrodiplax longitudinalis , which are common in Venezuela and the Amazon region .
The animals of this group either have a white face like E. longitudinalis or, like the other two species, a bluish black face. The rest of the coloring is yellowish, brownish or bluish black. The pattern is less pronounced in this group than in the Attenuata group . The transparent or minimally brownish wings usually have only a very small or even missing spot on the wing base. Compared to the other groups, the base of the rear wing stands out. This is greatly narrowed, so that there are only one or two rows of cells between the anal loop and the anal edge of the wing.
Unimaculata group
The so-called unimaculata group consists of the ten following in the entire distribution of the genus species present: The two subtypes of berenice erythrodiplax and erythrodiplax corallina , erythrodiplax fervida , erythrodiplax kimminsi , erythrodiplax laurentia , erythrodiplax leticia , erythrodiplax lygaea , erythrodiplax ochracea , erythrodiplax parvimaculata and Erythrodiplax unimaculata . The Unimaculata group can be regarded as a type group of the genus, since it contains the generotype of the genus with E. corallina .
The ten predominantly strikingly patterned species range in color from a yellowish brown to a bluish black. Except for the females of E. berenice , some of which have grayish spots on the nodus , the wings are transparent or only slightly brownish. However, in all species of this group there is a small, yellowish or black spot at the base.
Famula group
The four species of the Famula group occurring in northern South America are Erythrodiplax famula , Erythrodiplax fulva , Erythrodiplax latimaculata and Erythrodiplax lativittata .
Like the species of the Unimaculata group , the representatives of this group are yellowish-brown to bluish-black in color. However, the basal wing spot is larger, especially in the hind wing. But it doesn't differ in color. The rest of the wings are colorless.
Umbrata and Funerea group
The sixth as well as the seventh group consist of only one species after which they are named. Erythrodiplax umbrata lends its name to group six and Erythrodiplax funerea to group seven.
While the distribution of Erythrodiplax funerea is limited to southwestern North America, Erythrodiplax umbrata occurs in the entire range of the genus.
Basalis group
One of the largest groups is the Basalis group with fifteen representatives . Its associated species erythrodiplax ana , erythrodiplax anda goya , erythrodiplax anomala , erythrodiplax avittata , erythrodiplax basalis , erythrodiplax branconensis , erythrodiplax chromoptera , erythrodiplax clitella , erythrodiplax gomesi , erythrodiplax hyalina , erythrodiplax luteofrons , erythrodiplax maculosa , erythrodiplax nivea , erythrodiplax pallida and erythrodiplax tenuis populate up on the North American parts the entire range of the genus. The dragonflies are either black with a slight shade of blue or brown and yellow. The wings have a spot at the base on which, except for Erythrodiplax chromoptera, does not extend beyond the wing triangle. Another characteristic of the group are the ten to fifteen spines located on the femur of the rear pair of legs.
Nigricans group
The species Erythrodiplax nigricans found in southern South America forms the ninth group named after it.
Connata group
The Connata group consists of thirteen species that can be found everywhere except in the northeastern part of the generic range. Besides erythrodiplax connata , erythrodiplax fusca and erythrodiplax minuscula today again regarded as distinct species after Borror she still classified as a subspecies, it also includes erythrodiplax abjecta , erythrodiplax atroterminata , erythrodiplax basifusca - the Borror as erythrodiplax abjecta filed - erythrodiplax cauca , erythrodiplax Cleopatra , Erythrodiplax ines , Erythrodiplax justiniana , Erythrodiplax media , Erythrodiplax melanorubra and Erythrodiplax paraguayensis .
The species of the Connata group are yellow-brown to dark brown, metallic blue or red in color and are very different in size. The wings are in this group except for a small yellow or black spot at the base of the wing. The tips of the wings are only slightly tinted in the species Erythrodiplax atroterminata . On the chest (thorax) there is usually a relatively broad, dark ante-humeral stripe . Ten to 15 spines sit on the femora of the rear pair of legs and become shorter towards the body.
Juliana, Acantha and Transversa groups
The last three groups consist only of individual species after which they are named. These are Erythrodiplax juliana , Erythrodiplax acantha, and Erythrodiplax transversa . The distribution area of Erythrodiplax acantha is primarily in southern Brazil in the area around São Paulo .
Remaining species
The remaining three species, such as Erythrodiplax bromeliicola and Erythrodiplax laselva, were only described later or were overlooked by Borror, such as the species Erythrodiplax diversa , which was described in 1916 and then classified as Nadiplax . The latter species is believed to be synonymous with another species.
Genus origin
The genus was established in 1868 by Brauer based on the specimen of an Erythrodiplax corallina described by Rambur in 1842 , which was previously known as Libellula (Diplax) plebeia . At that time he added nine other species to the genus.
literature
- Donald Joyce Borror : A Revision of the Libelluline Genus Erythrodiplax (Odonata) .
- Elsie Broughton Klots : Insects of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands . Volume XIV, Part 1 "Odonata or Dragonflies", New York Academy of Sciences, 1932.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c d Garrison, von Ellenrieder , Louton: Dragonfly Genera of the New World . [S. 280f], The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006, ISBN 0801884462
- ↑ James George Needham , Minter Jackson Westfall , Jr. - A Manual of the Dragonflies of North America (Anisoptera) [p. 518ff], University of California Press, Berkley and Los Angeles., 1955
- ↑ Muzón and Garré: Description of the last instar of Erythrodiplax paraguayensis (Aniosoptera: Libellulidae) . In: Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent. . 64, 2005, pp. 85-91.
- ↑ Angelo BM Machado: Erythrodiplax Leticia , sp. n. de libélula do nordeste brasileiro (Odonata, Libellulidae) , Rev. Bras. Zool. vol. 12 no.4 Curitiba 1995
- ^ A b Donald Joyce Borror: New Erythrodiplax from Venezuela (Odonata: Libellulidae). . In: Acta Biologica Venezuelica . 2, No. 5, July 30, 1957, pp. 31-42.
- ↑ RHAINER GUILLERMO-FERREIRA, DIOGO S. VILELA, KLEBER DEL-CLARO, PITÁGORAS C. BISPO: Erythrodiplax ana sp. nov. (Odonata: Libellulidae) from Brazilian palm swamps . In: Zootaxa . 4158, No. 2, 2016. doi : 10.11646 / zootaxa.4158.2.10 .
- ^ Newton Dias Dos Santos: Contribuição ao conhecimento da fauna de Pirassununga, Estado de S. Paulo. III: Descrição de "Erythrodiplax gomesi" N. SP. (Odonata: Libellulidae) . In: Rev. Brasil. Biol . 6, No. 1, August 1946, pp. 33-37.
- ^ Newton Dias Dos Santos: Erythrodiplax luteofrons N. SP. (Odonata: Libellulidae) . In: Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (Zoologia) . 141, September 1956, pp. 1-6.
- ^ A b Donald Joyce Borror - A Revision of the Libelluline Genus Erythrodiplax (Odonata) [p. 198ff], The Ohio State University, Columbus, 1942
- ↑ James George Needham , Minter Jackson Westfall , Michael L. May : Dragonflies of North America 2000
- ^ Martin Schorr, Dennis Paulson: World List of Odonata - Libellulidae. In: World List of Odonata (2015). Retrieved May 3, 2015 .
- ^ Charles W. Heckman: Encyclopedia of South American Aquatic Insects: Odonata? Anisoptera . Springer Netherlands, 2006, ISBN 978-1-4020-4802-9 .
- ^ Henrik Steinmann - World Catalog of Odonata (Volume II Anisoptera) [p. 446], de Gruyter, 1997, ISBN 3-110-14934-6