Gray-green milkling

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gray-green milkling
Lactarius blennius 111127w.JPG

Gray-green milkling ( Lactarius blennius )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Milklings ( Lactarius )
Type : Gray-green milkling
Scientific name
Lactarius Blennius
Frieze

The gray-green milkling ( Lactarius blennius ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives . The medium-sized agaric mushroom has a brown-green to olive-gray hat, which is usually decorated with concentrically arranged spots. Pressure points on the white to cream-colored lamellae change color to olive-gray spots. Its hot-tasting, white milk dries up gray-green. As one of the most common co fungi of beech of Milchling in European beech forests is widespread. The fruiting bodies appear in summer and autumn. Some pharmacologically interesting ingredients have been isolated from the mushroom. The hot-tasting Milchling is not an edible mushroom.

features

Macroscopic features

The gray-green milkling has a 3–7 (–10) cm wide hat . Initially arched, it spreads out flat and usually appears only slightly deepened even with age. It is pale olive to gray-green in color, sometimes also brown-green to gray-brown. Especially towards the edge of the hat, it has darker, brownish and more or less circular spots, so that it sometimes appears as if it were zoned. The brim of the hat is initially rolled up and remains curved for a long time. When wet, the sticky, greasy surface often becomes very slimy.

The slightly curved, crowded lamellae are whitish at first and later turn creamy-white to grayish. They have just grown on the stem or at best hardly run down from it. When injured or on pressure points, they develop olive-gray to gray-brown spots. The spore powder is yellowish.

The 3–5 (–7) cm long and 1–2 cm thick stalk is paler than the hat and tapered to different degrees towards the base. It is whitish or pale greenish to pinkish-gray in color and a bit sticky in damp weather. The stem often becomes hollow with age.

The flesh is white and does not or hardly changes its color even with injuries or with age. It tastes hot after a few seconds and has a barely noticeable, pleasantly spicy smell. The milk is also white and only changes color very slowly and barely noticeably grayish when exposed to air. When dried it is pale greenish-gray.

Microscopic features

The broadly elliptical to rounded spores are 6.4–8.3 µm long and 5.1–6.5 µm wide. The quotient of spore length and width is between 1.2 and 1.3. The spore ornament is up to 1 µm high and consists of individual warts and ribs of different lengths, which are usually arranged in parallel and are only sparsely connected to one another in a network. Sometimes two, but mostly four, spores mature on the cylindrical to club-shaped, 32–41 µm long and 9–10 µm wide basidia .

The numerous cheilomacrocystids are spindle-shaped to awl-shaped and measure 20–54 × 4–10 µm. The similarly shaped but less numerous pleuromacrocystids are 40–85 µm long and 7–10 µm wide.

The strongly gelatinized cap skin consists of parallel, 1–3 µm wide fungal threads with ascending, upwardly bent ends. In between there are individual, less noticeable sap tubes (lactifera) that turn yellow when exposed to potassium hydroxide .

The fibers of the ectomycorrhiza are light brown to beige in color. They are regularly branched monopodial- pyramidal. Unbranched ends are straight; Rhizomorphs are rare.

Species delimitation

The gray-green milkling can easily be confused with the somewhat larger and very variable brown-spotted milkling ( Lactarius fluens , Syn. L. blennius var.  Fluens ). Since the two species differ only slightly, many mycologists consider the brown-spotted milkling to be just a variety of the gray-green milkling. His hat is hardly greasy and usually has a cream-colored to whitish edge, which usually stands out clearly from the rest of the hat color. In addition, the slats are cream-colored even when they are young. The spores are a little larger, more rounded and more strongly ornamented. The brown-spotted milkling seems to be less strictly bound to the common beech - it can often be found in the hornbeam. It prefers to grow on calcareous or loamy soils.

ecology

As an ectomycorrhizal fungus , the gray-green milkling is a strict companion for red beech. Only in exceptional cases does it enter into a symbiosis with hornbeam and oak .

It is a character species of the native beech forests and mixed beech forests that does not make any special demands on the soil. The Milchling can be found in lime-rich barley -, orchids -, in more neutral woodruff - and in sour hornbeam beech forests . But it also grows in montane beech and beech fir forests. Together with European beech, it is also found in various hornbeam-oak, mixed deciduous trees and in acidic spruce, fir and spruce forests. Even in parks you can occasionally find it under beech trees.

