Trinidad and Tobago

Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
flag coat of arms
Motto : "Together we aspire, together we achieve" Together we strive, together we blossom.
Official language	English
Capital	Port of Spain
Form of government	parliamentary republic
Government system	parliamentary democracy
Head of state	President Paula Mae Weekes
Head of government	Prime Minister Keith Rowley
surface	5,128 km²
population	1,218,208 (2017)
Population density	259 inhabitants per km²
Population development	▼ −0.2% (2017) per year
gross domestic product Nominal Total ( PPP ) GDP / inh. (nominal) GDP / inh. (KKP)	2016 $ 20.96 billion ( 108. ) $ 43.55 billion ( 108. ) 15,342 USD ( 51. ) 31,870 USD ( 42. )
Human Development Index	▲ 0.780 ( 65th ) (2016)
currency	Trinidad and Tobago Dollars (TTD)
independence	August 31, 1962 (from the UK )
National anthem	Forged From The Love of Liberty
Time zone	UTC − 4
License Plate	TT
ISO 3166	TT , TTO, 780
Internet TLD	.tt
Telephone code	+1 (868) (see NANP )

Port of Spain Chaguanas San Fernando Arima Point Fortin Scarborough Cerro del Aripo VENEZUELA VENEZUELA ATLANTIC GULF OF PARIA CARIBBEAN SEA Trinidad Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago ( German [ ˈtrɪnidatˀʊnt toˈbaːgo ], English [ ˈtɹɪnɪdædəntəˈbeɪgoʊ ]) is a Caribbean island state that includes the islands of Trinidad and Tobago . The islands are the southernmost of the Lesser Antilles and are located off the coast of Venezuela . Trinidad and Tobago is 5,128 km² and has a population of over 1.3 million.

etymology

The naming of Trinidad was made by Christopher Columbus during his third journey in 1498. Columbus named the island after the Trinity , a term from Christian theology. The origin of the name Tobago has not been clarified beyond doubt; the most likely is a derivation from the Spanish word for tobacco , tabaco , which, according to prevailing opinion, is derived from the Taíno designation for the tobacco plant.

Geography and meteorology

geography

In contrast to most of the other islands in the region, Trinidad and Tobago are not of volcanic origin, but were once part of mainland South America. The 4,825 km² main island of Trinidad , located on the South American continental shelf , is separated from this by the Gulf of Paria , which is connected to the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean via two straits, the Bocas del Dragón and the Boca del Serpiente . Tobago is northeast of Trinidad and, according to the IHO definition, lies on the border between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic.

Trinidad is traversed by three low mountain ranges. The Northern Range runs in a west-east direction along the north coast and is home to the two highest peaks in the country, the Cerro del Aripo (941 m) and El Tucuche (936 m). The Central Range is significantly lower with a maximum height of 325 m and runs from southwest to northeast diagonally through the middle of the island. The Southern Range runs along the south coast and reaches a maximum of 305 m. Also Tobago (303 square kilometers) is drawn through a mountain and heavily wooded.

Trinidad has numerous rivers, many of which arise on the southern slopes of the Northern Range and turn west or east in the lowlands to the south. In particular, the Caroni Plain , a large landscape between the Northern Range and Central Range, is very fertile as a result. The longest of these rivers are the 42 km long Ortoire River , which drains east into the Atlantic, and the 40 km long Caroni River , which flows west over the Caroni Swamp into the Gulf of Paria.

The largest cities are (2011 census) Chaguanas (83,516 inhabitants), San Fernando (48,838 inhabitants), San Juan (45,146 inhabitants), Port of Spain (37,074 inhabitants) and Arima (33,606 inhabitants).

See also : List of cities in Trinidad and Tobago

climate

The climate is tropical ; There is a savannah forest in the mountains in the south of Trinidad . The rainy season lasts from June to December, with annual precipitation reaching 2,000 mm. The average temperature during the day is around 30 ° C, at night it drops to around 20 ° C. In contrast to most of the islands in the Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago are located south of the hurricane zone.

