Acre Prison

1947 view from Burǧ al-Chazna in the courtyard of the Kışla (south and west wing) in front of the white dome of the Zāwiyat al-Šāḏaliya
Information about the institution
Surname	Acre Prison / سجن عَکّا, DMG Siǧn ʿAkkā / כֶּלֶא עַכּוֹ Kele 'ʿAkkō 1918–1948: Central Prison /سجن عَکّا المركزي, DMG Siǧn ʿAkkā al-Markazī /בֵּית סוֹהַר מֶרְכָּזִי Bejt Sōhar Merkasī 1948/1949:בֵּית הַכֶּלֶא הַצְּבָאִי Beit ha-Kele 'ha-Zva'ī , German , Military Arrest House '
Institution management	1929–1931: Douglas Valder Duff (1901–1978) 1935–1940: Robert Lewkenor Worsley to 1947: GEC Charlton from 1947: PJ Hackett

Israel's Haifa and North districts physically Akko prison Akko

The prison Acre (1918-1948: English Central Prison ; 1948/1949: Hebrew בֵּית הַכֶּלֶא הַצְּבָאִי Bejt ha-Kele 'ha-Zva'ī , German for ' military detention center ' ) was a prison in Acre during the Ottoman Empire , the British League of Nations mandate for Palestine and, most recently, the Israeli army in Israel's founding phase. The prison occupied the Ottoman superstructure of the Acre Citadel in the northern district of Israel .

When the Arab regional potentate Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar (1690–1775) set up the citadel in the ruins of the Hospitaller Accos around 1750 as his official and residence, he also had cells built for prisoners.

While the new Wālī moved the seat and regional administration from Acre to Sidon in 1832 , the citadel remained as a barracks and prison in Acre. With the exception of a brief evacuation of the prison in 1870, it existed continuously. In the 19th century the western public became aware of the prison and the conditions in it on various occasions.

With the replacement of the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration South (OETA South) and the transition to the regular British civil administration in 1918, the Mandate Power converted the entire citadel into a Central Prison under the supervision of the Palestine Police . The mandate power also set up a place of execution for those sentenced to death. After the Israeli conquest of Accos on May 17, 1948, Zahal set up a military prison in the citadel , which was dissolved after the war for Israel's independence (July 1949). A psychiatric clinic then moved into the citadel.

In particular, imprisoned Bahā'ī (until 1908) and underground fighters against Ottoman rule (until 1918) or British mandate power (until 1948) had gained public attention and notoriety outside the prison walls. Well-known prisoners were Abba Achimeir , Baha'ullah , Mosche Dajan , ʿAbbas Effendi , Schlomo Er'el , Uzi Gal , Se'ev Jabotinsky , Harutiun Jangülian , Mosche Karmel , David Resi'el , Stojan Saimow and Leopold Trepper , to name but a few call. In 1963 , the Department of Defense opened the underground prisoners memorial and museum in the area of ​​the former British execution site in memory of Zionist underground movements . In 1983 the museum was expanded and since then it has occupied all the rooms of the Ottoman superstructure of the citadel.

Plaque in memory of the prison in front of the former entrance

Plan of the old town with plans of ramparts , citadel (№ 2: north wall of the Ottoman courtyard, № 3: halls 1–6, № 4: courtyard, № 5: refectory), № 20: Jazzār Mosque on the base of the Cross Cathedral, № 22 : Chan al-Ifranǧ and other buildings

location

The superstructure of the citadel, in which the prison once existed, is located in Akkon on the northern edge of today's old town directly on the narrower Ottoman city wall, which only includes part of the area of ​​the former Crusader city, and the work of Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar and the Ottoman governor Ahmad 'al-Jazzār' Pasha (1722-1804) is. On this old city wall, which ran between the new and old town from the construction of the new town of Montmusard at the beginning of the 13th century until the destruction of Akko in 1291, the citadel, seen from the west, occupies the wall section between the second and third tower, which has been built over by the Ottoman Empire are. The top of the citadel consists of buildings from the Ottoman period and borders the Rechov Portzej ha-Mivtzar (רְחוֹב פּוֹרְצֵי הַמִּבְצָר 'Road the Burglars into the Fortress' ;شارع اللص في القلعة, DMG Šāriʿ al-Laṣi fī al-Qalʿa ).

The alleys and streets around the citadel are now seven to eight meters above medieval street level, since in the 18th century the rubble and rubble of the once imposing upper floors of the crusader buildings were left in the alleys when the ruins were reopened and they were content with piling up sand to pave a new, higher street level. This makes this area the highest location in Acco's old town today. Correspondingly, building remnants were only used at this height or new buildings were built on preserved basement floors, which still stood out at the new level. The Ottoman components of the citadel sit directly on the former Johanniterkommende that has been preserved and buried at the time .

history

Akko is an ancient city on the Mediterranean , where the Via Maris trade route between Egypt and Mesopotamia changed from sea to caravan transport and vice versa. Several times destroyed and rebuilt and even more often fallen from one lord to another (Phoenicians, Ancient Egyptians, Alexander the Great, Romans, Byzantines, Egyptian Fatimids , Crusaders , Mamluks, to name just a few), Akko, like the entire Levant , has belonged to Akko since 1516 / 1517 to the Ottoman Empire . Even under the Ottomans, Akko remained a field of ruins. Acco's churches and fortifications were ordered by Emir ʿAlam al-Din Sanjar al-Schujaʿi al-Mansuri ( by order of his victorious conqueror Sultan Chalil in 1291علم الدين سنجر الشجاعي المنصوري, DMG ʿAlam ad-Dīn Sanǧar aš-Šuǧāʿī al-Manṣūrī ) was razed in order to erase Christian traces and to make it impossible for the crusaders - after a possible reconquest - to use it again as a base. However, some of the massive buildings of the Johanniterkommende were preserved.

Initially, only a few self-sufficient people, often Arab fishermen, settled down in the ruins and made their homes. In the 17th century, the flourishing trade in Western Europe drove mainly French, but also Dutch merchants in search of business opportunities to the coasts of the Levant, with the former enjoying some legal protection from the surrender of the Ottoman Empire and a monopoly in Ottoman trade among Europeans.