The fruiting bodies appear solitary to gregarious from late June to November. The fungus is planar to high montane , so it occurs from the lowlands (North Sea and Baltic Sea coasts) to the Higher Mountains. In the Black Forest the species reaches 1050 m asl, in Italy in the Garfagnana and Abruzzo an altitude of 1600 m and in the Swiss Alps an altitude of 1800 m. The lowest occurrences are found on the North and Baltic Sea coasts and on the West Frisian Islands. The fungus has its maximum distribution in the colline (hill country) and montane altitude.

distribution

Distribution data of the gray-green milkling
Fagus sylvatica distribution maps.svg
Distribution area of ​​the common beech in Europe

Dark green: natural distribution area.
Red: Areas in which the common beech was probably introduced in the Neolithic
Distribution of Lactarius blennius.svg
European countries with evidence of finding of the gray-green milkling

green: Fungus species has been detected in this country.
Cream-colored: no evidence of finding.
Light gray: no sources


Comparison of the distribution area of ​​the mycorrhizal partner red beech and the countries in which the fungus species was detected. The differences, especially in Eastern Europe, may result from the planting of the common beech or from incomplete information.
Under this 200-year-old European beech (Ringvebøka), which is in the Ringve Botanical Garden in Trondheim , is one of the northernmost locations of the gray-green milkling.

The gray-green Täubling occurs in Europe and, according to GJ Krieglsteiner, also in North Africa (Morocco) and North Asia (Eastern Siberia). In Europe, its distribution area corresponds to that of the European beech area . The Milchling is common wherever its mycorrhizal partner, the European beech, grows. Although the Irish island and Scotland do not belong to the natural range, the fungus is now a common species there due to beech plantations. But the fungus can also be found in beech plantations in the Hebrides or in south-western Finland ( Åland and Varsinais-Suomi ). The fungus has the northernmost point of its distribution in Norway at Trondheimfjörd. The northernmost planted beech forests are also located here. The southernmost point of its distribution is probably in Sicily, where the common beech also has its southernmost outpost. The last evidence from Morocco dates from 1951, so it is unclear whether the Milchling is still there today.

The species is widespread and common in Germany, Austria and Switzerland and is one of the most common dairy dogs there.

Systematics

Taxonomy

The scientific name of the gray-green milkling is Lactarius blennius (Fr. 1815: Fr. 1821) Fr. 1838 . He received this from Elias Magnus Fries , who described him as Agaricus blennius in 1815 before placing him in the genus Lactarius in his work " Epicrisis systematis mycologici " in 1838 . However, this was not the first scientific description of the Milchling. Heinrich Adolph Schrader described the species as Agaricus viridis as early as 1794 . According to Article 13 of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Mushrooms and Plants , the younger Friessche name has priority, as mushroom names appearing in Fries' " Systema mycologicum " (Volumes 1 to 3) or in " Elenchus fungorum " (Volumes 1 and 2 ) are mentioned, are sanctioned and therefore have priority over older names. This creates the author's name, in which the first abbreviation of the name in brackets refers to the “first author”, in this case Fries, and the second abbreviation to the action author (also Fries), who refers to his first publication in his work “ Systema Mycologicum ” . The brackets are followed by the author, who gave the taxon a new name through a new combination, i.e. again Fries.

In addition to the currently valid name, all names that refer to Fries' first description of Agaricus blennius Fr. are referred to as nomenclature synonyms. Nomenclatory synonyms of Lactarius blennius are Galorrheus blennius (Fr.) P. Kumm. and Lactifluus blennius . The name Galorrheus blennius was suggested by Paul Kummer in 1871 , while Lactifluus blennius goes back to a suggestion by Otto Kuntze (1891). Agaricus viridis Schrad. , Lactarius viridis (Schrad.) Quél. (1886), Lactarius blennius var. Viridis (Schrad.) Quél. (1888) are taxonomic synonyms because they refer to the same species, but not to Fries' first description.

etymology

The Latinized species attribute ( epithet ) " blennius ", which is derived from the Greek word blennos (slime), is an indication of the very slimy skin of the hat when it is wet. The Latin epithet viridis means green or greenish.

Inquiry systematics

Maximum likelihood pedigree of Lactarius blennius . Lactarius blennius is closely related to L. fluens and L. cinereus . The rRNA family tree was created using the MEGA 5.20 program. All rDNA sequences come from GenBank . The bootstrap test was carried out with 1000 repetitions. All further information is given in the image description.

Heilmann-Clausen and Basso put the gray-green Milchling in the Pyrogalini Singer subsection , which in turn is placed in the Glutinosi Quel section . stands. The representatives of the subsection have damp, greasy or sticky hats that are greenish, grayish or brownish in color. Your milk is usually white and stays that way. But it can dry up slightly greenish or greyish. The often quite small spores are often ornamented with zebra stripes (zebroid) or more or less reticulate.

