Felix von Luschan

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Felix von Luschan, 1907.

Felix Ritter von Luschan , according to the Nobility Repeal Act of 1919 Felix Luschan (born August 11, 1854 in Hollabrunn , Austrian Empire , † February 7, 1924 in Berlin ) was an Austrian doctor , anthropologist , explorer , archaeologist and ethnographer .

Life

Origin and youth

Felix von Luschan was born on August 11, 1854 in Oberhollabrunn (since 1928 Hollabrunn) as the first child of his parents near Vienna . His father, Maximilian Ritter von Luschan (1821-1883), was court and court attorney and son of the higher regional judge Lucas von Luschan, who was raised to the nobility on November 21, 1855 as a knight of the Order of the Iron Crown. His family name refers to the place Lužan in Bosnia , where the family had lived until the battle on the Amselfeld (1389) before they moved to Ljubljana .

On September 18, 1853 the father Maximilian had the mother, Christine von Luschan, born in Brazil , née. Hocheder (1833–1879), married, whose family came from the Zillertal in Tyrol . Her father, the geologist Johann Carl Hocheder , had learned from his father how to develop new methods for the preparation and extraction of gold-bearing rocks after his initial activity as a gold panner, married Leokardia Alberti, the daughter of the advisor of the kk Haller Berg- und Salinenwerke, whose director he was had risen in the meantime, and had shuttled back and forth with the family between Brazil, where he worked for an English mining company operating there gold mines, and Vienna, until the family settled in Vienna in 1841, where he had been employed as ministerial secretary.

Felix von Luschan's parents had moved from Vienna in 1854 to Hollabrunn, which was elevated to the center of the western Weinviertel in 1850 . His brother Max was born there in 1855, and in 1858 - the family was now back in Vienna - his brother Oscar.

In Vienna, the family maintained close contact with that of his later wife, who was ten years his junior. Her father, the geologist Ferdinand von Hochstetter , was a founding member of the Anthropological Society in Vienna and a pioneer of New Zealand research. In this environment, the young Felix von Luschan came into contact with European scholars at an early age.

The early death of his mother in July 1879 made him "homeless and homeless" by his own admission. He no longer wanted to stay permanently in his parents' house in Vienna.

Studies, professional career and starting a family

After graduating from the Academic Gymnasium in Vienna in 1871, Felix von Luschan studied medicine at the University of Vienna from 1871 . In 1873 he held the post of accountant for the Vienna Anthropological Society for the first time and prepared collections for the World Exhibition in Vienna . In 1874 he acted as a demonstrator at the Vienna Chair for Physiology and became curator of the collections of the Vienna Anthropological Society. In 1876 he took part in the 8th International Congress for Anthropology and Prehistory in Budapest , where he was able to meet experts in the field such as Rudolf Virchow or Paul Broca . In 1878 he received his doctorate in medicine in Vienna and in the summer semester of 1878 studied with Paul Broca in Paris at the Ècole d'Anthropologie. He worked on setting up the Austria-Hungary anthropological exhibition for the World Exhibition in Paris and was the official representative of Austria at the anthropological congress that took place at the same time.

In the same year and until 1879, he moved in as a military surgeon for the occupation of Bosnia by Austria , where he also carried out archaeological and ethnographic studies such as excavations and body measurements in both years .

After his discharge from military service, he devoted himself to archaeological and ethnological studies in the Balkans , was then appointed as a secondary doctor at the General Hospital in Vienna from 1880 to 1882, where he was first employed in surgery and later in psychiatry , but left already in 1880 on trips and excavations in Dalmatia and Montenegro and took part in the first and 1882 in the second Austrian expedition to Lycia and Caria under the direction of the archaeologist Otto Benndorf .

In between, he completed his habilitation in anthropology and physical ethnography at the University of Vienna in 1882. In 1882 he also took part in the " Pamphylian Expedition" under Karl Count Lanckoroński . In 1883 he took part in a scientific trip to the Kommagene to Nemrud Dağ under Carl Humann and on behalf of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences with a first exploration of Zincirli and another trip to Caria, Lycia, Pamphylia and Syria .