European merchants also headed for the port of Accos. In 1691, 13 French merchants were already living in Akko. The textile industry in France prospered, increasing its cotton imports ten-fold between 1700 and 1750, and although producers increased supply, demand grew faster, which is why the price of cotton doubled in the same period. In 1691, in search of cotton suppliers, Marseille merchants traveled through the Galilean hinterland to Safed . The few free farmers, but above all the many dependent peasant land tenants of the state Miri-Land in the Ottoman Tımar system recognized that cotton production could be sold at rising prices beyond their own needs.

If tax farmer (ملتزم, DMG multazim ) came across the villages, mostly in order to rigorously collect the levy on Miri-Land, the often illiquid peasant tenants could only pay for it from the proceeds they obtained from quick sales of hectic and not fully ripened cotton to European merchants at poor prices . The price, quantity and quality were unfavorable for producers and merchants, which is why French merchants established a futures market for cotton (later also for other futures goods such as olive oil and grain) by 1720 by paying producers the discounted sales proceeds that were so convenient before the harvest could pay their dues and only deliver the full yield when they had gathered the ripe harvest.

In 1729 the Hohe Pforte banned futures trading in agricultural products, but to no avail. In enforcement of the ban, the authorities arrested Saʿd al-Zaydānī, eldest brother of Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar (1690–1775) in June 1730 , because he had mediated the sale of the harvests of three villages on an appointment to French merchants, who were also successful for his release used. Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, himself a successful merchant in the trade between Galilee and Damascus , recognized an opportunity and agreed in 1731 with the merchant Yūsuf al-Qassīs, who was based in Akko (يوسف القسيس) to sell their goods abroad. After the death of his father, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar took over the task of the multazim, whereby he was commercially thinking on regular continuous tax receipts instead of one-off maximum amounts that ruined the taxpayers. His concept also included protecting land tenants from robbers.

Respected by merchants and valued peasant land tenants for consideration and protection, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar began to use negotiation and military skill in Galilee to build an order that offered protection against robbery and official exploitation and arbitrariness by establishing and enforcing general rules on which the Residents could rely on. Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar rose to become an autonomist regional potentate, conscientiously paying the Ottoman tax authorities the required taxes and avoiding open conflict with the seldom present Sublime Porte , but seeking their recognition.

הַמְּצוּדָה הָהוֹסְפִּיטַלֶרִית 'Hospitaller Citadel' plan of the knight's halls - top left: north-west tower, top center: north wing, № 2/4: inner courtyard, center: pillar hall, № 1/3: refectory, bottom right: crypt of St. John's Church, № 5: 3 rooms of the Diwan-Chans, now the Okaschi Museum and top right: Burǧ al-Chazna
Draftsman unknown , 2012
Link to the picture (please note copyrights )

Administration and prison for the region from 1740

Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar recognized Ako's potential and began in the 1740s to expand the ruins of Akko into his fortified residence and administrative center. In Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar's territory, protected from robbery, peasant producers were able to increase their production and, after tax and rent, kept more of their income for themselves than their equals in the territories of other masters. The re-fortified Akko was a hub for global trade, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar's fortress and capital of his precarious regional rule. The growing production in the primary sector with security from violence and neglect of arbitrariness, ultimately further strengthened by the promotion of labor migration , required and allowed more employees in secondary processing and services (trade, transport, administration, planning, law enforcement and security organs) due to growing tax revenues tertiary economic sector , with which the number of acre people rose from 400 around 1730 to 15,000 within a few years and then 25,000 around 1770.

In September 1746, Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar enforced a monopoly as the only middleman in the cotton trade between local sellers and European, especially French buyers, in order to fiscally skim off a monopoly rent as a regional potentate. He took over the northern part of the Kommende ( French Grand Manoir , Great Manor House , formerly the administration of the order and hospice for Knights of St. John and pilgrims) and from the 1750s built the citadel, the rooms for representation purposes and administration, living rooms, accommodation for the lower floors Soldiers , warehouses and workshops for weapons , a treasury and cells for prisoners .

Turkish Ḥammām of the Pasha: Pillars and Other Spolia , 2010

The New Acre migrated from Aleppo , Damascus, the Greek islands , Malta and Nazareth . In and on the ruins of the Crusader city, these predominantly Christian new Acre monks built a new city in the 18th century. Usable parts from the ruins of the splendid Johanniterkirche were partly used as spoilers in the Turkish Hammam in 1785 .

After unsuccessful attempts to overthrow the independent Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, who had ascended from his own will and ability, the Sublime Porte finally submitted to the inevitable in 1768 and granted him the newly created rank of Sheikh of Akko and the whole of Galilee, reflecting the sphere of power he had achieved through his own efforts . Ẓāhir al-ʿUmar, who stood by a friend who had fallen out of favor with the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid I , was himself the target of Ottoman intervention in 1771, which ended in 1775 when he was shot while trying to escape. The Sublime Porte appointed Ahmad al-Jazzār Pasha as the new sheikh from 1777 with the title of Wālī of Sidon, when he took his seat in Acre in 1779.

Ahmad 'al-Jazzār' Pasha, who was nicknamed 'the butcher' ('al-Jazzār') for violence, lacked economic expertise, friendly and, as a Bosniak, family relationships within his sphere of influence, and the ability to use local and regional potentates who conflicted with his power to win through concessions and agreements. Instead, he relied on force to eliminate alleged and actual opponents and to deter potential adversaries. Therefore, Jazzār Pasha maintained a powerful repression apparatus made up of expensive foreign mercenaries without ties to the local population. Jazzār Pasha regularly threw some of his senior officials into prison in order to steal their fortunes.

Ahmad al-Jazzār Pasha (seated) condemns a kneeling man, next to him Ḥāyīm Farḥī (with file in hand), 1819

Ahmad al-Jazzār won the Damascus merchant Ḥāyīm Farḥī 'al-Muʿallim' (حاييم فرحي; 1760–1820) for his administration as a financial vizier , whereby as a Jewish Ḏimmi he was completely dependent on the goodwill of al-Jazzār. As a representative of the Pasha, who made a pilgrimage to Mecca, Farḥī was the target of his opponents in 1794, who set Farḥī prisoner in the citadel, where they mutilated his eye, nose and auricle before the Pasha saved him. Shortly before al-Jazzār's death, which ended his term in office, Farḥī was arrested again before al-Jazzār rehabilitated him.

