Friedrich Melchior Grimm

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Friedrich Melchior Baron von Grimm, engraving after Louis Carmontelle , 1769

Friedrich Melchior Baron von Grimm (born September 25, 1723 in Regensburg , † December 19, 1807 in Siebleben ) was a German writer, journalist, theater and music critic and diplomat in Paris. Grimm was editor of the Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique , which is a complete history of French literature from 1753 to 1790. Grimm came into contact with the encyclopedists through music and literature . In 1765 Grimm wrote an influential article for the Encyclopédie on poetry and operatic librettos .

Life

Origin and youth

Melchior Grimm was the son of the Regensburg pastor Johann Melchior Grimm (1682–1749) and his wife Sibylle Margarete Koch (1684–1774). Melchior's mother was the daughter of Johann Georg Koch, a Protestant pastor in Regensburg, and his wife Dorothea Cordula Wonna. As a high school student at the Lutheran high school Poeticum in Regensburg , Friedrich Melchior Grimm lived with his brother, the Regensburg pastor and superintendent Ulrich Wilhelm Grimm (1716–1778) and his wife in the Palais Löschenkohl on Neupfarrplatz . The family of the Saxon ambassador, Johann Friedrich von Schönberg, also lived there, and his sons also attended the Poeticum grammar school. Already during his school days Melchior Grimm showed a lively interest in literary history, read an attempt at critical poetry and began a lengthy correspondence with Johann Christoph Gottsched and his wife Luise Adelgunde Victorie Gottsched .

From 1742 to 1745 Melchior Grimm first studied theology at the University of Leipzig , like his brother Ulrich Wilhelm, then also law , but was more interested in literature and philosophy. In addition to Gottsched, Johann August Ernesti became one of his teachers. He owed his critical appreciation of classical literature to the latter . At the age of 19 Grimm dramatized the novel The Asian Banise by Heinrich Anselm von Ziegler and Kliphausen . Gottsched was so enthusiastic about the piece that he published it in his collection Die deutsche Schaubühne in 1743 . The staging was an economic and artistic failure. From then on, Grimm shifted more to the interpretation, criticism and translation of French works, supported by his old acquaintance from Regensburg, the ambassador of the Electorate of Saxony, Schönberg. One focus was the Mémoire sur la satire by Voltaire . In Saxony, Grimm developed into a connoisseur of the operas by Johann Adolf Hasse ; Grimm's estate contained a number of scores, the majority of which were works by Hasse, including some autographs. In September 1745 Grimm was present at the election of Emperor Franz I in Frankfurt am Main, then he returned to Regensburg, where he worked for four years as a tutor to the Count of Schönberg .

France

Denis Diderot and Friedrich Melchior Grimm, engraving by Frédéric Régamey after a drawing by Louis Carmontelle , 1877

Around 1747 his friend Gottlob Ludwig von Schönberg moved to France. Grimm followed him with Schönberg's younger brother and in February 1749 saw the opera Platée by Jean-Philippe Rameau . Soon he was appointed secretary to August Heinrich von Friesen . Grimm was soon introduced to society by his employer, who was a nephew of the Marshal of Saxony , Count Moritz von Sachsen . On a festivity of the secret diplomatic Baron Ulrich von Thun (1707-1788) learned Grimm in August 1749 in a country house in Fontenay-sous-Bois was its owner Friedrich Ludwig von Sachsen-Gotha-Altenburg, Emanuel Christoph Klüpfel and Jean-Jacques Rousseau know . Through the latter he became acquainted with Denis Diderot . Rousseau wrote that Grimm owned a harpsichord and that it was the reader of Friedrich III's eldest son . from Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg . Grimm, Rousseau, and Diderot were often together. His circle of acquaintances also included Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert , Jean-François Marmontel , André Morellet and Claude Adrien Helvétius . In August 1750, Grimm began writing letters to the Mercure de France and teaching readers about Luther and contemporary German literature (in Gottsched's view), thus starting a cross-border cultural exchange.