In 1885 he was appointed assistant director to the “Royal Museum of Ethnology” (today the Ethnological Museum ) in Berlin, where he joined the Prussian civil service on January 1, 1886 and from 1904 to 1910 was director of the Africa and Oceania departments.

On July 22nd, 1885 the wedding with Emma von Luschan, b. von Hochstetter, in Millstatt ( Carinthia ), where the von Luschan family moved in 1883 out of consideration for the health of their brother Oscar and had two villas built for themselves since 1884 . Emma (1864–1941) was the daughter of Ferdinand von Hochstetter and Georgiana Bengough. After the wedding, the family moved to Berlin in 1885.

In 1888 von Luschan received his doctorate in philosophy in Munich and in the same year completed his habilitation in anthropology at the Philosophical Faculty of the Friedrich Wilhelms University in Berlin . That year he took part in the first excavation expedition in Zincirli, under the direction of Carl Humann and on behalf of the Orient Committee, in the second in 1890 and then in the following (third: 1890/1891, fourth: 1894, fifth: 1902) in own line. In 1897 von Luschan was awarded the title "Professor" and he traveled to England and Russia .

In 1900 he became an associate professor and in 1909 until his retirement in 1922 a full professor of physical anthropology, with the first chair for anthropology at the Berlin Charité ( part of the Friedrich Wilhelms University ). In 1909 he took over the writing of the board of the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory , represented it in 1911 at the International Race Congress in London and in 1920 he was the editor of the " Zeitschrift für Ethnologie ". In 1915 von Luschan became part of the “Royal Prussian Phonographic Commission”, the aim of which was to record the approximately 250 languages ​​spoken among internees in the German POW camps. As part of this undertaking, he carried out anthropological studies and measurements on the prisoners. In 1917 he was elected a member of the Leopoldina .

Sickness and death

At the end of 1923 Felix von Luschan attended a meeting of the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory for the last time. Already seriously ill, but mentally unclouded, he traveled to Egypt in the winter of 1923 to relax . Back in Berlin, however, he died on February 7, 1924. His remains were transferred to Millstatt and buried in the family crypt. The "Villa Felicitas" built under the supervision of his brother Oscar, which Felix von Luschan and his wife had moved into after the wedding, later gave way to the construction of a new federal road.

research

Early Studies

Von Luschan published his first anthropological and archaeological studies shortly after graduation from 1871, often with craniological content, i.e. concerning the structure of the skull. From 1872 his first scientific essays appeared in the communications of the Vienna Anthropological Society. Also in the 1870s, as a student, he developed a lively activity of collecting antique finds. He also used his stationing in Bosnia to collect ethnographic objects, to organize excavations, to measure bodies and to acquire language skills such as English , French and Arabic . At the beginning of his research, Felix von Luschan accompanied Otto Benndorf in Lycia (south-west Turkey) in 1881 and again to Asia Minor in 1882 , from where the monumental tomb, the Heroon of Gjölbaschi-Trysa , was to be acquired for Vienna.

Studies related to the Zincirli excavations

In Zincirli (also: Sendschirli / Turkey ) in south-east Anatolian and near the Syrian border, von Luschan discovered the ruins of ancient Sam'al in 1883 . The wish of Luschan's “inshallah [if God willing] I will be able to examine such a treasure chamber”, which was already nourished during the first visit by the Hittite reliefs found on the site together with Otto Puchstein, was fulfilled in the excavations that began in 1888, the first of which was initially was under the direction of Carl Humann , whose four other campaigns he managed personally until 1902, supported by Robert Koldewey and accompanied by his wife Emma. The identification of the ruins as the Aramaic Sam'al succeeded with the help of Akkadian sources. With this discovery of the capital of a late Hittite kingdom (1200–709 BC) and the publication of the results from 1893 onwards, von Luschan first became well known.