Increasing expenditure required higher tax claims and revenues. B. should bring in a new government monopoly in the grain trade. Jazzār's attempt to prevent French buyers from buying directly from farmers in 1790, with which they wanted to avoid export taxes, caused them to move on to Beirut. After his Hajj in 1791, Jazzār believed he could recognize prospective rebels by a sign on his forehead, which is why he had the entire workforce of his port company, the state building yard and the workshops, around 200 people, line up. All those on whose foreheads he thought he recognized the said sign, he had initially locked up and murdered outside the city the next day.

Jazzār Pasha's successor, his adoptive son Suleyman Pasha 'al-ʿĀdil' (term of office 1805–1819), had the citadel extensively renovated in 1817/1818. Suleyman Pasha and his son and successor, ʿAbdullah Pasha ibn ʿAlī (terms of office 1820–1822 and again 1823–1832), were the last Wālīs of Sidon who officiated from Akko. Abdullah Pasha had the tried and tested Farḥī strangled in 1820, who had bought him Wālī from the Sublime Porte for a baksheesh for 11 million piasters , because the Pasha feared that Farḥī, who, as an Arab Jew, was actually entirely dependent on his favor, could not only get his appointment, but also his dismissal.

Shelling of Akkos by British, Ottoman and Austrian (left) ships, 1840 by Charles de Brocktorff

The number of farmers initially fell due to the bubonic plague in 1786, and later as a result of fleeing reprisals or tax enforcement. Acre and Galileans emigrated and more and more agricultural land was fallow. Egyptian shelling by Ibrahim Pascha (1831) and the British navy (1840, Orient crisis ) as well as the earthquake in 1837 contributed to the decline of Akko. Under Ibrahim Pasha's Egyptian occupation (1832-1840) the citadel served as a military hospital.

On 3 November 1840 took Archduke Frederick of Austria at the Citadel tower Burǧ al-Chazna and hoisted the flags of the Allies, Ottoman Empire, Empire of Austria and the UK and Ireland . The Egyptian ammunition depot in the citadel blew up under Allied fire, whereupon the Egyptians withdrew defeated. The era of the citadel as a stronghold of national defense was over. The Ottoman governors in Beirut proved to be more competent than the Akkonian potentates and the Levant trade shifted there. While Beirut rose to become the Paris of the Orient , Akko's population fell to 2,000 between 1820 and 1840.

Citadel: View over the courtyard to the Mediterranean Sea with the dome of the Zāwiyat al-Šāḏaliya, around 1914

Prison in late Ottoman times

The Ottomans had the damaged citadel renewed and built the Kışla (barracks) in the west and south of the courtyard .قشلة) called barracks, which was completed in the late 1840s or 1850s. The citadel was used again as a post for armed organs and cells for prisoners remained. The courtyard of the citadel served in Ottoman, British and Israeli initially also time to walk in the yard of the prisoners.

Northwest tower: door to Bahā'ullāh's cell under a plaque in brass, 2009

In 1859 40 commanders of a rebel army of the Ağas rank were imprisoned. The explorer Victor Guérin was able to visit the prison in the citadel in 1863 and reported of overcrowding and torture of prisoners. The most famous prisoners in the last third of the 19th century were the Iranian Bahā'ullāh (1817-1892), founder of the Bahā'ītum , who was imprisoned here at the behest of the Sublime Porte from August 1868 to October 1870, and up to 70 people and confidants Members of his family who sat with him at times. Most of the prisoners became ill, three died because they were poorly nourished, extremely unsanitary and detained without medical care. Bahā'ullāh sat in a cell with a view of the lake in the north-west tower of the citadel, which was raised in 1797.

Central Prison: Elevations of the south wing on the refectory (then considered a church) and the floor plan of the refectory (in black) under prison cells (green), 1927

Courtyard of the citadel used as a British prison in 1938, in front of Jazzar Pasha Mosque

When the Ottoman Army increased its units in Akko in 1870, it occupied the entire citadel and the prisoners were relocated for that time. The Bulgarian freedom fighter Stojan Saimow (1853-1932) was sentenced to death in 1876 ​​for insurrection and then pardoned to imprisonment in Akko, but released in 1878. At the end of 1884, the engineer Gottlieb Schumacher saw the prison in the Kışla for his expert opinion on the state of the building and his suggestions for improvement, which he found unbearable. The Armenian activist Harutiun Jangülian (1855–1915), who had been sentenced to death for rioting resulting in death and taking hostages of the Armenian Patriarch , was pardoned to imprisonment, which he served between 1890 and 1896 in Akko prison. The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 brought freedom to the last Baha'i prisoner in Akko. In 1912 the Ottoman authorities arrested Chaim Sturmann (חַיִּים שְׁטוּרְמַן; 1892–1938) and Zvi Nissanow (Нисанов,צְבִי נִיסָנוֹב; 1881–1966), members of the Ha-Shomer organization , in the citadel after both of them committed the murder of Jechesq'el Nissanov (1911) by a gang on the road near Sarona (יְחֶזְקֵאל נִיסָנוֹב; 1886-1911; Brother Zvi Nissanow) had wanted to avenge.

Citadel: Jabotinsky as a prisoner in the courtyard in front of Burǧ al-Chazna, 1920

Prison in British and Israeli times

The British mandate established the entire citadel as the Central Prison of Acre ( Arabic سجن عَکّا المركزي, DMG Siǧn ʿAkkā al-Markazī ; Hebrew בֵּית סוֹהַר מֶרְכָּזִי עַכּוֹ Bejt Sōhar Merkasī ʿAkkō ) her. This prison was the central prison of Mandate Palestine , where, in addition to the majority of non-political criminals, there were also those who claimed political motives for their crimes and, depending on their point of view , are viewed as terrorists or freedom fighters , as well as those who investigate opponents of the British mandate held. Several criteria applied to some inmates.