Bon places the gray-green Milchling in the Vieti section . The representatives of the section have slimy to sticky hats. Your milk turns gray or brown in the air and discolors the lamellae as it dries up. All types are inedible.

The molecular biological data (rDNA genes) show that Lactarius blennius is closely related to Lactarius fluens and Lactarius cinerus . However, the three species are clearly separated from each other and must be viewed as separate species. Lactarius cinerus is a North American species that is associated with Fagus grandifolia . The fungus resembles the two European species in many ways, but is significantly smaller overall and has narrower spores. In addition, the molecular biological investigations show that the Pyrogalini subsection proposed by Heilmann-Clausen and Basso is not monophyletic , but rather contains species from other sections and subsections.

Forms and varieties

The gray-green Milchling is a very variable species, which is connected to the closely related and even more variable Braunfleckender Milchling (L. fluens) through transitional forms. Sometimes even experts have difficulty separating the two types. Therefore, in 1999, German J. Krieglsteiner downgraded the brown-spotted milkling as L. blennius var. Fluens to the variety of the gray-green milkling. As things stand today (2013), most mycologists regard the brown-spotted milkling as an independent species. In the variety Lactarius blennius var. Viridis (Schrad.) Quél. it is only a taxonomic synonym of the gray-green milkling (see section Taxonomy). The Danish mycologist Jakob Emanuel Lange described the following two forms.

Lactarius blennius f. albidopallens J.E. Long

Lange described this medium-sized shape in 1928, which J. Blum raised to an independent species in 1976. Today the form is put to Lactarius fluens . The hat is 5–7 cm wide, dirty white, somewhat zoned and dirty gray in color. The form is rare and grows in deciduous forests.

Holotype of Lactarius blennius f. albidopallens.mw-parser-output .Person {font-variant: small-caps} long
Lactarius blennius f. virescens JE Long

The shape, which today is no longer differentiated from the normal shape, was described by Lange in 1940 as follows.
The hat is smaller than in the normal form, often only 4–5 cm wide, quite pale, olive-greenish, with more or less distinct spots. The stem is quite slim. The forma virescens is rarer than the normal form.

Lactarius blennius forma virescens-Lange

meaning

Food value

While Phillips classifies it as edible when cooked, but not very desirable, other authors rate the gray-green Milchling as inedible or even poisonous. The milk of the Milchling tastes hot and bitter. Theoretically, the gray-green milk ling can be made edible by boiling it several times, as is done in Eastern Europe with many hot-tasting dairy lumps.

ingredients

Sesquiterpenes of the gray-green milkling

The occurrence of sesquiterpenes in dairy babies has been known for a long time. This very extensive group of substances consists of terpenes with 15 carbon atoms, which are formed from three isoprene units . Sesquiterpenes are typical of the milklings, but they occur within the order of the Russulales in many genera. They are responsible for the pungent taste of these mushrooms, but they can also taste mild or bitter.

In the past, several working groups have dealt with the sesquiterpenes of the gray-green milkling and came to quite different results. Of the total of 16 detected sesquiterpenes, only 5 were isolated by more than one working group. These are the lactarans Blennin A, Blennin D, Lactaronifin A and the secolactaran Blennin C, as well as the furanolactaran furandiol.

One reason for this irregularity could be that the fruit bodies examined belonged to different species or subspecies. This is particularly likely if the species were collected on different continents. Large differences can also be observed when different extraction methods are used. Many of the connections that have been isolated in the past are likely artifacts because the connections that have been isolated are very labile and easily react further spontaneously. Artifacts are particularly common when alcohols have been used as solvents for storage and extraction. Thus, the results of the older studies in particular are subject to certain uncertainties.

The cytotoxic sesquiterpene aldehydes are probably part of the fungus's chemical defense system. They protect the fungus from parasites and predators . There appear to be very few sesquiterpenes in intact and uninjured fruiting bodies. Often only a single connection was found, in the case of the gray-green milkling it is probably stearoyl-velutinal. It is a sesquiterpene ester in which the terpene is esterified with a fatty acid ( stearic acid ) . The esters are located in the lactifers of the dairy babies and are responsible for the fact that they can be colored with sulfobenzaldehyde reagents. If the fruit body is injured, they are split into a sesquiterpene aldehyde and the fatty acid. The aldehyde is then usually reduced to alcohol more or less quickly. The reduction is interpreted as a detoxification reaction, since the aldehydes are also toxic to the fungus itself. Sesquiterpene aldehydes are also responsible for the pungent taste of the mushrooms, so the pungency often only arises when the fruit bodies are chewed, when the esters are split and the aldehydes are released.