When the Buffonist dispute broke out in Paris in 1752 between supporters of Giovanni Battista Pergolesi and the representatives of the tragédie lyrique modeled on Jean-Baptiste Lully , Grimm and Rousseau took part in the innovators' camp, but initially recommended - for example in the Lettre de M Grimm sur Omphale (1752) - the renewed tragédie lyrique of Jean-Philippe Rameau . Later, in his satire Le petit prophète de Boehmisch-Broda (1753), he openly sided with the Italian opera buffa . It has been suggested that the origin of Grimm's enthusiasm for Italian operatic art was to be found in the actress and prima donna Marie Fel . When Grimm, in love, was rejected by her, he fell into lethargy ; Rousseau and Abbé Raynal took care of him. However, the first winners were Lully's supporters. In 1754 the Académie Royale de musique banned all Italian music.

He maintained friendly relations with Stanisław Antoni Poniatowski , the former lover of Catherine II of Russia and later King of Poland.

His role in the defense of Italian opera, his penchant for irony and gossip and his reputation as a funny conversationalist made Grimm a welcome guest at court and in the salons of the political and artistic avant-garde. B. with Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin and Suzanne Curchod , the wife of Jacques Necker . Because of his always white powdered face and his sometimes dictatorial character , he was soon called Tirant le Blanc ("Tirant the White"), alluding to a Catalan chivalric novel . In fact, "his toilet [...] was a real state affair for him" .

In 1754 Grimm and Paul-Henri Thiry d'Holbach traveled to the south of France. Grimm mentioned Holbach, his translations from German and his publications almost always in his Correspondance . In his review, Grimm described Holbach's Le christianisme dévoilé as “the most daring and terrifying book that has ever appeared anywhere in the world”. He pointed out that while there was nothing new to learn from the book, it still aroused interest.

When his friend Friesen suddenly died in 1755, Grimm was promoted to cabinet secretary to Louis Philippe I de Bourbon, duc d'Orléans . As such, he accompanied Louis-Charles-César Le Tellier , Duke of Estrées, from April 1756 to September 1757 on his campaign to Westphalia. At the beginning of 1759 Grimm was appointed envoy of the city of Frankfurt am Main at the French court. When he received the appointment of Duke Victor-François de Broglie as Marshal in August of the same year by the French government under King Louis XV. criticized the intercepted letter, he lost this post again. But this did not harm his career in the Paris salons.

The Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique

The Panthéon in Paris by Jacques-Germain Soufflot

From 1747 Abbé Guillaume Thomas François Raynal sent his Nouvelles littéraires to the court in Saxe-Gotha ; influenced by him, Grimm began Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique in 1753 . These are letters with literary portraits, anecdotes, reviews and stories from the social, cultural and artistic life of the metropolis, but also reported on news in the scientific and technical field. This correspondence "described in small print, without pictures, without many reader-friendly paragraphs" was initially sent out every two weeks. It was written by hand in Zweibrücken to avoid French censorship and sent uncontrolled to subscribers by diplomatic mail. A Correspondance subscriber had to undertake not to pass on the sheets and, above all, not to have anything printed from them. The Correspondance thus became one of the most important magazines of the 18th century, albeit with a limited exclusively aristocratic audience. The readers included about 15 German princes, but not a single French. The list of subscribers begins in 1753 with the three brothers of Frederick II, who shared the costs in thrifty Prussia, and also names Luise Dorothea von Sachsen-Meiningen , Karoline Luise von Hessen-Darmstadt (from 1754), Gustav III. of Sweden and his mother Luise Ulrike von Prussia (from 1756), the Tsarina Catherine the Great (from 1763), Dmitri Alexejewitsch Golitsyn (1764–1781), Stanislaw II (from 1767), the Grand Duke of Tuscany (from 1768), the Margraves of Baden-Durlach and Ansbach , the Princess of Nassau-Saarbrücken , Friedrich Michael von Pfalz-Birkenfeld and Karl August von Weimar . Even Frederick II. Of Prussia (until 1766) was one of the readers. Friedrich first got his free copy from Luise Dorothea. Grimm sent him his letters free of charge for three years, but in 1766 Friedrich refused to receive the author of the Correspondances because he was too busy. They only met for the first time in 1769 and had a long correspondence that lasted until May 1786, three months before the king's death.