Northwest Tower: Former gallows , 2013

Hole in the citadel wall that the Irgun blew up in 1947

In the north wing, the hospital wing and rooms for administration, interrogation and criminal proceedings were on the first floor, and below were the execution site and death row . In Bur öst al-Chazna to the east in the northeast corner of the citadel were workshops where prisoners worked. The cells for Jewish and Arab prisoners were found in the east wing and the southern Kışla , supply facilities in the western Kışla and the area with the oldest cells in the north- west tower , now called the Jabotinsky wing.

The first prisoners in these older prison cells in British times were Vladimir Se'ev Jabotinsky , the commander of Jewish self-defense (מָגִנֵּי הָעִיר יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Maginnej ha-ʿĪr Jerūschalajim ) in Jerusalem's old town against violent Arab perpetrators of the Nabi-Mussa riots in 1920, and 19 of his colleagues. Since the 1930s, Bahā'ullāh's cell in the north-west tower has been the Bahá'i's holy place of their religion, but as part of the prison was not open to the public. Between 1935 and 1940 Assistant Superintendent Robert Lewkenor Worsley (1893–1973) headed the prison in the service of the Palestinian police . Because of repeated incitement and sedition in the newspaper ha-Yarden against the British Mandate and Social Democrats was Abba Achime'ir sentenced in 1937 to three months in prison, which he served in Akko. Disguised as a plumber, Yisrael Galili , at the time a member of the Hagannah leadership, went to prison in 1939 and, according to the decision of the leadership, dissuaded Hagannah colleagues incarcerated there from the idea of ​​attempting an escape. Between 1939 and 1941, prison terms in Akko were served by 43 Hagannah leaders, including Moshe Dajan and Moshe Karmel , who had been arrested during commanders' courses in Jabne'el , ten Hagannah members from Ginnossar, and 38 leading Irgunists who were police officers in combat training in Mishmar ha-Jarden went online.

In the execution site, which can be seen in the prison museum, convicts were hanged , including 30 Arab non-Jewish Palestinians who committed fatal acts of violence against Jewish Palestinians and during the Arab riots in 1929 (including in Hebron and Safed ) or the Arab uprising (1936–1939) Representatives of the British mandate on the one hand and nine Jewish Palestinians of Arab , Caucasian , European and Persian descent who had committed acts of violence against Arab non-Jewish Palestinians and the British authorities on behalf of Irgun and Lechi (so-called ʿŌlej ha-Gardōm ). In June 1937 the British Mandate Government imposed the death penalty for illicit gun possession , which was particularly common among non-Jewish Palestinians; Accordingly, the majority of the 112 hanged people in Central Prison had been sentenced to death for unauthorized possession of weapons.

Those sentenced to death ʿAta Ahmad Al-Sir (عطا أحمد الزير; 1895–1930), Muhammad Chalil Jamdschum (محمد خليل جمجوم; 1902–1930), Fu'ad Hassan Hijazi (فؤاد حسن حجازي; 1904–1930), Schlomoh Ben-Josef (שְׁלֹמֹה בֵּן-יוֹסֵף; 1913–1938), Mordechai Schwarcz (מֹרְדְּכַי שְׁווַרְץ; 1914–1938), Mordechaī Alqachī (מֹרְדְּכַי אַלְקַחִי; 1925–1947), Jechiel Dresner (יְחִיאֵל דֹּב דְּרֵזְנֶר; 1922–1947), Dov Béla Grüner (דֹּב גְּרוּנֶר Dov Grūner ; 1912–1947) and Eliʿeser Kaschani (אֱלִיעֶזֶר קַשׁאָנִי; 1923-1947).

View from the south wing of the former prison onto the roof of the Turkish Ḥammam , 2013

View from the northwest at Rechov ha-Hagannah 10 to the citadel

1949: Gate to the military prison with inscription in Hebrew בֵּית הַכֶּלֶא הַצְּבָאִי (military prison)

1960s: Entrance to the psychiatry center, center column with sign in Hebrew בֵּית חוֹלִים לְחוֹלֵי נֶפֶשׁ (Hospital for the mentally ill)

2013: Gate to the Museum of Prisoners of the Underground in the northern cell wing and north-west tower (right, now called Jabotinsky wing)

A few weeks after the last of these executions , the Irgun forcibly freed prisoners on May 4, 1947, for which they were assisted by Rechov Portzej ha-Mivtzar (רְחוֹב פּוֹרְצֵי הַמִּבְצָר 'Road the Burglars into the Fortress' ;شارع اللص في القلعة, DMG Šāriʿ al-Laṣi fī al-Qalʿa ) called the walled former openings in the southern wall of the citadel blew up. For this purpose, the group of liberators had approached unnoticed over the roof of the Turkish Ḥammām opposite the prison. 41 prisoners belonging to the Palestinian-Jewish underground were freed and 214 other prisoners, mainly non-Jewish Arab prisoners, escaped. Imprisoned Hagannah supporters opposed the forcible release and remained in prison.

In the skirmish that developed outside the prison between intruders and Palestinian police and British army troops , three of the intruders and six of the escaping prisoners were killed. Thirteen were captured, three of them - Avschalōm Ḥabīb (אַבְשָׁלוֹם חָבִּיבּ; 1926–1947), Me'īr Naqqar (מֵאִיר נַקָּר; 1926–1947) and Jaʿaqov Imre Weiss (יַעֲקֹב וַייְס; 1924–1947) were charged and sentenced to death. The Irgun had repeatedly kidnapped British security officials and threatened to kill them in order to extort the cancellation of executions or pardons for their sentenced members to prison terms, and if Britain persisted they had perpetrated them.

On July 12, 1947, the Irgun had kidnapped the British sergeants Clifford Martin and Mervyn Paice as hostages, who set out to find and rescue the British and Hagannah in search of them. Ḥabīb, Naqqar and Weiss should be executed without the usual notice in order not to leave time for another kidnapping . As a result, the Superintendent of Jail (prison director) GEC Charlton refused to lead the execution because the death row inmates and their relatives had to be denied farewell letters and visits due to the short notice.

Major Charlton was replaced as superintendent by Prison Inspector PJ Hackett, who assisted Andrew Clowe, superintendent of Nablus Prison, as executioner. As ordered at short notice by High Commissioner Alan Cunningham, the executions took place on July 29, 1947 on the gallows in Akko prison. The Irgun immediately murdered both of their hostages.