Comparison of short-headed and long-headed skull types of representatives of ancient and modern ethnic groups (from Von Luschan 1889, Fig. 92-96, Fig. 112)

The anthropological and ethnological research of Luschans in Asia Minor in connection with these excavations finally led, taking into account archaeological, linguistic , physical and cultural characteristics, to elaborate the thesis of a pre-Greek Armenian "indigenous population" (" Armenide ") in the area of ​​Syrian Minor Asia with extremely short - and high-headedness ( hypsibrachycephaly ), which the anthropologist believed to be found again as a Hittite type in the sculptures by Zincirli. He considered this indigenous population to be the ancestors of both the Armenian populations of Asia Minor and the Caucasus , which were astonishingly homogeneous due to strict geographical, religious, linguistic and political isolation, and of the hypsibrachycephalic contemporary (i.e. modern) components of the so-called "Greek" and "Turkish" populations in the south Asia Minor. On the other hand, he attributed the non-hypsicephalic parts of the population of Lycia in part to Greek and Semitic roots who had immigrated from the west since ancient times , and in part he also suspected immigration from northern India in later historical times, such as for the Turkish- speaking and nomadic Yörük or for the "Gypsies" (or " Çingene ").

At the same time as the excavations in Zincirli, he discovered the nearby Hittite sculpture workshop of Yesemek .

  • Portrait of male Tahtacı (from Luschan 1889, panel XXXII)

  • Portrait of male Armenians (von Luschan 1889, panel XXXIV)

  • Portrait of a male gypsy (von Luschan 1889, panel XXXIX)

  • Portrait of male Turks from Lycia (von Luschan 1889, panel XXXIII)

  • Photographs of a female Yörük and a Turkish woman (von Luschan 1889, Fig. 105-108) ^

African studies

Invited by the British Association for the Advancement of Science , von Luschan and his wife went on a research trip to South Africa in 1905, during which he made phonographic recordings. He had also stayed in Egypt for a long time. As director of the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin, he was largely involved in building up the rich collections of the museum. Thanks to Luschan's energy, the most important monuments of art came to Berlin from Benin , and he was the first to describe them without ever having been to Benin himself. With their ivory carvings and bronze figures, they represent one of the museum's most important collections as "Antiquities of Benin ". A few years after Leo Frobenius, von Luschan was one of the first Europeans to rank African art at least as important as European in certain areas assessed, as in the example of the bronze casting technique from Benin, which he saw as "at the highest level of what is attainable".

Different occupations

Felix and Emma von Luschan had to reschedule the research trip to the South Seas , which was in connection with a congress participation planned in Sydney in 1914 and started in 1913 , which was also to lead to the interior of Australia and New Zealand , due to the outbreak of the First World War . Instead of New Zealand, where Emma's father Ferdinand von Hochstetter was still in high esteem, they arrived from Australia via Hawaii -Insel O'ahu in October 1914 in the United States , where they remained until the end of April 1915th Von Luschan gave lectures there to secure their livelihood at numerous universities, studied the ethnological collections in Chicago , New York and Washington and directed his research focus on the population groups from sub-Saharan Africa living there and the problems of racial discrimination , crime and prostitution , whereby he was his Studies had to be restricted to Alabama , Virginia , Baltimore, and New York due to entry requirements .

From 1915 to 1918 he was a member of the 30-member "Royal Prussian Phonographic Commission", which recorded more than 250 dialects and languages ​​as well as the prisoners' folk music in over 70 POW camps. In this commission of anthropologists, linguists and musicologists, von Luschan also took over the photographic recording for anthropological studies.

Testimony to the versatility of Luschans are, for example, his publications on ceremonial masks from New Guinea , carvings from Western Sudan or tree bark boats and weapons of the Batwa Pygmies on Lake Kiwu . Von Luschan defended the thesis of the monophyletic descent (from a common root) of humans and saw the idea of ​​a linear cultural evolution confirmed in the abstraction of natural models in art.