Climate chart for Trinidad (Port of Spain) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Temperature ( ° C ) 32 31 32 32 31 31 31 32 31 31 30th 28 O 31 Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 8th 8th 8th 8th 6th 7th 7th 7th 6th 6th 6th 7th O 7th Rainy days ( d ) 8th 2 8th 9 19th 23 17th 16 13 17th 16 10 Σ 158 Water temperature (° C) 26th 26th 27 27 27 28 28 29 29 27 27 27 O 27.3 Source: Iten-Online.ch

Flora and fauna

Trinidad and Tobago are located in a biodiversity hotspot. The location of the islands near the South American continent and the variety of habitats resulted in a very diverse biota . Ecologists counted 97 native mammals, 400 birds, 55 reptiles, 25 amphibians and 617 butterfly species, as well as over 2,200 species of vascular plants . Hardly any other area of ​​West India and only a few areas of South America show this diversity. The up to 1000  m high mountain ranges are covered with tropical rainforest . Endemic animal species in Trinidad include the Trinidad Guan , the Oropuche Guppy and the Golden Tree Frog (Phyllodytes auratus).

natural reserve

The Ministry of Planning and Development is responsible for environmental protection. It is therefore also responsible for the implementation of the Biodiversity Convention and the conservation of the country's biological resources. The Ministry are u. a. a department for forest and forest science, reports to the environmental management authority and the agency for green spaces. The Department of Tourism is the regulator for the Emperor Valley Zoo .

National parks

The National Park Department of the Ministry of the Environment oversees a number of different protected areas with different protection status and goals (marine reserve, national park, protected sites). The only national park on the islands is the Maracas Beach. The agency has stations in the following areas:

• San Fernando Hill National Landmark
• Caura Recreation Site
• Quinam Recreation Site
• Cleaver Woods Recreation Park
• Aripo Savannah Scientific Reserve

population

Population pyramid Trinidad and Tobago 2017

The original Indian population ( Arawak ) became extinct at the end of the 18th century. Today indigenous people make up only 0.11% of the population. As everywhere in the Caribbean, where plantation economy was practiced, this was based on the brutal exploitation of slaves. With the abolition of slavery in the British colonies in 1834, the slaves were replaced by contract workers, mostly from British India. The working and living conditions of these contract workers differed only slightly from those of slavery.

The inhabitants are, depending on which island they feel they belong to, known as Trinidadians ("Trinidadians") and Tobagoers ("Tobagonians").

According to the 2011 census, around 34.2% of the population consider themselves to be descendants of slaves who were abducted from Africa in earlier centuries , around 35.4% locate their ancestors on the Indian subcontinent and around 22.8% see themselves as “mixed” ethnicity; Slightly more than 1.4% gave other information, of which 0.6% are white (“Caucasian”), 0.3% Chinese and 0.1 percent each of Portuguese , Syrian - Lebanese and indigenous origins.

Around 55% of the population profess Christianity , of which 21.6% follow the Catholic faith and the rest are divided among eight different Christian faiths. 18.2% of the population are Hindus and 5% are considered Muslim . 13.3% of the population cannot be assigned to any religion, and the rest of 8.5% are distributed among various smaller religious communities.

English, spoken by over 95% of the population, is the most widely spoken language. Spanish is also widespread (mostly as a second language) due to its proximity to Venezuela. Small language islands of Arawak and Kreol dialects have survived in rural areas .

In the period from 2010 to 2015, life expectancy was 70.2 years (men: 66.9 years, women: 73.8 years). The birth rate per woman was 1.7 children per woman in 2016. For every 1,000 inhabitants there were 13.1 births and 8.7 deaths. The high emigration rate resulted in the population shrinking by 0.17 percent in 2016.

The population of Trinidad is mostly concentrated in the western part of the island, while the eastern and northern parts of the island are very rural. Over time, Port of Spain has grown together with the suburbs further to the east and forms the East-West Corridor , in which more than 500,000 people live, which makes up almost half of the population. The agglomeration south of the Northern Range makes up the economic center of the island.

In 2017, 3.7% of the population were migrants. Most of the migrants come from other Caribbean islands.

history

Both Trinidad and Tobago were originally inhabited by Indians of South American origin. The first colonization of Trinidad by hunters and gatherers took place at least 7,000 years ago. It is therefore the earliest inhabited island in the Caribbean. As the first ceramic culture, the saladoids colonized around 250 BC. Chr. Trinidad and Tobago. They had stretched a trade network over the entire Antilles to Hispaniola , which also included northern South America. The saladoids also brought agriculture to the islands. Traces of the saladoids can be found in Blanchisseuse , among other things . At the time of first contact with Europeans, there were Arawak- speaking tribes in Trinidad such as Nepoya and Suppoyo , who displaced the Saladoids from the islands of the Caribbean in the 7th to 9th centuries AD, as well as Caribbean groups that emerged from 1200 AD appeared in the Antilles. Tobago, on the other hand, was inhabited by the island Caribs and Galibi .

