Voluntary labor service

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Reichsbanner people of the voluntary labor service during earthworks on the Lehnmühle dam , 1931
FAD memorial stone at the Bregenz bridgehead of the Harder Bridge, on the occasion of the regulation of the Bregenzerache by the Austrian FAD / SAD
FAD memorial stone from 1933 near Bebenhausen .

The Voluntary Labor Service ( FAD for short ) was a publicly funded employment program introduced in 1931 by the Reichsanstalt für Arbeitsvermittlung and unemployment insurance of the Weimar Republic . Young, unemployed people should come together voluntarily in a labor camp in order to work from here for a limited period of time that was of benefit to the general public and, on the other hand, gave those affected the feeling of being needed. On July 16, 1932, the secret government council and president of the Reichsanstalt für Arbeitsvermittlung and unemployment insurance Friedrich Syrup was appointed Reich commissioner for voluntary labor service.

history

The roots of the FAD lay in the first post-war period, when the demand for a “replacement for the lost educational school of the army” was raised. However, this idea received political emphasis only through the immense rise in unemployment after 1929. The right-wing parties, including the NSDAP , had emphatically demanded compulsory labor service since the beginning of the global economic crisis ; the FAD was thus a political concession by the government of Chancellor Heinrich Brüning to the right.

Basics, funding purpose, sponsorship

The legal basis for this was created with the Emergency Ordinance of June 5, 1931 in Section 139a of the Law on Employment Services and Unemployment Insurance . According to Article 1 of the Implementing Ordinance of August 3, 1931, he was only allowed to be used for additional charitable work.

These were measures that served to improve the soil, the preparation of settlement and allotment garden land, the local traffic improvement and the improvement of public health. Only corporations under public law and those associations or foundations that pursued charitable goals could be responsible for the measures . These included youth leagues, associations, political parties, denominational associations, youth groups, movements of all kinds, trade unions, but also military friends and opponents.

Objectives of the providers of voluntary labor services

The bodies offering the FAD combined very different objectives with their commitment. In the ranks of the youth movement , the Silesian Young Team ran work camps for workers, peasants and students in order to teach members of different groups of the people mutual understanding and to balance class differences. In the ethnic settlement movement of the Artamans there was a “voluntary labor service”, which was supposed to counteract the rural exodus through the “renunciatory service in the countryside”.

The political parties SPD , Zentrum , KPD and NSDAP had their own labor service associations.

Activities of the voluntary labor service in Emsland were close to the Catholic center . The camps for unemployed young people from the region and from big cities, operated on the initiative of the Meppen administrative clerk and youth politician Anton Veltrup, were used to cultivate moorland and wasteland and to build roads.

The NSDAP labor camps have been run by the former Reichwehr officer, Colonel a. D, Konstantin Hierl directed. The aim of this party was to see the labor service as a pillar of the future state. “It is the highest expression of German socialism. An unparalleled educational school. "

demand

At the end of 1931, the organization initially comprised only 6,800 people. By mid-1932 the number rose to 97,000 volunteers after the FAD had been opened to all Germans of both sexes between 18 and 25 years of age. In December 1932, more than 241,000 people were promoted as volunteers in the FAD. This made it by far the largest of the publicly funded employment programs of the Weimar Republic. The duration of work for the individual volunteer was limited to a maximum of 20 weeks, as the unemployment or crisis benefit was only paid for this time. For most of the funded people, the duration of employment in the FAD was less than 10 weeks. Half of them were under 21 years of age. The leaders in the voluntary labor service camps received no salary, but only a "leader's allowance" of RM 30 per month.

The FAD after Hitler came to power

Since the Nazi regime saw a partial response to the economic crisis in the labor service, it did not dissolve the FAD, which had been launched in 1931, after it came to power , but instead gradually transformed it into an instrument of conscious education for the “national community” according to its ideas. Unpopular other porters were increasingly harassed. Since March 1933, the SA has increasingly carried out acts of violence against labor camps whose sponsors had church or social democratic roots. Automatic synchronization and "voluntary" connections were the result until August 1933. This was accompanied by legal steps that subsequently legitimized and expanded the status quo. At the same time, the labor service was increasingly decoupled from the Reichsanstalt für Arbeitsvermittlung and unemployment insurance . Since December 1933, therefore, the employment offices were no longer responsible for the recruitment of volunteers, but specially established registration offices; On April 1, 1934, the male labor service was finally completely separated from the Reichsanstalt and has since been completely under Nazi influence.