Grimm reported on the Académie française , the Salon de Paris , the architects Jacques-Germain Soufflot , Claude-Nicolas Ledoux , the Jean Calas case , the zoologist Buffon , the mathematician and physicist Leonhard Euler , the problems between Rousseau and David Hume , Condorcet and the Montgolfier brothers . During his temporary absences, due to illness or one of his many trips, Grimm's friends, Denis Diderot and Louise d'Épinay , ensured a continuous appearance. Grimm asked Diderot to write a book review for Bougainville 's travelogue. The report then inspired Diderot to write his essay Supplément au voyage de Bougainville (1771), ostensibly a defense of sexual freedom. Correspondance was in Grimm's hands until February 1773 , and until 1790 it was more under the direction of his secretary Jacob Heinrich Meister (1744-1826). He wrote in Grimm's style, but only published the correspondence on a monthly basis.

Madame d'Epinay and break with Rousseau

Jean-Étienne Liotard : Portrait of Louise d'Épinay , née Louise Florence Pétronille Tardieu d'Esclavelles (1726–1783), around 1759 ( Musée d'art et d'histoire , Geneva)

1751 Grimm was by Jean-Jacques Rousseau of Louise d'Epinay presented. All three got into a complicated relationship when Grimm fell in love with her two years later, because Jean-François de Saint-Lambert also had a relationship with her. Grimm, Épinay and Diderot had little respect for the simple Thérèse Levasseur , but Rousseau's life partner, Grimm and Holbach supported their 80-year-old mother. In 1757 Rousseau broke off relations with Grimm. When Diderot also interfered and asked Rousseau to travel to Geneva with Mme d'Épinay, Rousseau suspected a plot against himself and his girlfriend. In the summer of 1758, Grimm and Mme d'Épinay visited the doctor Théodore Tronchin in Geneva, because Mme d'Épinay was possibly pregnant by Grimm. Grimm was completely preoccupied with the encyclopedia , which was indexed in 1759 and lost its royal printing permission. Nevertheless, he traveled to Geneva again this year with Mme d'Épinay.

In his confessions , Rousseau expressed a very biased opinion about Grimm. For various reasons there was tension in the relationship between Rousseau and the Parisian philosophes . The open atheism of Grimm and Holbach caused an increasing dissonance with Rousseau. Grimm also criticized Rousseau's sentimental epistolary novels Julie or Die neue Heloise and Emile or about education .

In 1762 Grimm visited his friend Charles Eugène Gabriel de La Croix de Castries .

Leopold, Wolfgang and Nannerl Mozart are playing in Paris, watercolor by Louis Carmontelle , around 1763

Mozart

In November 1763, a letter of recommendation from a Frankfurt merchant's wife led the Salzburg Vice Kapellmeister Leopold Mozart , who was traveling through Europe with his child prodigies, to see Grimm in Paris. On December 1, 1763, Grimm published an extraordinarily impressive letter in his Correspondance littéraire , in which, as an eyewitness, he described the barely comprehensible abilities of the children ( Nannerl , eleven years old, and Wolfgang , six years old) in playing the piano. During this time, Grimm and Philippe d'Orléans became Mozart's patrons in Paris. Like Christoph Willibald von Gluck and Ranieri de 'Calzabigi , Grimm was concerned with opera reform around 1776 . Grimm loved the theater, but criticized the Comédie Française and praised the theater of Madame de Montesson . Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de Saint-Georges, lived for two years in the apartment of Baron Grimm (Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin 5), which belonged to his employer, and which the young Mozart also lived in for three months after his mother on 3. Died July 1778 in Paris. When Mozart was looking for a suitable job and hoped for Grimm's support, these expectations remained unfulfilled. The friendship between Mozart and Grimm was then over.