Christopher Columbus reached the island of Trinidad on July 31, 1498. Because of its three prominent mountain peaks, he named it after the Trinity . But it was not until 1592 that Spanish settlers settled on the island. The main industries were the cultivation of cocoa and tobacco . In 1797 the British took control of Trinidad.

The name of the island of Tobago is derived from the word tobacco . It was also discovered by Columbus. In the 17th century the French , British , Dutch and Kurlanders fought over control of the island. During this time Tobago changed hands 31 times. In 1704 it was declared a neutral territory. In 1797 the British occupied Trinidad and secured their possession through the Peace of Amiens . In the Treaty of Paris in 1814, Tobago also became the property of Great Britain . In 1888 the administration of Tobago was subordinated to that of Trinidad.

The British Governor's Palace in Trinidad (1893)

The island nation used to be a center of slavery . The past is still reflected in the names of the inhabitants today. Many now have the English first names with which their ancestors were called as family names. Examples of this are the international soccer players Stern John and Kelvin Jack .

During World War II , Trinidad was the largest allied military base in the Caribbean, as it played an essential role in anti-submarine combat in the Atlantic and Caribbean. During this time the foundations for today's infrastructure and industry on the island were created.

Even before independence, under British administration, the active and passive right to vote for women was introduced in 1946 .

In 1958 Trinidad and Tobago became independent from Great Britain as part of the West Indian Federation , the capital of which was Port of Spain. But the federation broke up in 1962; on August 31, Trinidad and Tobago finally gained independence. The women's suffrage was confirmed at independence 1962nd Initially, the country was a monarchy under Elizabeth II , and since 1976 it has been a republic under the Commonwealth of Nations .

In 1990 114 members of Jamaat al Muslims , a Muslim rebel group led by Yasin Abu Bakr (actually Lennox Phillip ), stormed the parliament building "Red House" and the only television station in Trinidad and Tobago at the time. They held officers hostage there for six days before giving up.

The national holiday is August 31st. Due to the surrender treaty between Spain and Great Britain of February 18, 1797, Corpus Christi remained a public holiday even under British rule and is still today.

Trinidad and Tobago is one of the countries in the Commonwealth that continues to impose the death penalty for certain crimes . Until 2011, it was the only intended punishment for murder. Capital punishment was after a ruling by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London has been put into operation, suspended since the committee for a prison term of over five years of the death penalty as "cruel" (English. Cruel and unusual punishment was considered) . Following this judgment, the defense lawyers succeeded in extending the length of the appeal proceedings until a final judgment was reached beyond this fixed five-year period, so that no death sentence has been carried out since 1999.

politics

Population in thousands

Trinidad and Tobago is a parliamentary republic , the president is elected indirectly for a period of five years by an electoral college (representatives of both chambers). The parliament consists of a House of Representatives with 41 elected members and a Senate of 31 members appointed by the President. Of these, the Prime Minister proposes 16 members, 9 the opposition leaders. The republic is a unitary state , but Tobago has its own parliament and limited autonomy.

The main parties are the United National Congress , UNC , the Party of Indian Immigrants, and the People's National Movement (PNM) , which mainly relies on the population of African origin. In the 2015 election to the House of Representatives in September 2015, the PNM triumphed over the previously ruling electoral alliance of UNC, COP and TOP.

In the 2019 Democracy Index, Trinidad and Tobago ranks 44th out of 167 countries, making the country an “incomplete democracy”.

In the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) of Transparency International , the country was ranked 101st out of 176 countries (as of 2016), along with Peru , the Philippines , Gabon , Niger , Thailand and East Timor .

Human rights

There have been repeated reports of police killings, confirmed by Amnesty International, where the circumstances indicate unlawful killings.

Crime and drug trafficking

Trinidad and Tobago has a relatively high homicide rate, much of which is due to drug and gang crime. In the past few years there were mostly more than 400 murder victims out of a total population of around 1.3 million. Trinidad and Tobago is considered a hub for drugs, especially cocaine, which are transported from the nearby South American continent, mainly to North America. The geographical location of the two islands of Trinidad and Tobago, coastal stretches that are difficult to guard and a high level of corruption combined with a certain inability or unwillingness of state authorities to combat drug trafficking make Trinidad and Tobago an "ideal" transshipment point for drugs. In December 2013, cocaine worth around 100 million US dollars was seized in the US state of Virginia. The drugs were disguised as canned fruit juice from a Trinidadian company and transported in a shipping container from Trinidad to Virginia.