Scientific attitude to the complex "Aryans" and "Jews"

In the 1920s, the researcher clearly distanced himself from the tendency to infer a former or even existing “Indo-European tribe” from an Indo-European language family . He also rejected the term and theory of an “ Aryan race ” based on “ Aryan languages ” as unscientific and described it as “just as foolish as trying to talk about a long-headed language or a brunette grammar”. He branded the use of the word 'Aryan', which had become fashionable in recent years as the opposite of 'Jewish', as “particularly wrong” and pointed out that a large part of modern Jews, despite their affiliation to the Semitic languages, “ somatic ”(ie physical-anthropological) points of view should be regarded as the closest relatives of the Armenians , who, like the Persians, spoke an“ Aryan ”language in the narrowest sense of the word.

Life's work

The Von Luschan scale was used to classify skin colors in the first half of the 20th century

To this day, von Luschan is regarded as the first-rate anatomist in anthropology , whose data, for example on the development of the physical characteristics of the population in Crete, which were collected at the turn of the previous century, are still among the best available material in anthropology and whose numerous ethnological-historical studies are always of testify to a high level of object-relatedness and great knowledge of materials.

The Von Luschan scale , named after Felix von Luschan, was used to classify skin colors in the first half of the 20th century .

The pictorial works and especially photographs published from the Lycian material in his anthropological studies in 1889 were, according to his own assessment, “probably among the most beautiful illustrations [...] that anthropological literature has to show”.

His pioneering work also included the use of a handy and easily transportable phonograph for sound recordings in the field, which has proven to be scientifically useful, especially for musical recordings. During the last excavation campaign in 1902, von Luschan managed to make good sound recordings of some Kurdish texts and Turkish songs, despite a lack of experience and to his own surprise . The documentary value of these music recordings from the south-east of Asia Minor, which is over 100 years old today, is illustrated by the earliest evidence of a melody that has meanwhile become almost worldwide distributed through a recording by Luschans from Zincirli.

In this way, von Luschan made it possible for museum visitors in Berlin interested in anthropology to have at their disposal, in addition to the obligatory ethnic showpieces, a variety of then very modern technical media for conveying ethnology, such as photographs , stereoscopic images , cinematographic screenings and a phonotheque .

The work of Luschans is characterized by the anthropological endeavor to compare the investigations on the bones of living people with those on skeletons uncovered in excavations, whereby he succeeded in reviving the stagnating scientific discipline of craniology and depicting the broader connections by at the same time a guaranteed a high degree of care on the basis of extensive and self-funded material. This approach is followed, for example, by his reflections on various ethnic groups in Asia Minor as well as on Cretans, ancient Egyptians, Hamites, Jews, pygmies and Bushmen, as well as his research results published since 1893 in connection with the excavations in Zincirli. His ethnological work around a both specialized and extensive range of topics is characterized by his historical-reconstructive working method. In particular, however, von Luschan has the merit of having contributed significantly to the establishment of young ethnology through his unusual knowledge, through the experience gained on numerous trips and practical successes in the context of museum activity, as well as through his teaching activities as a full professor of anthropology in Berlin .

Political and social positions

Felix von Luschan also rejected the opposition between “ Christians and Jews” in view of the spreading racial ideology of the National Socialists . Von Luschan saw the coexistence of the two population groups " in general " as an example of an " almost ideal symbiosis " and was able to imagine " personally [...] a complete merging of Christians and Jews ". As the two movements, which at the time “ more than each worked against a sensible and mutually beneficial symbiosis ”, he viewed Zionism and anti-Semitism , both of which he assumed would not be of essential importance in the long term.

In his work, von Luschan took a very clear position against the pseudo-scientific justification and the intolerant orientation of anti-Semitism and his writings. Both the alleged “ racial unity of the Jews ” and their “ alleged social inferiority ” were decidedly rejected as scientifically completely untenable. Regarding the term “Jewish race” used by anti-Semitic writings at the time, he wrote in 1922: “ As little as there is an Indo-European or 'Aryan' race, there is no Jewish one; there is also no Jewish type, but only one which is generally oriental, in which, like the Jews, Greeks and Armenians and to a lesser extent also many other Near Eastern Asians participate. "Against the endeavors of Jewish authors to assume a cohesive Jewish race, von Luschan countered his conviction that nowhere in the world have any cultures emerged other than through racial mixing and through mutual exchange of all kinds of intellectual and other achievements, i.e. through trade and Traffic. "He countered the" alleged social inferiority "that it was" completely unscientific to speak of a 'character' of the Jews ". His attitude towards the choice of the swastika as “ 'Aryan' or Germanic, ie in this sense an anti-Semitic symbol ” may be characteristic of his position in relation to the rising National Socialism . The derivation of Indian customs - according to Luschan - goes back to a " very absurd and purely out of the air assumption ".