Katharina the great

Jean Huber: A Diner of Philosophers , 1772 (now at the Voltaire Foundation , Oxford). The title La sainte cène du patriarche comes from Grimm, who is the second man from the left.
Valery Ivanovich Jakobi: The inauguration of the Academy of Arts (by Catherine the Great, 1765), 1889

In 1771 Grimm accompanied the Hereditary Prince of Hessen-Darmstadt to London. In 1773 Grimm and Ludwig I traveled from Hessen-Darmstadt to Berlin, where his sister Friederike Luise had married. Grimm met Heinrich von Prussia in Rheinsberg. Then they drove with Wilhelmina Luisa from Hessen-Darmstadt to Saint Petersburg to the wedding with Tsarevich Paul . ( Karoline von Hessen-Darmstadt gave him a baronate with his income and Grimm became a baron ( imperial nobility 1772, imperial baron 1777).) Grimm liked to play chess and cards with Katharina. After Simon Dixon, Grimm influenced Katharina with his ideas about Rousseau . She did not value the philosopher very highly. Katharina would have liked to offer Grimm a job; But Grimm refused. Through him she commissioned the painter Jean Huber to make drawings of parts of Voltaire's life .

From October 9, 1773 to March 5, 1774, Grimm's friend Denis Diderot also stayed with Katharina on the Neva Bay . As a representative of enlightened absolutism, she hoped that this would stimulate her reform policy. Before that, Grimm introduced Ferdinando Galiani and Cesare Beccaria to Saint Petersburg. On November 1st, Grimm and Diderot were admitted to the Russian Academy of Sciences as membre étranger on the orders of the Tsarina . Because of his atheism (and intrigues at court) Diderot had little success there. When Diderot criticized Katharina's style of government, not her personality, Grimm alienated himself from him. After Jonathan Israel , Grimm was a representative of enlightened absolutism .

Back in Paris, Grimm began buying art on a large scale for the Tsarina. Baron Grimm administered large sums of money, with the help of which he acquired pictures, statues, cut stones, maps and travel books, books and opera scores for Katharina, with which he also paid off the pensions that the Empress quietly gave to poor writers. In 1774 Grimm guided Karl August von Sachsen-Weimar through Paris. Two years later, Grimm returned to St Petersburg. Grimm recommended Johann Friedrich Reiffenstein as Katharina's art agent in Rome. In 1778 Grimm bought Voltaire's book collection for Katherina. In 1779, Grimm recommended Giacomo Quarenghi as the new architect and Clodion as the sculptor when Falconet returned to France. In 1783, Grimm received 100,000 rubles from Katharina to buy art, not at auctions, but from private individuals. During this time Grimm lost some close friends. Mme d'Épinay had been sick since 1779. Grimm looked after her until she died in 1783. Diderot died the following year.

In 1787 Katharina Grimm gave the order to burn all of her letters to him. Katharina did not want her correspondence with Grimm (or Voltaire) to be published.