Administrative division

The capital Port of Spain

Administrative division

Trinidad and Tobago is divided into nine regions, three boroughs, two cities and a ward.

Regions	Area (km²)	Residents	Capital
Couva-Tabaquite-Talparo	719.64	162,779	Couva
Diego Martin	127.53	102,957	Petit Valley
Mayaro-Rio Claro	852.81	35,650	Rio Claro
Penal Debe	246.91	89,392	Penal
Princes Town	621.35	102,375	Princes Town
San Juan Laventille	220.39	157.295	San Juan
Sangre Grande	898.94	75,766	Sangre Grande
Siparia	510.48	86,949	Siparia
Tunapuna-Piarco	527.23	215.119	Tunapuna
Boroughs
Arima	11.15	33,606	Arima
Chaguanas	59.65	83,516	Chaguanas
Point Fortin	23.88	20,235	Point Fortin
Cities
Port of Spain	13.45	37,074	Port of Spain
San Fernando	18.64	48,838	San Fernando
Ward
Tobago	303.00	60,874	Scarborough
total	5,155.05	1,328,019	Port of Spain

Map of the old counties of Trinidad

Until 1990, Trinidad and Tobago were divided into eight counties , which in turn were divided into wards . Tobago was a ward of Saint David County.

• Caroni
• Mayaro
• Nariva
• Saint Andrew
• Saint David
• Saint George
• Saint Patrick
• Victoria

Police and military

→ Main articles : Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force  and Trinidad and Tobago Police Service

The Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (TTDF) consists of the forces of the Trinidad and Tobago Regiment (infantry), Coast Guard, Air Guard (Luftwaffe) and the reserve. The regiment consists of around 2,800 men and women, the TTDF a total of around 4,000.

Introduced in 1962 after the country gained independence, it is the largest military unit in the English-speaking Caribbean. The TTDF is subordinate to the Ministry of National Security. The Commander in Chief is the President, currently President Paula Mae Weekes . Brigadier General Kenrick Maharaj is Chief of Defense.

economy

General

Oil refinery in Pointe-à-Pierre

Originally, sugar cane and other plantation crops were grown in Trinidad for export. Today there is still sugar and cocoa cultivation. In recent times more and more agricultural products have been grown for personal use. Forestry is limited to the extraction of teak and some other tropical woods. The few remaining tropical rainforests are spared. Before the invention of synthetic asphalt, Trinidad and Tobago met with Venezuela a great need for asphalt . The asphalt was quarried in La Brea Pitch Lake .

The extraction of oil was important for the development of the island. This gave rise to an entire industry (liquefaction of natural gas, among others), which contributed 45 percent to the gross domestic product in 2014 . Trinidad is the most industrialized island in the Caribbean. In addition to the petrochemical industry, there are many companies in the food and light industry for local needs and for supplying the neighboring islands. The industry is partly state-owned, but mostly private. Many state-owned companies have been privatized in recent years.

The country has one of the highest per capita incomes (15,342 US dollars in 2016) on the entire American continent. However, the drop in the price of oil caused an economic crisis from 2015.

Trinidad and Tobago is a member of the International Cocoa Organization .

In the Global Competitiveness Index , which measures a country's competitiveness, Trinidad and Tobago ranks 83rd out of 137 countries (as of 2017-2018). In 2017, the country ranks 87th out of 180 countries in the index for economic freedom .

Key figures

All GDP values ​​are given in US dollars ( purchasing power parity ).