By contrast, von Luschan was skeptical about the practicability of Zionism. He emphasized his friendship with many leaders of the movement and his respect for their other leaders as well, but doubted the future viability of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine , since the country was too poor and unattractive for European Jews, with the exception of the impoverished Eastern Jews, and no prospect of it unencumbered relations with the Muslim population would exist.

Under the impression of racial discrimination against populations from sub-Saharan Africa and his own experiences in Africa, von Luschan came to the conclusion: “ Decades ago I publicly said that there were no savages in Africa other than some mad whites, and the atrocities of the Belgians in the Congo have proven me right a hundred times since. Otherwise, too, some colonial governments today would very well have to value the native cultures of Africans a little higher than they usually do; Of course, old Africa is now approaching rapid decline, if only because the European influence with its four Ss (slave trade, schnapps, syphilis, junk goods) has acted on them like corrosive poison and in some cases still continues to do so. "

In spite of the prevailing zeitgeist, von Luschan had vehemently opposed the alleged inferiority of certain ethnicities or population groups such as "half-breeds" or illegitimate children, but with regard to allegedly "inferior individuals", he held on to the passing on of their allegedly inferior qualities to their descendants and on the encounter with the criminality emanating from them to the notions of hereditary determinacy that were frequently encountered at the time, as his statements reveal in 1922: “ It is up to human society to permanently protect itself from inferior, i.e. asocial or antisocial elements and at the same time from them Significantly reduce the number. “He himself understood that it was better to“ isolate habitual felons ”permanently“ in a mild institution ”instead of“ de facto actually sentencing them to life imprisonment ”, whereupon they would relapse after months or years in freedom and themselves , so von Luschan, could " propagate ". A few years later, using the catchphrase euthanasia , the National Socialists understood the term "protection of society" to mean the prevention of procreation by citizens they disliked in the most inhuman way.

Although von Luschan himself always endeavored to promote “measuring anthropology” and had been a member of the “Berlin Society for Racial Hygiene ” since 1908 , in later years he reinterpreted his craniological studies lightly following racist approaches decidedly contrary (1922): “ All attempts to divide humanity into artificial groups according to skin color, length or width of the brain capsule or the type of hair, etc., lead us completely astray. [...] The whole of humanity consists of only one species: Homo sapiens. [...] There are no 'wild' peoples, there are only peoples with a different culture than ours. [...] The separating properties of the 'races' are essentially due to climatic, social and other environmental factors. [...] There are no races that are inherently inferior. [...] There are individual inferior individuals in every race. [...] The difference between the different races, especially as regards moral qualities and intelligence, is not remotely as great as that between individual individuals of the same race. "

The abuse of the National Socialists, however, brought the method of body measurement into disrepute and still casts a dark shadow on biometric studies on humans.

Publications (selection)

The larger and smaller publications by Luschans together comprise more than 200 titles. Bibliographies can be found in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie , Vol. 83, 1958, pp. 285ff. and Vol. 85, 1960, pp. 118ff.