Three days after Yom ha-ʿAtzma'ut , the Carmeli Brigade, under the command of Moshe Karmel , who himself had been in Akko prison until 1941, captured the city on May 17, 1948 after the Arab defenders of the citadel surrendered. The Israeli Military Police (חָמָ"ץ ChaMa "tZ ) used the British prison in the upper part of the citadel as a military prison until the end of the war for Israel's independence in 1949 (בֵּית הַכֶּלֶא הַצְּבָאִי Bejt ha-Kele 'ha-Zva'ī ).

Subsequent use as a psychiatry and museum

In 1949 the Israeli health system took over the facility and converted it into a psychiatric clinic called Bejt Chōlīm le-Chōlej Nefesch (בֵּית חוֹלִים לְחוֹלֵי נֶפֶשׁ 'Hospital for the Mentally Ill' ). In July 1981, following an agreement with the workers' committee , the 164 inpatients were transferred to other clinics outside of Acco on July 24, 1981. The former cell of Bahā'ullāh became accessible for Baha'i pilgrimages .

As early as 1963, the Ministry of Defense had set up a museum in a small area around the former British execution site on the lower floor of the north-west tower , which is dedicated to the memory of Zionist underground movements, whose memory Zahal cherishes. The name at that time was Museum of Heroism (מוּזֵיְאוֹן הַגְּבוּרָה Mūsej'ōn ha-Gvūrah ). After expanding to include the abandoned clinic rooms and revising the content, the Museum of Prisoners of the Underground (מוּזֵיְאוֹן אֲסִירֵי הַמַּחְתָּרוֹת Mūsej'ōn Assīrej ha-Machtarōt ;مُتحَف سجناء الحركات السرّيّة, DMG Mutḥaf Suǧanā 'al-Ḥarakāt al-Sirriyya ) called facility since 1984 all rooms of the Ottoman superstructure of the citadel. The exhibition shows the museum areas of the sick wing, the administration rooms on the first floor of the north wing and cells on the lower floor of those sentenced to death . The museum is one of the museums and memorials sponsored by the Ministry of Defense .

Prison: North Wing Death Row, 2009

In the south and east wing of the citadel you can see cells in which once non-Jewish Arab or Jewish Arab and European prisoners were held, whereby the history of underground organizations at that time such as Hagannah, Irgun and Lechi and their work are explained in the cells of the east wing. like trying to find immigration opportunities for those who fled European anti-Semitism and for survivors of the Shoah .

Jabotinsky wing in the northwest tower with wooden door to Bahā'ullāh's cell, 2009

Signs, restored and recreated interiors remind of the functions of the rooms, of active and imprisoned people, underground movements to which they belonged, as well as what happened in the prison. Photographs, documents, text panels and screens with film sequences illustrate the content. The prisoners' workrooms, where workshops once were, can be seen downstairs in Burǧ al-Chazna in the northeast corner, while films on everyday prison life and events (e.g. the liberation of prisoners in 1947) are shown in the projection room on the upper floor . The former prison yard largely disappeared by 1999 when the Kommendenhof underneath was uncovered, but has been partially reconstructed on light scaffolding above the pillar hall from the Johanniter times below.

Coming: Dungeon, 2010

In the Jabotinsky wing in the north-west tower there is the gallows and memorial rooms for the hanged down below and memorial rooms for other former prisoners such as Bahā'ullāh and Vladimir Se'ev Jabotinsky on the upper floor . Since the late 1990s, the Universal Bahā'ī Council , the Prison Museum and the Preservation of Monuments have been planning to bring the upper floor with the former cell of Bahā'ullāh and his fellow prisoners closer to the structural condition of 1920.

The memorial rooms for Bahā'ullāh and fellow prisoners have been restored since July 2004 and are open again for Baha'i pilgrimages . The former dungeon of the Johanniter , in front of the east wing of the Grand Manoir to the east, is not part of the museum but can be visited as part of the knight's halls .

View of the Jabotinsky wing (in white), in front of the visitor bars where visitors were allowed to speak to prisoners, on the left a view of the courtyard of the Coming, 2011

Building description

The prison took the premises of the Ottoman upper components of the citadel ( Arabic قَلْعَة عَکّا, DMG Qalʿat ʿAkkā ; Hebrew מְצוּדַת עַכּוֹ, translit. Mətzūdath ʿAkkō ), based on the medieval Johanniterkommende . While the upcoming in the 12./13. The Ottoman superstructures of the citadel date from the 18th and 19th centuries. Century. The facility is divided into four wings that stand directly on the crusader building of the Grand Manoir . Facilities such as the administration wing and cells in the north and east wings and cells in the south and supply rooms in the west wing, both once built as an Ottoman Kışla , bear witness to its use as a British central prison .

Use of space in British prison, plaque in the prison museum, 2010

The north wing is two-story and today shows offices, rooms for interrogation and criminal proceedings (№ 1 in the plan on the right) and the sick wing (№ 2). On the floor below there are memorial rooms for the hanged and the gallows (№ 3), which were a museum between 1963 and 1984. On the occasion of its expansion, the rooms that had served as a mental hospital from 1949 to 1981 were brought closer to the state of 1947 between 1981 and 1984. In the east and south wing you can see the former cells for Jewish (№ 8) and Arab prisoners (№ 7). In the south wing (Kışla), the location of the detonation in the south wall during the liberation of the prisoners on May 4, 1947 is shown. Furthermore, the Kışla in the south wing also shows relics from hospital use.

The heart of the citadel is the northeast tower Burǧ al-Chazna ( Arabic برج الخزنة 'Treasure Chamber Tower'), with a height of more than 40 meters, Akco's highest building, which earned the Ottoman superstructure the name Citadel. The Burǧ al-Chazna ( No. 9) in the northeast corner of the complex shows workshops and workrooms for the prisoners on its upper two floors and a room for film screenings above. The citadel also has an eastern forecourt, which does not belong to the prison museum, but serves as the entrance area to the knight's halls .