year	1980	1985	1990	1995	2000	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
GDP (purchasing power parity)	7.27 billion	8.25 billion	8.59 billion	11.75 billion	18.37 billion	30.44 billion	35.51 billion	38.19 billion	40.26 billion	38.79 billion	40.57 billion	41.28 billion	42.59 billion	43.70 billion	44.37 billion	45.53 billion	43.37 billion	43.01 billion
GDP per capita (purchasing power parity)	6,694	7,042	7,029	9,358	14,483	23,467	27,253	29,171	30,609	29,348	30,544	30,927	31,742	32,410	32,757	33,476	31,770	31,367
GDP growth (real)	10.4%	−4.1%	1.5%	3.8%	6.9%	6.2%	13.2%	4.8%	3.4%	−4.4%	3.3%	−0.3%	1.3%	1.0%	−0.3%	1.5%	−6.0%	−2.6%
Inflation (in percent)	17.5%	7.6%	11.1%	5.3%	3.5%	6.9%	8.3%	7.9%	12.0%	7.0%	10.5%	5.1%	9.3%	5.2%	5.7%	4.7%	3.1%	1.9%
Public debt (as a percentage of GDP)	...	...	...	52%	41%	20%	17%	17%	14%	18%	21%	29%	25%	25%	25%	28%	38%	41%

labour market

The unemployment rate was 4.5% in 2017, underemployed people are not included. In 2016, 3.1% of the total workforce worked in agriculture, 11.5% in industry and 85.4% in the service sector. The total number of employees is estimated at 629,000 for 2017; 42% of them are women.

Services

The service sector is characterized by financial service providers such as banks, insurance companies and many wholesalers and retailers. There is a national airline, Caribbean Airlines , and two commercial airports, Piarco Airport on Trinidad near Port of Spain and Crown Point Airport on Tobago. There is a strong international tourism in Tobago.

media

There is freedom of the press in the country .

There are three independent daily newspapers:

• Newsday (circulation approx. 71,000)
• Express (circulation approx. 88,000)
• Guardian (circulation approx. 56,000)

Radio stations:
There are numerous radio stations in Trinidad and Tobago. Three of these are operated by the state-owned Caribbean New Media Group (CNMG).

frequency	station	owner	Url
90.1	WACK radio	KMP Music Group Ltd.	link
90.5	Radio 90.5	CL Communications Group	link
91.1	Talk City 91.1	Caribbean New Media Group	link
91.9	The Street 91.9 FM		link
92.3	Caribbean Super Station	One Caribbean Media	link
92.7	Radio Tambrin	Kaisoca Productions Ltd.	link
93.0	Hott 93	One Caribbean Media	link
94.1	Boom Champions 94.1	Gillette Group	link
94.7	Star 94.7 HD	Trinidad and Tobago Radio Network	link
95.1	95.1 The Best Mix	Trinidad Broadcasting Company	link
95.5	I95.5FM	One Caribbean Media	link
96.1	WEFM	Trinidad and Tobago Radio Network	link
96.7	Red 96.7 FM	One Caribbean Media	link
97.1	Music Radio 97	Telemedia Ltd.	link
97.5	U97.5 Hot Like Pepper	Upward Trend Entertainment Ltd.	link
98.1	ISAAC 98.1	Family-Focus Broadcasting Network	link
99.5	Sky 99.5fm	Guardian Media Ltd.	link
98.7	BBC Relay	BBC	link
99.1	Next FM	Caribbean New Media Group	link
100.1	Sweet FM	Caribbean New Media Group	link
100.5	Slam 100.5	Guardian Media Ltd.	link
101.1	WIN radio 101.1	Win Communication Network	link
101.7	Heritage radio	Hans Hanoomansingh	link
102.1	Power 102.1fm	Gilette Group	link
102.7	Radio Jaagriti 102.7 FM	Central Broadcasting Services Ltd.	link
103.1	103FM		link
103.5	Heartbeat 103.5FM radio		link
104.1	Ebony 104.1FM		link
104.7	More FM		link
105.1	The Vibe CT 105.1 FM	Trinidad Broadcasting Company	link
106.1	Sangeet 106 FM	Trinidad Broadcasting Company	link
106.5	Aakash Vani 106.5FM	Trinidad Broadcasting Company	link
107.1	The Word 107.1 FM	One Caribbean Media	link
107.7	107.7 FM Music for Life	Trinidad and Tobago Radio Network	link

Watch TV:

• TV 6 (private)
• CNN 3 (private)
• TIC
• Gayelle TV (private)
• CNC 3 (private)
• NCC (state)
• PARL (state)
• CNMG (state)
• WIN TV (private)
• IBN (private)
• IETV (private)
• Synergy (private)

In 2016, 69.1% of the population used the internet.

State budget

The state budget in 2016 comprised expenditure of the equivalent of 9.3 billion US dollars , which was offset by income of the equivalent of 7.3 billion US dollars. This results in a budget deficit of 9.7% of GDP . The national debt in 2016 was $ 12.8 billion, or 61.0% of GDP.