Blennin A and C are also pharmacologically interesting substances. In cell culture experiments with RBL-1 or PBL cells could be shown that both Blennine a strong inhibitory effect on leukotriene C 4 - biosynthesis have. Leukotrienes are tissue hormones that are mainly produced by the white blood cells and play an important role in many inflammatory reactions. Leukotriene C 4 plays an essential role in allergic reactions. It increases capillary permeability and causes the bronchi to contract . The inhibition of biosynthesis therefore has an anti-inflammatory effect. The lactaran sesquiterpene blennin A was isolated from Lactarius blennius for the first time , but it is also found in other milk lice and other fungi such as Lentinellus cochleatus .

A color pigment called blennion is responsible for the greenish hat color of the dairy. It is a diphenylquinone derivative that may be formed from two 3,6-dihydroxyanthranilic acid units.

swell

  • Edmund Garnweidner: GU natural guide mushrooms . 2nd Edition. Gräfe and Unzer, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-7742-2216-9 , pp. 174 .

Web links

Commons : Graugrüner Milchling ( Lactarius blennius )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • Lactarius Blennius. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved on November 20, 2011 (Italian, photos from the gray-green Täubling).
  • The virtual mushroom book :. Gray-green milkling Lactarius blennius. In: www.tintling.com. Karin Montag, accessed July 12, 2013 .
  • LR Hesler, Alexander H. Smith: North American species of Lactarius . In: University of Michigan (Ed.): University of Michigan Herbarium Fungus Monographs . 1979, ISBN 0-472-08440-2 , pp. 551 ff . ( quod.lib.umich.edu [accessed November 20, 2011]).
  • Lactarius Blennius. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved April 29, 2016 (English, photos and original Latin diagnosis).
  • Lactarius blennius in the DEEMY database. An Information System for Characterization and Determination of EctoMYcorrhizae. Reinhard Agerer & Gerhard Rambold, accessed on July 22, 2013 (English, a database for the characterization and determination of mycorrhizae located at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Synonyms of Russula blennius. Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici (Upsaliae): 337 (1838). In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed November 20, 2011 .
  2. ↑ a b c Ewald Gerhardt (Ed.): Pilze . tape 1 : Lamellar fungi, deafblings, milklings and other groups with lamellae. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 291 .
  3. ↑ a b c Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 50.
  4. ↑ Hans E. Laux (Ed.): The Cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-10622-5 , p. 190 .
  5. ↑ Christa Lang: Diversity of ectomycorrhizae in various species-rich deciduous trees in the Hainich National Park (Thuringia) . In: Göttingen Forest Sciences . tape 1 . Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen 2008, ISBN 978-3-940344-31-1 , p. 110 ( webdoc.sub.gwdg.de [PDF; 13.3 MB ; accessed on July 18, 2013] dissertation).
  6. ↑ a b H. Schwöbel: Notes and corrections to some Lactarius species . In: Journal of Mycology . tape 45 , no. 1 , 1979, p. 5–14 ( dgfm-ev.de [PDF; 5.6 MB ; accessed on July 18, 2013]).
  7. ^ A b c d German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 387.
  8. ↑ a b c Lactarius blennius in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Retrieved September 15, 2011.
  9. ^ A b Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. tape 7 , 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 48-63, 76-78 .
  10. ↑ a b Distribution Atlas of Fungi in Switzerland. (No longer available online.) In: wsl.ch. Federal Research Institute for Forests, Snow and Landscape WSL, archived from the original on October 15, 2012 ; Retrieved November 20, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wsl.ch
  11. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen u. a .: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. tape 2 , 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-273 .
  12. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Lactarius blennius . In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org . Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved September 14, 2011.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  13. ↑ Z. Tkalcec, A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, p. 293 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  14. ^ Petkovski S .: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009 ( protectedareas.mk ( Memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 1.6 MB ; accessed on July 9, 2013]). National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.protectedareas.mk
  15. ↑ Grid map of Lactarius blennius. (No longer available online.) In: NBN Gateway / data.nbn.org.uk. Formerly in the original ; accessed on July 20, 2013 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / data.nbn.org.uk  