View 2013 from the south wing over the courtyards of Kommende (below) and the citadel (above) with the sculpture 'Hofgang' to the north and east wings, overlooked by Burǧ al-Chazna

The west wing (№ 6), part of the Kışla that once served the utilities, is not accessible, but indicated by a dummy. The citadel courtyard (№ 5) was excavated until 1999 to the ceiling vault of the pillar hall of the Grand Manoir or the ground in order to relieve this hall and to expose the courtyard (№ 13) of the Grand Manoir . Only above the pillar hall in the east wing of the Grand Manoir was a part of the citadel courtyard, level with the four wings of the Ottoman superstructure, modeled in light scaffolding and equipped with the sculpture courtyard corridor. In front of the north wing in the citadel courtyard, the visitor bars were reconstructed (№ 4), the inner one, where the prisoners had to stand and separated by a corridor for supervisory staff, the outer, higher one, where the visitors stood to speak to the inmates.

Jabotinsky wing: Ablaq style portal

The appearance of the Jabotinsky wing in the north-west tower, built in 1797, was brought closer to the state of 1920. The work, funded by the Bahá'í World Center, began in 2003 and ended in June 2004, then the upper floor was reopened in July. Photos from 1917, taken by the 1st Royal Bavarian Aviation Battalion , were finally found in the Bavarian War Archives of the original roof, which had been completely replaced in British times , so that it could be restored in the same form by 2004. Beautiful structural details such as wooden ceilings and Ablaq masonry (alternating light and dark stone) indicate that this wing once fulfilled representative tasks as the residence of the Pashas.

See also

• Museum of Prisoners of the Underground (Akkon)
• Knight's Halls (Akkon)
• Turkish Ḥammām (Akkon)

literature

• Adrian Boas: Crusader archeology: The material culture of the Latin East. 2nd Edition. Routledge, London and New York 2017, ISBN 978-1-138-90025-7 .
• Bernhard Poet (בֶּרְנְהַרְד דִּיכְטֶר; 1911–1991) with Salman cotton (זַלְמָן בַּאוּמְווֹל; Arr.), Alex Carmel (arr.) And Ejal Jakob Eisler (אֱיָל יַעֲקֹב אַיְזְלֶר; Arrangement ): עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عَکّا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000.
• Ze'ev Goldmann : "The buildings of the Order of St. John in Akkon", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The knightly order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - Its tasks, its history , Adam Wienand (ed.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 108–115.
• Ze'ev Goldmann: "Le couvent des Hospitaliers à Saint-Jean d'Acre", in: Bible et Terre Sainte , vol. 160 (April 1974), pp. 8-18.
• Ze'ev Goldmann: “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, p 199-206.
• Oded Heilbronner (עוֹדֵד הַיְלְבְּרוֹנֶּר): "הַדּוֹר שֶׁל 1940: חוֹלֵי נֶפֶשׁ בְּצִבּוּרִיּוֹת הַיִּשְׂרָאֵלית בַּעָשׂוֹר הַשֵּׁנִי“, In: קָתֶדְרָה , No. 168 (Tammus 5778 ^{Jüd. Kal.} ), Pp. 119–154.
• Hans Kühner: Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years , David Harris (photos), Olten and Freiburg im Breisgau: Walter, 1975, ISBN 3-530-49171-3 .
• Andrew Petersen: A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine. Council for British Research in the Levant (Ed.), (= British Academy monographs in archeology. No. 12). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-19-727011-5 .
• Thomas Philipp: Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730-1831. Columbia University Press, New York and Chichester 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series. Volume 6). ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
• Abraham Rabinovich: Akko - St. Jean d'Acre , Herzliya:פַּלְפוֹט, 1980, (= Palphot's pictorial Guide & Souvenir).
• Vardit Shotten-Hallel (וַרְדִּית שׁוֹטֶּן-הַלֵּל): “Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685–1687”, in: Crusades , Volume 9 (2010), pp. 185–198.
• Eliezer Star (אֱלִיעֶזֶר שְׁטֶרְן): “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Volume 164 (No. 1, 2006 entitled 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), p. 53– 60.
• Eliezer Stern: "מֶרְכַּז הַמִּסְדָּר הָהוֹסְפִּיטַלֶרִי בְּעַכֹּוֹ”, In: קַדְמוֹנִיּוּת: כְּתָב-עֵת לְעַתִּיקוֹת אֶרֶץ-יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֲרָצוֹת הַמִּקְרָא , Vol. לג (No. 1, 2000), pp. 4–12.
• Thomas Veser: “Holy Cross Church under the Harem” , in: Neue Zürcher Zeitung , December 24, 2003
• Adam Wienand: "The St. John and the Crusades", in: The Order of St. John - The Order of Malta: The knightly order of St. John of the Hospital in Jerusalem - Its tasks, its history. Adam Wienand (eds.) With Carl Wolfgang Graf von Ballestrem and Christoph Freiherr von Imhoff, Cologne: Wienand, 1977, pp. 32-108.

Web links

Commons : Akkon Prison  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Museum of Prisoners of the Underground: Museum of Heroism
• Film about the British prison in Akko
• Hospitallers coming: the Hospitaller fortress