In 2006, the share of government expenditure (as a percentage of GDP) was as follows:

• Health : 4.4%
• Education : 4.2% (2002)
• Military : 0.3%

Culture

The National Museum

The steel pan is the national musical instrument of Trinidad and Tobago and is made from a round metal resonance body. The instrument was invented in the 1930s. The British colonial rulers banned the locals from drumming on African percussion instruments. Therefore the lower class of Trinidad was looking for new ways of musical expression. The first steel pans were made from discarded oil drums, which were in abundance in Trinidad due to the oil industry. The Steel Pan gained international attention when TASPO (Trinidad All Steel Percussion Orchestra) was invited to England in 1951 to present this new musical instrument at the Festival of Britain . The steel pan is one of the few acoustic musical instruments invented during the 20th century and has enjoyed great popularity, particularly in North America and Europe, since its inception. The u. a. Calypso played on steel pans and the resulting music styles soca , rapso and chutney also have their home in Trinidad and Tobago. In addition to native styles of music, R&B with American influences is very popular. Anti-Everything , Trinidad's only punk band , leads a niche existence.

Trinidad is known for its carnival , one of the largest in the world.

Well-known writers from Trinidad and Tobago are the Nobel laureate VS Naipaul , CLR James , Michael Anthony and Anthony de Verteuil .

The Trinidadian cuisine is shaped by the diversity of its external influences.

Sports

Fans from Trinidad and Tobago with Swedish fans during the Soccer World Cup 2006 in Dortmund

The national sport on the two islands is cricket . The players from Trinidad and Tobago play on the West Indies cricket team . In March and April 2007, a cricket world championship took place in the Caribbean for the first time . Some of the preliminary round matches were played at Queen's Park Oval in Port of Spain.

The national soccer team of Trinidad and Tobago (also called Soca Warriors ) qualified for a soccer world championship for the first time in 2005 and took part in the 2006 finals in Germany . The team under coach Leo Beenhakker was eliminated in the preliminary round, but exceeded many expectations. Until Iceland qualified for the 2018 World Cup, Trinidad and Tobago was the smallest country in terms of population to have participated in a World Cup. The football player Dwight Yorke comes from Tobago , who played for Manchester United and made 72 appearances for the national team. The 2010 Women's U-17 World Cup took place in Trinidad and Tobago .

The country's most famous athlete is the athlete Hasely Crawford , who won a gold medal in the 100-meter run at the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal . Keshorn Walcott was surprisingly Olympic champion in the javelin throw in London 2012, he achieved the width of 84.58 meters. Also Ato Boldon won several medals at 1996 Olympics and 2000 and 1997 world champion over 200 meters . Darrel Brown won several silver medals in the 100 meter world championships and in the 4 x 100 meter relay . The second Olympic medal at the 2012 London Games was won in the 4-by-100-meter relay after the disqualification of Canada and behind the teams of USA and Jamaica (world record). The first medalist in the field of athletics at the Olympic Games was Edwin Roberts , in 1964 with bronze over 200 meters. Rodney Wilkes won weightlifting medals at the 1948 and 1952 Olympics . Also popular are cricketer Brian Lara and track cyclist Roger Gibbon , who was the first cyclist in the country to win a medal at world cycling championships . George Bovell became the first Caribbean swimmer to win an Olympic bronze medal in 2004.

The largest stadiums in the country are Hasely Crawford Stadium for 27,000 and Queen's Park Oval for 25,000, both in Port of Spain. Dwight Yorke Stadium is located on Tobago . Trinidad also has three cycle tracks .

The list of Olympic medalists from Trinidad and Tobago shows that the two islands are home to excellent sprinters.

literature

• Christian Cwik, Verena Muth: Trinidad and Tobago. In: Wolfgang Gieler , Markus Porsche-Ludwig (Hrsg.): State dictionary America: Geography, history, culture, politics and economy. Peter Lang, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-631-77017-7 , pp. 417-428.
• The Central Statistical Office (Ed.): Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report . Port of Spain November 30, 2012 (English, online [PDF; 27.4 MB ]).