Last years

The Prince House in Gotha inhabited Grimm intermittently since 1795

From 1775 Grimm represented the interests of Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg in Paris. "Grimm has worked for Gotha since 1768 as a legation councilor with an annual salary of 1,600 livres, since 1772 as a secret councilor and since 1775 as the authorized minister of Duke Ernst II at the French court with an annual salary of 4,000." On October 8, 1777, Grimm visited Johann Wolfgang Goethe at the Wartburg near Eisenach. Goethe traveled to Gotha in 1781, more precisely on Sunday October 7th, to meet with Grimm. 1781 published Diderot Lettre apologétique de l'abbé Raynal à M. Grimm . In 1784 Heinrich von Prussia came to Paris, and Grimm arranged everything for him there. Emilie de Belsunce (1766-1814), a granddaughter of Mme d'Épinay , lived as a child with Grimm in his apartment when her parents fled. In 1792 Grimm went to Karlsbad , Frankfurt am Main and Aachen, then to Kassel and Gotha , because of his illness, but without any securities . There Grimm and Emilie lived in the duke's castle and in the prince's house . In 1796, Grimm was appointed to the Russian State Council by the Tsarina in one of her last letters . He was supposed to represent their interests in the Lower Saxony district as the Russian envoy in Hamburg. Because he was sick, Grimm hardly felt like traveling. Nevertheless he left in late 1796; on January 17, 1797 - on a return trip from Lübeck to Hamburg - he suddenly became blind. (He had had problems with his eyes since 1762.) Grimm turned down his new job as envoy to Tsar Paul. Grimm and his foster child, who later became Countess Bueil , stayed in Altona for a short time, then they moved to Braunschweig, where Emilie's grandfather lived. Grimm rented an apartment from the summer of 1797 to June 1800. There they met Willem Bilderdijk , who became one of their tutors. They drove one day to Wolfenbüttel, where many French emigrants lived. They drove back at an invitation from Ernst II of Saxe-Gotha. There he met Goethe again. At the age of almost 84, Friedrich Melchior Grimm died of foot problems. He was buried on December 23, 1807 in the churchyard at Siebleben .

Only a fraction of his literary output has been translated into German. He had a reputation as a great essayist , particularly fascinated by the study of great historical personalities, and here stands in a row next to Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve or Karl Hillebrand .

Works (selection)

  • Friedrich Melchior Grimm: Letters from Johann Christoph Gottsched . In the appendix: four letters to Luise Gottsched. With explanations and an afterword, ed. by Jochen Schlobach and Silvia Eichhorn-Jung, Röhrig, St. Ingbert 1998, ISBN 3-86110-142-4 .
  • Maurice Tourneux (Ed.): Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique, adressée à un Souverain d'Allemagne. Kraus, Nendeln-Liechtenstein 1968 (repr. Of the Paris edition 1877–1882)
  • A little reflection on the big fashion bouquets. Hemmerde, Hall 1750
  • The little prophet from Bohemian Broda. sn, Paris 1753
  • Jakov Grot (Ed.): Mémoire Historique sur l'origine et les suites de mon attachement pour l'impératrice Catherine II jusqu'au décès de sa majesté impériale. Historical Society, Moscow 1880
  • Paris lights the lights. Literary correspondence. Hanser, Munich 1977, ISBN 3-446-12349-0 .
    • Ulla Kölving (Ed.): Correspondance littéraire de FMG Center international d'étude du XVIIIe siècle, Ferney-Voltaire 2007, currently 4 volumes = year 1753f. (planned for 20 volumes). Readable online (PDF; 1.3 MB)
      • Review: Marie Leca-Tsiomis, in: Zs. Recherches sur Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie Numéro 43, Varia, [18]