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c} Abraham Rabinovich, Akko - St. Jean d'Acre , Herzliah:פַּלְפוֹט, 1980, (= Palphot's pictorial Guide & Souvenir), p. 31.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq} Thomas Philipp, Acre: the rise and fall of a Palestinian city, 1730–1831 , New York and Chichester: Columbia University Press, 2001, (= History and society of the modern Middle East series; Vol. 6), page number as indicated after the footnote number. ISBN 0-231-12327-2 .
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} "Museum of Heroism" , on: The secrets of the unearthly and underground city of Akko , accessed on February 24, 2019.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} "מוּזֵיאוֹן אֲסִירֵי הַמַּחְתָּרוֹת בְּעַכּוֹ” , In: מִשְׂרַד הַבִּיטָּחוֹן , accessed June 13, 2018.
5. ↑ ^{a b} Avraham Lewensohn, travel guide Israel with maps and city maps [Israel Tour Guide, 1979; dt.], Miriam Magal (ex.), Tel Aviv-Yapho: Tourguide, 1982, p. 45.
6. ^ ^{A b c d e f} Ze'ev Goldmann, “The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko”, in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, pp. 199-206, here p. 200.
7. ↑ "Hospitaller Fortress" , on: The Secrets of the Above Ground and Underground City of Akko , accessed on February 26, 2019.
8. ^ ^{A b} Jack Bocar, "La Commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre" , in: L'Orient Latin: La Terre Sainte à l'époque Romane - L'Orient au Temps des Francs , accessed on February 25, 2019.
9. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199–206, here p. 199.
10. ^ Hans Kühner: Israel: a travel guide through three thousand years. David Harris (photos). Walter, Olten / Freiburg im Breisgau 1975, ISBN 3-530-49171-3 , p. 250.
11. ^ ^{A b} Israel , Theodor Friedrich Meysels (1899–1963) et al., (= Nagels Encyclopedia Travel Guide. German Series ). verb. Ed., Revised. by SFG Nathan, Geneva: Nagel, ² 1967, p. 219.
12. ↑ Vardit Shotten-Hallel: Reconstructing the Hospitaller Church of St. John, Acre, with the help of Gravier d'Ortières's drawing of 1685-1687. In: Crusades. Volume 9, 2010, pp. 185–198, here p. 195.
13. ↑ ^{a b} Thomas Veser: Holy Cross Church under the harem. In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . December 24, 2003, accessed February 22, 2019.
14. ↑ ^{a b} Bernhard Dichter, Salman cotton, Alex Carmel, Ejal Jakob Eisler ( arrangement ): עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عَکّا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period. ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000, p. 52.
15. ↑ Eliezer Stern, “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Volume 164 (No. 1, 2006 entitled 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), p. 53–60, here p. 53.
16. ↑ Erhard Gorys, The Holy Land: Historical and religious sites of Judaism, Christianity and Islam in the 10,000 year old cultural land between the Mediterranean, Red Sea and Jordan , Cologne: DuMont, ² 1984, (= DuMont art travel guide ). ISBN 3-7701-1474-4 , p. 368.
17. ↑ Jack Bocar, “Quartier Templiers emplacement des structures” , in: L'Orient Latin: La Terre Sainte à l'époque Romane - L'Orient au Temps des Francs , accessed on February 25, 2019.
18. ↑ Abraham Rabinovich, Akko - St. Jean d'Acre , Herzliah:פַּלְפוֹט, 1980, (= Palphot's pictorial Guide & Souvenir), p. 11.
19. ^ Ze'ev Goldmann, "The Hospice of the Knights of St. John in Akko", in: Archeological Discoveries in the Holy Land , Archeological Institute of America (compiled), New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1967, Pp. 199–206, here p. 204.
20. ↑ ^{a b c d} Bernhard Dichter with Salman Autovermietung (arrangement ), Alex Carmel ( arrangement ) and Ejal Jakob Eisler ( arrangement ), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عَکّا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גֹוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000, p. 53.
21. ↑ Mordechai Gichon (מֹרְדְּכַי גּיחוֹן; 1922–2016), "סְגָן כֹּהֵן וחַבְרָיו כּוֹבְשִׁים אֶת עַכּוֹ בְּעָרְמָה”, In: עֵת־מוֹל: עִתּוֹן לְתּוֹלָדוֹת אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְעַם יִשְׂרָאֵל No. 5/3 (January 1976), pp. 3–10, here p. 8seqq.
22. ↑ Mordechai Gichon, "כִּיבּוּשׁ עַכּוֹ בְּשְׁנַת⁻1840”, In: שְׁנָתוֹן: מוּזֵיאוֹן הָאָרֶץ , No. 12 (1970), pp. 40-46. Here after Bernhard Dichter with Salman Coton (arrangement ), Alex Carmel ( arrangement ) and Ejal Jakob Eisler ( arrangement ), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عَکّا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גֹוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000, pp. 53 and 54, footnote 13.
23. ↑ The Zāwiyat al-Šāḏaliya (زاوية الشاذلية) was created in 1862 as Zāwiya ( zaouïa in French transliteration), similar to a madrassa. A Zāwiya is not a mosque in the traditional sense, but a place of retreat and gathering for dervishes and Sufis as well as Sufi sheikhs. Sheikh Ali Nur al-Din al-Isroti, founder of the Šāḏali Sufi order in Akko, immigrated to Akko from Tunisia and donated the building, hence this typical Maghreb institution, which is quite unusual for the Levant.
24. ↑ Bernhard Dichter with Salman cotton (arrangement), Alex Carmel ( arrangement ) and Ejal Jakob Eisler ( arrangement ), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عَکّا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, Buildings from the Turkish Period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa. Footnote 15 on p. 54.
25. ^ Eunice Braun, Crown of Carmel: The Bahá'í Religion and the Holy Land [A Crown of Beauty, Oxford: George Ronald, 1982; dt.] Oxford: George Ronald, 1983, ISBN 3-900443-04-1 , p. 61.