  • Anthropological Studies . In: Eugen Petersen, Felix von Luschan (eds.): Reisen in Lykien Milyas and Kibyratis , Carl Gerold's Sohn, Vienna 1889, p. 198ff.
  • u. a .: Excavations in Sendschirli . 5 volumes, Orient-Comité, Berlin, 1893–1943.
  • Contributions to the ethnology of the German protected areas . Reimer, Berlin 1897.
  • The Karl Knorr'sche collection of Benin antiquities in the Museum for Regional and Ethnic Studies in Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 1901.
  • Some Turkish folk songs from Northern Syria and the importance of phonographic recordings for ethnology , In: Zeitschrift für Ethnologie Volume 36, 1904 pp. 177–202.
  • Anthropology, ethnography and prehistory . 3rd edition, Jänecke, Hanover 1905.
  • Anthropological View of Race . In: Gustav Spiller (Ed.): Papers on Inter-Racial Problems Communicated to the First Universal Race Congress Held at the University of London, July 26-29, 1911 , PS King, London u. The World's Peace Foundation, Boston, 1911, pp. 13-24.
  • Hamitic types . Supplement to: Carl Meinhof : The languages ​​of the Hamites , Hamburg, Colonial Institute, treatises . Vol. 9, L. Friederichsen & Co., Hamburg, 1912.
  • Contributions to the anthropology of Crete . In: Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 45, 1913, pp. 307–393.
  • The negroes of the United States . In: Koloniale Rundschau , issue 11/12, 1915, pp. 504-540.
  • Origin and origin of the Ionic column . In: The Old Orient. Common representations. JC Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1912
  • Prisoners of war (with 100 illustrations based on stone drawings by Hermann Struck ), Reimer, Berlin 1917.
  • The antiquities of Benin . 3 volumes, publications from the Museum für Völkerkunde, VIII, IX, X , Berlin 1919.
  • Peoples, races, languages . Welt-Verlag, Berlin 1922, new edition. 1927.

literature

  • Hirschberg:  Luschan, Felix von (1854–1924), anthropologist. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 5, Publishing House of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1972, p. 372 f. (Direct links on p. 372 , p. 373 ).
  • Petermanns Mitteilungen, 70, 1924, p.?.
  • Hans Virchow: memorial speech on Felix von Luschan . In: Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 56, 1924, pp. 112–117.
  • Fritz Kiffner: Felix von Luschan. A biographical sketch based on personal memories and statements from his time . In: Scientific journal of the Humboldt University in Berlin . Math natural sciences Row 10, 2, 1961, 231ff.
  • Hans Grimm : Felix von Luschan as an anthropologist. From craniology to human biology . In: Ethnographisch-Archäologische Zeitschrift 27, 3, 1986, 415ff.
  • Liane Jakob-Rost : Felix von Luschan as an archaeologist . In: Ethnographisch-Archäologische Zeitschrift 27, 3, 1986, 427ff.
  • Andreas E. Furtwängler :  Luschan, Felix von. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 15, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-428-00196-6 , p. 528 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Liselotte Knoll: Felix von Luschan. Supplements and contributions to the biographical data of a pioneer in ethnology . Diploma thesis of the University of Vienna 2004 (unprinted).
  • Adelheid Zeller: Felix von Luschan. Its importance for Benin research. A contribution to the history of science . Diploma thesis of the University of Vienna 2004 (unprinted).
  • Christine Stelzig: Felix von Luschan. An art-loving manager at the Royal Museum of Ethnology in Berlin . In: Ulrich van der Heyden, Joachim Zeller (ed.) “… Power and share in world domination.” Berlin and German colonialism . Unrast, Münster 2005, ISBN 3-89771-024-2 .
  • Gisela Völger: Curator, businessman, Benin researcher. Felix von Luschan - an Austrian in royal Prussian museum services. In: Barbara Plankensteiner (Ed.): Kings and Rituals. Courtly Art from Nigeria Museum für Völkerkunde, Vienna 2007, pp. 212–225.
  • Peter Ruggendorfer, Hubert D. Szemethy (ed.): Felix von Luschan (1854–1924). Life and work of a polymath. Böhlau, Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-205-78146-2 .