literature

  • V. Boven (ed.): Lettres inédites de Grimm à la pure-mère de Suède. In: Revue de litterature comparée. 32, pp. 565-572 (1958).
  • Louise d'Épinay: Mémoires et correspondance. Charpentier, Paris 1863.
  • Karl A. Georges: Friedrich Melchior Grimm as a critic of contemporary literature in his "Correspondance littéraire". Bär & Hermann, Leipzig 1904.
  • Ulla Kölving et al. (Ed.): Inventaire de la correspondance littéraire de Grimm et Meister. Voltaire Fondation, Oxford 1984, 3 volumes, ISBN 0-7294-0316-5 .
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau : Confessions. Winkler, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-538-05282-4 .
  • Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve: Causeries du lundi. Vol. 7 Garnier, Paris.
  • Edmond Scherer : Melchior Grimm. L'homme de lettres, le factotum, le diplomate. Slatkine, Geneva 1968. (Reprint of the Paris 1887 edition)
  • Sergueï Karp: L'anoblissement de Grimm: quelques précisions. In: L'Allemagne et la France des Lumières. German and French reconnaissance. Mélanges offers à Jochen Schlobach par ses élèves et amis. éd. M. Delon et J. Mondot, Paris 2003, pp. 205-210.
  • Philipp Blom : The sensible monster. Diderot, d'Alembert, de Jaucourt and the Great Encyclopedia . (= The Other Library; Volume 243). Eichborn, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-8218-4553-8 .
  • Andreas Urs Sommer : Skeptical perception of foreign intolerance in Friedrich Melchior Grimm. A micrological study in historical contextualism. In: A. Beutel, V. Leppin, U. Sträter, M. Wriedt (eds.): Enlightened Christianity. Contributions to the history of the church and theology of the 18th century. Leipzig 2010, pp. 257–268.
  • Kirill Abrosimov: Enlightenment beyond the public: Friedrich Melchior Grimm's "Correspondance littéraire" (1753–1773) between the "république des lettres" and European royal courts . Series: Supplements of Francia, Volume 77. Published by the German Historical Institute in Paris. Ostfildern: Thorbecke, 2014. ISBN 3-7995-7468-9 . Romance Studies
  • Grimm, Friedrich Melchior. In: Gottlob Schneider: Gothaer Memorial Book. Vol. 1, Gotha 1906, pp. 90f.
  • Judge:  Grimm, Friedrich Melchior . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 9, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1879, pp. 676-678.
  • Wilmont Haacke:  Grimm, Friedrich Melchior Frhr. from. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 7, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1966, ISBN 3-428-00188-5 , pp. 86-88 ( digitized version ).
  • Winfried Wolf: Friedrich Melchior Grimm, an enlightener from Regensburg: straw chair and carriage - a life between Paris and Saint Petersburg. epubli, Berlin 2015, ISBN 3-7375-5562-1

Web links

Commons : Friedrich Melchior Grimm  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: Friedrich Melchior Grimm  - Quotes