Web links

Wiktionary: Trinidad and Tobago  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Commons : Trinidad and Tobago  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Wikimedia Atlas: Trinidad and Tobago  - geographical and historical maps

Wikivoyage: Trinidad and Tobago  Travel Guide

State Pages

• Official website of the government (English)
• Official tourism website
• Official website of Parliament
• National Library and Information System Authority National Library

Other

• Database of literature on the social, political and economic situation in Trinidad and Tobago
• Timeline: Trinidad and Tobago - important dates from the history of Trinidad and Tobago on a BBC website
• The Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago (English)
• Country information from the Federal Foreign Office on Trinidad and Tobago
• CIA dossier on the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} CIA.gov: The World Factbook - Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved May 24, 2018 . 
2. ↑ imf.org: World Economic Outlook Database. Retrieved April 15, 2019 . 
3. ↑ hdr.undp.org United Nations Development Program ( UNDP ),
4. ↑ Michael Anthony: Historical Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago . Scarecrow Press, London 1997, ISBN 0-8108-3173-2 , pp. 571 .
5. ↑ International Hydrographic Organization (Ed.): Limits of Oceans and Seas . 3. Edition. IHO, Monte Carlo 1953, p. 15 ( iho.int [PDF]).
6. ↑ About The Asa Wright Nature Center. Asa Wright Nature Center, accessed August 3, 2013 .  
7. ↑ Elizabeth Abbott: Sugar. A bittersweet history . London and New York 2010, p. 313ff.
8. ↑ Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report . 2012, p.  15 .
9. ↑ Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report . 2012, p.  6 .
10. ↑ Hawaii.edu: Trinidad French Creole. Retrieved September 22, 2016 . 
11. ↑ World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations. Retrieved July 21, 2017 . 
12. ^ The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved August 5, 2017 . 
13. ↑ Migration Report 2017. (PDF) UN, accessed on September 30, 2018 (English). 
14. ↑ Origins and Destinations of the World's Migrants, 1990-2017 . In: Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project . February 28, 2018 ( pewglobal.org [accessed September 30, 2018]).
15. ^ Prehistory of the Caribbean Culture Area . Southeast Archaeological Center, National Park Service, accessed December 25, 2014.
16. ^ Basil Reid: Tracing Our Amerindian Heritage . In: The Pelican, accessed December 25, 2014.
17. ↑ ^{a b} - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. Accessed October 7, 2018 (English). 
18. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 383.
19. ^ Anthony de Verteuil: Seven slaves and slavery. Trinidad 1777-1838 . San Juan 1992, ISBN 976-8012-89-7 , p. 197.
20. ^ ^{A b} David Greenberg, Biko Agozino: Executions, Imprisonment an Crime in Trinidad and Tobago . In: The British Journal of Criminology . tape 52 , no. 1 , 2012, ISSN  0007-0955 , p. 113-140 (115) .
21. ↑ Democracy-Index 2019 Overview chart with comparative values ​​to previous years , on economist.com
22. ↑ Transparency International e. V .: Corruption Perceptions Index 2016 . In: www.transparency.org . 2016 ( transparency.org [accessed February 7, 2018]).
23. ↑ amnesty.de
24. ↑ ttcrime.com
25. ↑ drogenmachtweltschmerz.de
26. ↑ caribean.de
27. ↑ Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report . 2012, p.  44 .
28. ^ Ministry of Energy and Energy Industries: Oil and Gas Industry Overview. Retrieved January 9, 2016 . 
29. ↑ World Economic Outlook Database April 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017 (American English). 
30. ↑ At a Glance: Global Competitiveness Index 2017–2018 Rankings . In: Global Competitiveness Index 2017-2018 . ( weforum.org [accessed December 6, 2017]).
31. ↑ Country Rankings: World & Global Economy Rankings on Economic Freedom. Retrieved December 19, 2017 . 
32. ^ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. Retrieved September 7, 2018 (American English). 
33. ^ The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed August 6, 2018 . 
34. ↑ Internet Users by Country (2016) - Internet Live Stats. Retrieved July 18, 2017 . 
35. ↑ ^{a b c} The World Factbook
36. ^ Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. Retrieved July 21, 2017 (American English). 
37. ^ The Fischer World Almanac 2010: Figures Data Facts, Fischer, Frankfurt, September 8, 2009, ISBN 978-3-596-72910-4
38. ↑ TheGuardian.com: Trinidad carnival - the Caribbean's biggest party. Accessed February 1, 2020 . 
39. ↑ worldstadiums.com
40. ↑ Velodromeshop.net: Track Cycling in Trinidad and Tobago. Retrieved January 11, 2016 . 

Coordinates: 11 °  N , 61 °  W