Web links

Commons : Felix von Luschan  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

References and comments

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Hubert Szemethy, Peter Ruggendorfer & Bettina Kratzmüller (conception April 2005): Felix von Luschan. (* 1854 Hollabrunn - 1924 Berlin) Doctor, anthropologist, explorer and excavator , exhibition and symposium on his life and work, Hollabrunn, May 22 - 30, 2005, PDF-URL: Archive link ( Memento from August 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on August 14, 2011 from URL https://archive.today/20121128193430/http://klass-archaeologie.univie.ac.at/einrichtungen/archaeologische-sammlung/ausstellungen-und-projekte/
  2. ↑ a b Peter Ruggendorfer & Hubert D. Szemethy (eds.): Felix von Luschan (1854-1924) - Life and Work of a Universal Scholar , Böhlau, Vienna et al. 2009, ISBN 978-3-205-78146-2 , here p. 23f.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Hirschberg:  Luschan, Felix von (1854–1924), anthropologist. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 5, Publishing House of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1972, p. 372 f. (Direct links on p. 372 , p. 373 ).
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Andreas E. Furtwängler:  Luschan, Felix von. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 15, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1987, ISBN 3-428-00196-6 , p. 528 f. ( Digitized version ).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Peter Ruggendorfer & Hubert D. Szemethy (eds.): Felix von Luschan (1854–1924) - life and work of a universal scholar , Böhlau, Vienna et al. 2009, ISBN 978-3- 205-78146-2 , here pp. 17-19
  6. ↑ Jürgen ‑ K. Mahrenholz: South Asian speech and music recordings in the sound archive of the Humboldt University in Berlin . In: MIDA Archival Reflexicon . 2020, p. 2–5 ( projekt-mida.de ).
  7. ^ Anne Haeming: Archaeologist on colonialism: "Treating skulls with dignity" . In: The daily newspaper: taz . September 13, 2019, ISSN  0931-9085 ( taz.de [accessed on March 18, 2020]).
  8. ↑ a b Felix von Luschan, Anthropological Studies , in: Eugen Petersen & Felix von Luschan (Eds.), Reisen in Lykien Milyas und Kibyratis , Carl Gerold's Sohn, Vienna 1889, p. 198ff., Here p. 212, footnote 4: Von Luschan used the terms “Greeks” and “Turks” in connection with the Lycian population with express reference to the contemporary usage, according to which “Greeks” referred to the Greek Orthodox population of that time, and “Turks” referred to the Muslim population of Asia Minor. According to von Luschan in Lycia, “Turks” in the narrower sense only appeared sporadically (barely one percent of the population).
  9. ^ Felix von Luschan, Anthropological Studies , in: Eugen Petersen & Felix von Luschan (Eds.), Reisen in Lykien Milyas und Kibyratis , Carl Gerold's Sohn, Vienna 1889, p. 198ff., Here p. 207
  10. ↑ Felix von Luschan, Anthropological Studies , in: Eugen Petersen & Felix von Luschan (Eds.), Reisen in Lykien Milyas and Kibyratis , Carl Gerold's Sohn, Vienna 1889, p. 198ff., Here p. 212
  11. ↑ Felix von Luschan, discussion on E. Brandenburg, Kysylbasch- and Jürükendörfer in the area of ​​Turkmendag , Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 37 , Asher & Co., Berlin 1905, pp. 188–197, here p. 197
  12. ^ Felix von Luschan, Wandervölker Asia Minor , negotiations of the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory, Berlin 1886, pp. 167–171, here pp. 168f
  13. ↑ Gert A. Zischka, Allgemeine Gelehrten-Lexikon , Kröner, Stuttgart, 1961, p. 396
  14. ↑ Felix von Luschan: Völker Rassen Sprachen . Welt, Berlin 1922, pp. I-VIII + 1-192, here pp. 53f., 62; cf. edition from 1927, pp. 117f., 132f .; elsewhere the author differentiates in more detail for different sections of the population of Jews: 1922, pp. 70ff .; cf. 1927, p. 146ff.