  16. ↑ Boris Ivancevic, Jelena Beronja: First records of macromycetes from the Serbian side of Stara Planina Mts (Balkan Range) . In: MYCOLOGIA BALCANICA . tape 1 , 2004, p. 15–19 ( mycobalcan.com [PDF; 72 kB ]). mycobalcan.com ( Memento of the original from March 8, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mycobalcan.com
  17. ↑ European beech (Ringvebøka) in Ringve Botanical Garden (Trondheim). (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015 ; Retrieved July 22, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  18. ^ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Lactarius blennius. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved July 22, 2013 .
  19. ↑ Pertti Salo, Tuomo Niemelä, Ulla Nummela-Salo: SY769 Suomen helttasienten ja tattien ekologia, levinneisyys ja uhanalaisuus . Finnish lamellar and tube mushrooms: ecology, distribution and threat status. Ed .: Esteri Ohenoja. 2005, ISBN 952-11-1997-7 (Finnish, ymparisto.fi [PDF]).
  20. ↑ L. blennius at Près de Tanger (Jbel Kbir, Morocco). (No longer available online.) In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015 ; Retrieved July 22, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
  21. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved November 20, 2011 .
  22. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed November 20, 2011 .
  23. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Observationes Mycologicae . Ed .: sumptibus G. Bonnieri [Hauniae]. tape 1 , 1815, p. 60 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  24. ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici . seu synopsis hymenomycetum. Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 337 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  25. ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . Volume I. Ex Officina Berlingiana., Lund & Greifswald 1821, p. 67 ( cybertruffle.org.uk ).
  26. ↑ Paul Kummer: The guide to mushroom science . Instructions for the methodical, easy and safe determination of the fungi occurring in Germany. 2nd Edition. G. Luppe, Hof-Buchhandlung, Zerbst 1882, p. 127 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  27. ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum . secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Part 2. Leipzig / London / Paris 1891, p. 856 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).
  28. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen u. a .: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society ,. tape 2 , 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 23-28 .
  29. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 86 .
  30. ↑ L. Montoya, I. Haug & VM Bandala: Two Lactarius species associated with a relict Fagus grandifolia var. Mexicana population in a Mexican montane cloud forest . In: The Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . tape 102 , no. 1 . Lawrence 2010, p. 153-162 , doi : 10.3852 / 09-010 ( mycologia.org [PDF]).
  31. ^ Russulales News / Lactarius fluens. (No longer available online.) In: mtsn.tn.it. Formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 29, 2013 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.mtsn.tn.it  
  32. ↑ Russulales News / Lactarius blennius f. albidopallens. (No longer available online.) In: mtsn.tn.it. Formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 29, 2013 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.mtsn.tn.it  
  33. ↑ a b Jakob Emanuel Lange: Flora agaricina Danica. tape V . Recato, Copenhagen 1940, p. 37 ( gallica.bnf.fr ).
  34. ↑ Russulales News / Lactarius blennius f. virescens. (No longer available online.) In: mtsn.tn.it. Formerly in the original ; Retrieved June 29, 2013 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.mtsn.tn.it  
  35. ^ Roger Phillips: Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Great Britain and Europe . Pan Books, London 1981, ISBN 0-330-26441-9 , pp. 83 .
  36. ↑ David N. Pegler: Mushrooms . Hallwag, Bern / Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-444-70136-5 , p. 115 .
  37. ^ Ian R. Hall, Peter K. Buchanan, Steven L. Stephenson, Wang Yun, Anthony LJ Cole: Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of the World . Timber Press, 2003, ISBN 0-88192-586-1 , pp. 156 .
  38. ↑ G. Vidari, P. Vita-Finzi: Sesquiterpenes and Other Secondary Metabolites of Genus Lactarius (Basidiomycetes) . In: Atta-ur-Rahman (Ed.): Studies in Natural Products Chemistry . tape 17 . Elsevier Science BV, 1995, pp. 153-206 .
  39. ^ A b K. Lorenzen, T. Anke: Basidiomycetes as a Source for New Bioactive Natural Products . In: Current Organic Chemistry . tape 2 , no. 4 . Bentham Science Publishers, 1998, pp. 329–354 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  40. ↑ Entry on leukotriene in Flexikon , a wiki of the DocCheck company , accessed on June 28, 2013.
  41. ↑ Peter Spiteller, Wolfgang Steglich: Blennione, a green aminobenzoquinone derivative from Lactarius blennius . In: Journal of Natural Products . tape 65 , no. 5 , 2002, p. 725-727 , doi : 10.1021 / np0106541 .
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on July 27, 2013 .