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Melchior, baron de Grimm (French)
  2. ↑ Music and the Origins of Language: Theories from the French Enlightenment by Downing A. Thomas, p. 148. [1]
  3. ^ Lully Studies by John Hajdu Heyer, p. 248. [2]
  4. ↑ A History of Western Musical Aesthetics by Edward A. Lippman, p. 171. [3]
  5. ↑ [4]
  6. ↑ Grandparents on my father's side were Friedrich Grimm, private in the Stadtgarde in Regensburg, and Eva Catharina Neißl.
  7. ^ On the genealogy: "Grimm, Friedrich Melchior Freiherr von". Hessian biography. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). and Wilmont Haacke:  Grimm, Friedrich Melchior Frhr. from. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 7, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1966, ISBN 3-428-00188-5 , pp. 86-88 ( digitized version ).
  8. ^ A b Karl Bauer: Regensburg Art, Culture and Everyday History . 6th edition. MZ-Buchverlag in H. Gietl Verlag & Publication Service GmbH, Regenstauf 2014, ISBN 978-3-86646-300-4 , p. 154 .
  9. ↑ Winfried Wolf: Friedrich Melchior Grimm, an enlightener from Regensburg. Straw armchairs and coaches - a life between Paris and Saint Petersburg. epubli, Berlin 2015, ISBN 3-7375-5562-1 .
  10. ^ Catherine Massip: La bibliothèque musicale du baron Grimm. In: Jean Gribenski et al. (Ed.): D'un opéra à l'autre. Tribute to Jean Mongrédien. Paris 1996, pp. 189-205.
  11. ↑ Manfred Rudersdorf (Ed.): Johann Christoph Gottsched in his time. New contributions to life, work and impact. De Gruyter, Berlin and New York 2007, p. 44 .
  12. ^ Joseph Royall Smiley: Diderot's relations with Grimm . University of Illinois Press, Urbana 1950, p. 9.
  13. ↑ Born in Swedish Pomerania , Baron Ulrich von Thun was prepared for a diplomatic career in Strasbourg by Johann Daniel Schöpflin . After secret missions for Hesse-Darmstadt and Saxony-Gotha, he was again active in Paris from 1756 to 1788 as ministre plénipotentiaire Württemberg. Ducal Wirtemberg address book: to the year 1786: together with e. Annex d. freyen imperial knighthood in Swabia. Bürkhisch, 1786, p. 12.
  14. ↑ Winfried Wolf: Friedrich Melchior Grimm, an enlightener from Regensburg. Straw armchairs and coaches - a life between Paris and Saint Petersburg. epubli, Berlin 2015, ISBN 3-7375-5562-1 .
  15. ↑ Philipp Blom: The reasonable monster - Diderot, D'Alembert, de Jaucourt and the Great Encyclopedia ( The Other Library ). Eichborn, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-8218-4553-8 , p. 116.
  16. ^ Regula Rohland de Langbehn: Friedrich II of Prussia "De la littérature allemande". The historical location of the essay and its translation into Spanish. Literary and cultural-historical aspects. In: Revista de Filología Alemana 28, 2005, pp. 169-184 ( PDF online ).
  17. ^ Siegfried Jüttner : Basic tendencies of the theater criticism by Friedrich-Melchior Grimm (1753-1773). Franz Steiner Verlag, Wiesbaden 1969, p. 147.
  18. ^ John Spitzer, Neal Zaslaw: The Birth of the Orchestra. History of an Institution, 1650-1815. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York 2005, p. 186 ; Lettre de M. Grimm sur Omphale , edition from 1762.
  19. ^ Daniel Heartz: Grimm's "Le petit prophète de Boehmisch-Broda" . In: Ders .: From Garrick to Gluck. Essays on Opera in the Age of Enlightenment. Pendragon Press, Hillsdale / NY 2004, pp. 213 f.
  20. ^ Friedrich Melchior von Grimm and Denis Diderot: Correspondence, from 1753 to 1790, addressed to a ruling prince of Germany. Volume 1. Wiesike, Brandenburg 1820, p. X
  21. ^ Richard Butterwick: Polite liberty or l'esprit monarchique? Stanisław August Poniatowski, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and politesse in England. In: Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century 2003, 7, pp. 249-270 ( PDF online ).
  22. ↑ Maurice Cranston: The Noble Savage. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1754–1762. University of Chicago Press, Urbana 1991, p. 38 .
  23. ^ SZ series about great journalists (XI): Friedrich Melchior Grimm by Wolf Lepenies
  24. ^ Friedrich Melchior von Grimm and Denis Diderot: Correspondence, from 1753 to 1790, addressed to a ruling prince of Germany. Volume 1. Wiesike, Brandenburg 1820, p. Xi .
  25. ↑ Mark Curran: Atheism, Religion and Enlightenment in Pre-revolutionary Europe. Boydell & Brewer, Woodbridge / Suffolk 2012, p. 52 .
  26. ^ "[...] le livre le plus hardi et le plus terrible qui ait jamais paru dans aucun lieu du monde" Maurice Tourneux: Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister etc. Vol. 5, Garnier, Paris 1877-1882, p. 367. Quoted in Naumann (1964), p. 155.