  15. ↑ John R. Baker, Race , Oxford University Press, London et al. 1974, pp. I-XVIII & 1-625, ISBN 0-19-212954-6 , here p. 516, with reference to F. v. Luschan, contributions to the anthropology of Crete , journal for ethnology, 45 , pp. 307-393, cf. John R. Baker, The races of humanity - characteristics, differences and their relationships to one another , Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart 1976, under license from Pawlak , Herrsching 1989, pp. 1–398, ISBN 3-88199-648-6 , here p. 363
  16. ^ Felix von Luschan, Die Tachtadschy and other remnants of the old population of Lycia , Archive for Anthropology, Volume 19, Braunschweig 1891, pp. 31-53, here p. 31
  17. ↑ Friedrich Giese (Ed.), Materials for Knowledge of Anatolian Turkish - Part 1 - Stories and songs from the Vilajet Qonjah - Collected, edited in transcription, with annotations and a translation of the songs , pp. 1–126, in: I. Kúnos & Fr. Giese (Eds.), Contributions to the study of the Turkish language and literature, 1 , Haupt, Halle a. S. & New York 1907, 126 p., Here p. 10f.
  18. ↑ Reinhard Eckert (contact), Everybody's Song - Music as a tool for the promotion of diversity and intercultural understanding , Cyprus Neuroscience and Technology Institute, Nicosia, 2006-2008 (project), URL (accessed August 7, 2011): Archived copy ( Memento dated December 8, 2015 on WebCite ); Quoted passage: “The first traceable recording is from the year 1900, performed in Turkish language by Avedis, a twelve year old Armenian boy. The record was made on wax cylinders by ethnologist, archaeologist and physician Felix von Luschan and his wife Emma in Zencirli, a village in the Turkish district Aintâb (today Gaziantep, South Eastern Turkey) of the Ottoman administrative division vilâyet and sancak Haleb (today Aleppo , Northern Syria) (cf. Klebe 2004, 87pp.) “; Note: The melody discussed here is, for example, the basis for the Turkish “Kâtibim” or “Üsküdar'a gider iken” or the Bulgarian “ Ясен месец ”, in pop music for the piece “ Rasputin ” sung by “ Boney M. ” among others “ Frank Farians
  19. ^ Felix von Luschan, Völker Rassen Sprachen , Welt, Berlin 1922, pp. I-VIII + 1-192, here p. 175; cf. edition from 1927, p. 353: Von Luschan does not adopt the contemporary and apparently antagonistic formulation of "Aryans and Jews", but speaks of "Christians and Jews".
  20. ^ A b Felix von Luschan, Völker Rassen Sprachen , Welt, Berlin 1922, pp. I-VIII + 1-192, here p. 175; cf. edition from 1927, p. 353
  21. ^ Felix von Luschan, Völker Rassen Sprachen , Welt, Berlin 1922, pp. I-VIII + 1-192, here pp. 165f .; cf. edition from 1927, p. 337f.
  22. ^ Felix von Luschan, Völker Rassen Sprachen , Welt, Berlin 1922, pp. I-VIII + 1-192, here p. 168; cf. edition from 1927, p. 342
  23. ^ Felix von Luschan, Völker Rassen Sprachen , Welt, Berlin 1922, pp. I-VIII + 1-192, here p. 169; cf. edition from 1927, p. 345
  24. ^ Felix von Luschan, Völker Rassen Sprachen , Welt, Berlin 1922, pp. I-VIII + 1-192, here pp. 175f .; cf. edition from 1927, p. 354
  25. ^ Felix von Luschan, Völker Rassen Sprachen , Welt, Berlin 1922, pp. I-VIII + 1-192, here pp. 171, 188; cf. edition from 1927, pp. 346f., 375
  26. ^ Felix von Luschan, Völker Rassen Sprachen , Welt, Berlin 1922, pp. I-VIII + 1-192, here p. 13; cf. edition from 1927, p. 35
  27. ^ Felix von Luschan, Völker Rassen Sprachen , Welt, Berlin 1922, pp. I-VIII + 1-192, here pp. 187f .; cf. edition from 1927, p. 374f.
personal data
SURNAME Luschan, Felix von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Luschan, Felix Ritter von (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Doctor, anthropologist, explorer, archaeologist and ethnographer
DATE OF BIRTH August 11, 1854
PLACE OF BIRTH Hollabrunn , Lower Austria
DATE OF DEATH February 7, 1924
Place of death Berlin