26. ↑ Eliezer Stern, “La commanderie de l'Ordre des Hospitaliers à Acre”, in: Bulletin Monumental , Volume 164 (No. 1, 2006 entitled 'L'architecture en Terre Sainte au temps de Saint Louis'), p. 53–60, here p. 54.
27. ↑ Arieh Jizchaqi (אַרְיֵה יִצְחָקִי), "מִבְצָר עַכּוֹ", In: קַרְדּוֹם: דּוּ יַרְחוֹן ליְדִיעַת הָאָרֶץ , Vol. V, No. 24/25 'עַכּוֹ וְאֲתָרֶיהָ'(Schvat 5743 / January 1983), pp. 81-87, here p. 82. ISSN  0334-2549 .
28. ^ Victor Guérin, La Terre Sainte, son histoire, ses sites, ses monuments : 2 vols., Paris: Plon & Cie., 1882–1884, vol. 2, p. 503.
29. ^ Eunice Braun, Crown of Carmel: The Bahá'í Religion and the Holy Land [A Crown of Beauty, Oxford: George Ronald, 1982; dt.] Oxford: George Ronald, 1983, ISBN 3-900443-04-1 , pp. 57 and 66.
30. ^ ^{A b c d} Eunice Braun, Crown of Carmel: The Bahá'í Religion and the Holy Land [A Crown of Beauty, Oxford: George Ronald, 1982; dt.] Oxford: George Ronald, 1983, ISBN 3-900443-04-1 , p. 59.
31. ^ Eunice Braun, Crown of Carmel: The Bahá'í Religion and the Holy Land [A Crown of Beauty, Oxford: George Ronald, 1982; dt.] Oxford: George Ronald, 1983, ISBN 3-900443-04-1 , p. 60.
32. ^ Eunice Braun, Crown of Carmel: The Bahá'í Religion and the Holy Land [A Crown of Beauty, Oxford: George Ronald, 1982; dt.] Oxford: George Ronald, 1983, ISBN 3-900443-04-1 , p. 66.
33. ↑ Palestine Chronicle 1883 to 1914: German newspaper reports from the first wave of Jewish immigration up to the First World War , Alex Carmel (compilation and ed.), Ulm: Vaas, 1983, ISBN 3-88360-041-5 , pp. 53–56 .
34. ↑ Jeremy Salt: Imperialism, Evangelism and the Ottoman Armenians, 1878-1896. Frank Cass, London 1993, ISBN 0-7146-3448-4 , pp. 92ff.
35. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} "עַכּוֹ" , in: מַפָּה , accessed on June 11, 2018.
36. ↑ The Derech Begin (דֶּרֶךְ בֶּגִין) forms the section of this highway in the city of Tel Aviv, which is to the east as Kvisch Artzi 481 כְּבִישׁ אַרְצִי continues.
37. ↑ “מוּזֵיְאוֹן אֲסִירֵי הַמַּחְתָּרוֹת, עַכּוֹ” , in: דַּף הַבַּיִת עִירִיַּת מַעֲלוֹת תַרשִׁיחָא ,עִירִיַּת מַעֲלוֹת תַרשִׁיחָא (Ed.), Retrieved August 2, 2019.
38. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Bernhard Dichter with Salman cotton (arrangement), Alex Carmel ( arrangement ) and Ejal Jakob Eisler ( arrangement ), עַכּוֹ - אֲתָרִים מִיָּמֵי הַתּוּרְכִּים /عَکّا: مواقع من العهد التركي(Additional title: Akko, buildings from the Turkish period / Akko, sites from the Turkish period ), University of Haifa /הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19 (Gottlieb Schumacher Institute for Research into the Christian Contribution to the Reconstruction of Palestine in the 19th Century; Ed.), Haifa: הַמָּכוֹן עַל שֵׁם גּוֹטְלִיבּ שׁוּמַכֶר לְחֵקֶר פְּעִילוּת הָעֹולָם הַנּוֹצְרִי בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמֵּאָה הַ -19, 2000, p. 54.
39. ↑ David Grant, “Robert Lewkenor Worsley,” in The Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary , accessed March 27, 2019.
40. ↑ “Dr. Abba Achimeir: The man who turned the tide ” , in: בֵּית אַבָּא: אַרְכִיּוֹן אָבָּ"א אֲחִימֵאִיר, רָמַת גַּן , accessed August 30, 2019.
41. ↑ Anita Schapira , יִגְאָל אַלּוֹן: אָבִיב חֶלְדּוֹ - בִּיוֹגְרָפְיָה , Bnej Braq:הַקִּבּוּץ הַמְּאֻחָד, 5764 ^{Jew. Kal.} (2004 ^{Greg. Kal.} ), P. 161.
42. ↑ Gudrun Krämer, A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel , Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008, p. 292. ISBN 978-0-691-11897-0 .
43. ^ Issam Nassar, Salim Tamari: The Storyteller of Jerualem. The life and Times of Wasif Jawhariyyeh, 1904-1948 , Northampton, MA: Olive Branch Press, 2014, ISBN 978-1-56656-925-5 , pp. 202 and 291.
44. ↑ ^{a b} Avraham Lewensohn, travel guide Israel with maps and city maps [Israel Tour Guide, 1979; Ger.] Miriam Magal (ex.), Tel Aviv-Yapho: Tourguide, 1982, p. 47.
45. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Margaret Penfold, Section 12 (May-November 1947) “The Hanging of two British Police Sergeants” , in: British Palestine Police Association , accessed August 19, 2019.
46. ↑ Tom Segev , One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate [ יְמֵי הַכַּלָּנִיּוֹת - אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּתְקוּפַת הַמַּנְדָּט , Jerusalem:כֶּתֶר, 1999; Engl.] Haim Watzman (ex.), New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2000, ISBN 0-8050-6587-3 , p. 479.
47. ↑ Avraham Lewensohn, Travel Guide Israel with road maps and city maps [Israel Tourguide, 1979; Ger.] Miriam Magal (ex.), Tel Aviv-Yapho: Tourguide, 1982, p. 48.
48. ↑ "הֶסְכֵּם עַל סְגִירַת בֵּית הָחוֹלִים בְּעַכּוֹ” (Agreement to close the hospital in Akko), in: דָּבָר (Davar), July 15, 1981; accessed on June 16, 2018.
49. ↑ "פּוֹנֶה בֵּית הָחוֹלִים לְחוֹלֵי נֶפֶשׁ בְּעַכּוֹ” (German: Akko mental hospital is relocated), in: דָּבָר (Davar), July 19, 1981; accessed on June 16, 2018.
50. ↑ ^{a b} "בִּיקּוּר עַכּוֹנֶט מוּזֵיְאוֹן אֲסִירֵי הַמַּחְתָּרוֹת בְּעַכּוֹ” , In: Akkonet יְדִיעוֹת בְּעַכּוֹ: הַדִּיּוּנִים עָבְרוּ לַקְבוּצָה עַכּוֹנֶט בְּפֶייְסְבּוּקfacebook.com/akkonet , accessed March 15, 2019.
51. ↑ Abraham Rabinovich, Akko - St. Jean d'Acre , Herzliah:פַּלְפוֹט, 1980, (= Palphot's pictorial Guide & Souvenir), p. 6.
52. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} “Holy place restored and open to pilgrims” (November 24, 2004), on: Bahá'í World News Service: The official news source of the worldwide Bahá'í community , accessed on June 12, 2018 .
53. ↑ Assad ibn Ǧibrā'īl Rustum (أسد إبن جبرائيل رستم; 1897–1965), Notes on Akka and its Defenses under Ibrahim Pasha , Beirut: o. V., 1926, p. 10seq.