With the law of June 26, 1935, the Reich Labor Service (RAD) was finally created , which was initially only mandatory for male young people between the ages of 18 and 25, and also for young women at the beginning of World War II .

Organization in Austria

In Austria there was also a FAD based on the German model. The labor camps were mainly run by paramilitary organizations (e.g. Heimwehr or Ostmärkische Sturmscharen ) and the Christian trade unions. In 1936 it was renamed State Labor Service ( SAD ), the camps were nationalized and admission (“access as required”) was regulated by the employment offices.

Facilities

  • The Jewish Landwerk Neuendorf provided 50 places for young unemployed people in voluntary labor service.

literature

  • Ernst Schellenberg : The labor service based on previous experience. Investigation on the basis of a survey by the Municipal Science Institute taking into account the ordinance on voluntary labor service of July 16, 1932 and the latest implementation provisions (= special publications of the Municipal Science Institute at the University of Berlin 2, ZDB -ID 634569-4 ). With a foreword by Walter Norden . Vahlen, Berlin 1932.
  • Friedrich Syrup : One Hundred Years of State Social Policy 1839–1939. Edited from the estate by Julius Scheuble . Edited by Otto Neuloh . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1957.
  • Wolfgang Paul: The field camp. Youth between Langemarck and Stalingrad. Factual report, Heyne Taschenbuch Nr. 5791, Munich 1980.

Web links

Commons : Voluntary Labor Service  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ See Wolfgang Paul : The field camp. Youth between Langemarck and Stalingrad. Factual report, Heyne Taschenbuch no. 5791. Munich 1980, p. 152.
  2. ↑ See: The forerunner: Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst (FAD) - "To do serious work voluntarily in common service for the benefit of the community"
  3. ↑ See: Julius Kaliski : Freiwilliger Arbeitsdienst . In: Socialist monthly books . 38th vol., No. 6, 1932, pp. 500-503.
  4. ↑ See Wolfgang Paul : The field camp. Youth between Langemarck and Stalingrad. Factual report, Heyne Taschenbuch no. 5791. Munich 1980, p. 154.
  5. ↑ See Wolfgang Paul : The field camp. Youth between Langemarck and Stalingrad. Factual report, Heyne Taschenbuch Nr. 5791. Munich 1980, p. 153.
  6. ^ Heinz Kleene: The Voluntary Labor Service (FAD) in Emsland. In: Yearbook of the Emsland Heimatbund. Vol. 48, 2002, ISSN  0448-1410 , pp. 307-330.
  7. ↑ Anton Veltrup, Vom Sinn des Freiw. Arbeitsdienstes im Kreis Meppen, in: Der Weg in die Dictatur, The implementation of national socialist rule in Emsland, p. 77 ( Memento of the original from March 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ludwig-windthorst-stiftung.de
  8. ^ Josef Hamacher: Voluntary Labor Service and Reich Labor Service in the old district of Meppen. In: Yearbook of the Emsland Heimatbund. Vol. 48, 2002, pp. 273-306.
  9. ^ Wolfgang Paul : The field camp. Youth between Langemarck and Stalingrad. Factual report, Heyne Taschenbuch no. 5791. Munich 1980, p. 154.
  10. ^ Wolfgang Paul : The field camp. Youth between Langemarck and Stalingrad. Factual report, Heyne Taschenbuch no. 5791. Munich 1980, p. 154.
  11. ↑ See: Voluntary Labor Service on the page "Youth 1918 - 1945"
  12. ↑ See Wolfgang Paul : The field camp. Youth between Langemarck and Stalingrad. Factual report, Heyne Taschenbuch Nr. 5791. Munich 1980, p. 153.
  13. ↑ See: Voluntary Labor Service on the page "Youth 1918 - 1945"
  14. ^ Arnulf Scriba: The Reich Labor Service (RAD) website of the German Historical Museum , August 7, 2014
  15. ↑ Lotte Guse: Labor service behind barbed wire. "The worst time of my life" Der Spiegel , August 13, 2008
  16. ↑ Gerhard Senft : Before the catastrophe. The economic policy of the corporate state. Austria 1934–1938 (= comparative social history and political history of ideas. Vol. 15). Edited by Anton Pelinka and Helmut Reinalter . Braumüller, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-7003-1402-7 , pp. 478-479.