  27. ↑ Inna Gorbatov, p. 211 f.
  28. ↑ Eckhard Ullrich: Plain brown leather volumes. On the 200th anniversary of Friedrich Melchior Grimm's death.
  29. ↑ A BRIDGE BETWEEN FRANCE AND GERMANY IN THE 18TH CENTURY (PDF).
  30. ↑ [5]
  31. ↑ a b Günter Berger (Ed.): Vepticism. Correspondence between Friedrich II. And Luise Dorothea ... , p. 176 .
  32. ^ Diderot's relations with Grimm , p. 2.
  33. ↑ “Le baron de Grimm vint à Berlin au mois de septembre 1769, au mois de mai 1773, au mois de juillet 1776, et au mois de septembre 1777; il fut toujours bien accueilli par Frédéric, qui l'estimait et qui aimait sa conversation. “ friedrich.uni-trier.de
  34. ^ Allan Braham: The Architecture of the French Enlightenment , p. 30 .
  35. ↑ Grimm's Correspondance Littéraire , 1763. [6]
  36. ↑ Grimm's Correspondance Littéraire . [7]
  37. ^ Angela Oster: Europe en mouvement. Mobilization of European concepts in the mirror of technology , p. 84 .
  38. ^ Jürgen von Stackelberg: Diderot. Artemis-Verlag, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-7608-1303-8 , p. 107.
  39. ^ Philipp Blom: A Wicked Company. The Forgotten Radicalism of the European Enlightenment , p. 236 .
  40. ^ Leo Damrosch: Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Restless Genius , p. 288 .
  41. ^ Leo Damrosch: Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Restless Genius , p. 280 .
  42. ^ Jean Jacques Rousseau: Rousseau's Confessions. Second part, chapters 11 and 12. [8] [9]
  43. ^ The Rousseau-Affair ( Memento of April 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  44. ^ Maynard Solomon: Mozart. A life. HarperCollins, New York 1995, ISBN 0-06-019046-9 , p. 44.
  45. ^ G. Banat: The Chevalier de Saint-Georges. Virtuoso of the Sword and the Bow , 2006, p. 171 ; Wolfgang Hildesheimer : Mozart , 1980, p. 72; HC Robinson Landon: The Mozart Compendium , 1990.
  46. ^ Otto Erich Deutsch and Joseph Heinz Eibel: Mozart. Documents of his life. dtv, Munich, 1991, ISBN 3-423-02927-7 , p. 19 f.
  47. ^ Cliff Eisen, Simon P. Keefe: The Cambridge Mozart Encyclopedia , pp. 203 , 311 .
  48. ↑ http://friedrich.uni-trier.de/de/oeuvres/25/id/009000000/meta/biblio/?h=Grimm
  49. ↑ Article “Grimm, Friedrich Melchior Baron von” by Arthur Richter, Theodor Süpfle in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie , published by the Historical Commission at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Volume 9 (1879), p. 676 ff., Digital full-text edition in Wikisource, URL: http://de.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=ADB:Grimm,_Melchior_Freiherr_von&oldid=1783761 (Version of March 30, 2014, 7:52 p.m. UTC).
  50. ↑ Simon Dixon (2009) Catharine the Great, p. 222.
  51. ↑ Catherine the Great and the French Philosophers of the Enlightenment ... by Inna Gorbatov, p. 174. [10]
  52. ^ Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750-1790 by Jonathan Israel, p. 439. [11]
  53. ^ Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750-1790 by Jonathan Israel, pp. 270, 272. [12]
  54. ↑ Harald Keller (1990) Propylaea art history. The Art of the 18th Century, p. 66.
  55. ↑ Simon Dixon (2009) Catharine the Great, p. 262. [13]
  56. ↑ Simon Dixon (2009) Catharine the Great, p. 285.
  57. ↑ Inna Gorbatov, p. 223. [14]
  58. ↑ Simon Dixon (2009) Catharine the Great, p. 224.
  59. ↑ http://www.eckhard-ullrich.de/alte-sachen/25-schlichte-braune-lederbaende
  60. ↑ Goethe. His life in pictures and texts, p. 138. 1987 Insel Verlag.
  61. ^ Gero von Wilpert : Goethe-Lexikon (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 407). Kröner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-520-40701-9 , pp. 425-426.
  62. ↑ Memories of a great-grandmother (Katharina Freifrau von Bechtolsheim née Countess Bueil) (1903). P. 22. [15]
  63. ↑ Genealogy at Geneanet.org
  64. ↑ Memories of a great-grandmother (Katharina Freifrau von Bechtolsheim née Countess Bueil) (1903). P. 67. [16]
  65. ↑ Memories of a great-grandmother (Katharina Freifrau von Bechtolsheim née Countess Bueil) (1903). P. 165. [17]
personal data
SURNAME Grimm, Friedrich Melchior
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Grimm, Friedrich Melchior Baron von; Grimm, Frédéric-Melchior
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German writer and diplomat
DATE OF BIRTH September 25, 1723
PLACE OF BIRTH regensburg
DATE OF DEATH December 19, 1807
Place of death Gotha