Groß-Salzmelde
| Groß-Salzmelde | ||||||||||||
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Large salt marsh ( Suaeda pannonica ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Suaeda pannonica | ||||||||||||
| ( Beck ) Graebn. |
The large salt report , large salt report or large sod ( Suaeda pannonica ) is a species of plant from the subfamily Suaedoideae in the family of the foxtail plants (Amaranthaceae). It is widespread in the Pannonian lowlands and occurs in the Austrian Seewinkel on salt soils. This species has been misnamed and mistaken for decades by botanists, so its scientific name has been used for a different species.
As a result, the German names Hungarian Sode and Pannonian Sode are no longer unique and should be avoided in the future.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Groß-Salzmelde is an annual herbaceous plant . The parts of the plant are bare and dark green, turn dark red-brown in late summer to autumn and finally black-gray when dry. Size and growth form are extremely variable: the main shoot axes grow lying to ascending in salty and drier locations, but also upright with better water and nutrient supply, and reach heights of growth of 5 to 35 (rarely up to 60) cm and a stem diameter of (1 , 5) 2.5 to 4.5 (5) mm. Side branches arise from the base of each leaf axil, the lower ones are elongated and resemble the main axes, the upper ones form upright, spike-shaped flower sprouts. Older stems are usually reddish brown at the time of fruiting and smooth after the leaves have been shed. All shoot axes are very brittle at the fruiting time, especially in the upper part.
The leaves are sitting with the exception of the lowest pair of leaves alternate on the stem. Their simple, fleshy leaf blades are linear, often curved, concave to runny on the upper side, convexly arched on the underside, with a length of 10 to 30 (40) mm and a width of (1) 1.5 to 2 (2, 5) mm. They usually remain greenish until the fruit is ripe or, less often, turn orange and finally blackish.
Inflorescences and flowers
In the axils of the upper leaves, three to seven flowers stand together in clusters that sit together in pseudo-eared inflorescences . These bracts are shorter than the foliage leaves, but significantly longer than the internodes and the flower clusters. The flower clusters have small ovate bracts 0.5 to 1 mm long. The hermaphroditic flowers have an envelope of five inwardly curved, egg-shaped, skin-fringed tepals , the median of which is greatly elongated. There are five stamens . The ovary bears two scars .
The flowering time of the Groß-Salzmelde ranges from July to September (October), the fruit ripening from September to October.
Fruits and seeds
The fruit remains enclosed by the inwardly curved, hood-shaped, contracted bloom cladding leaves. After flowering, the flower envelope on the side flowers of the ball increases and becomes asymmetrically blunt pentagonal (1.5 to 2.8 × 1.2 to 1.8 mm). The median tepalum (sometimes two or three others) is elongated and bulged at the top like a hump. Two different types of fruit with different seeds are produced ( heterocarpy ): small, thick-skinned, dark red-brown to black seeds with an elongated outline and a diameter of (1.2) 1.3 to 1.5 (1.6) mm with slightly sculpted, glossy surface; and large, thin-skinned, light brown seeds with a round outline and 1.4–1.6 mm in diameter.
Distinguishing features
The coarser growth habit, the longer foliage leaves, the asymmetrical fruit shell with at least one tuberous tepal lump and the larger seeds can serve as distinguishing features to the small salt muzzle ( Suaeda prostrata ). In addition, the location requirements of the two species differ.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 72 (8x).
Occurrence and endangerment
The Groß-Salzmelde is endemic in the Pannonian Basin : its overall distribution includes eastern Austria ( Seewinkel , formerly also south-east Moravia ), Hungary , western Romania , north Serbia ( Vojvodina ), the Ukraine and south-east Russia .
In Austria today it only occurs in northern Burgenland on the east bank of Lake Neusiedl and in Seewinkel and is locally common there. Former sites were also on the outskirts of Vienna and in Lower Austria (near Mödling and Klosterneuburg , Pottaschesiederei near Groß-Enzersdorf ). The Groß-Salzmelde is endangered in Austria and extinct in Lower Austria.
The Groß-Salzmelde is a halophyte and inhabits salty steppes . It grows in drying salt lakes and on Solonchak soils, where it occurs alone or together with salt cress ( Lepidium cartilagineum ), chickweed ( Spergularia maritima ) and Lake Neusiedl salt plumes ( Puccinellia peisonis ). The large salt report is rarely found together with the small salt report ( Suaeda prostrata ) and Pannonia glass malt ( Salicornia prostrata ).
Systematics and history of confusion
It was first described under the name ( Basionym ) Schoberia pannonica in 1909 by Günther Beck von Mannagetta and Lerchenau (in: Icones florae Germanicae et Helveticae 24: p. 169). Paul Graebner placed this species in the genus Suaeda in 1913 . Another synonym for Suaeda pannonica ( Beck ) Graebn. is Suaeda maritima subsp. pannonica ( Beck ) Soó ex PWBall .
Suaeda pannonica belongs to the Brezia section in the subgenus Brezia within the genus Suaeda .
This species has been confused by Austrian and Hungarian botanists for decades: they had mistakenly misidentified Suaeda pannonica as beach sod ( Suaeda maritima ), although it differs significantly from this coastal plant. Instead, Suaeda "pannonica" was incorrectly used to denote the small salt report ( Suaeda prostrata ). The error has been found since the 19th century in most of the flora and fauna writings and also in the "List of Vascular Plants of Central Europe". The misnomer of Suaeda prostrata was only discovered in 1990 by the Czech botanist Pavel Tomšovic . The double confusion of the real Suaeda pannonica was made in 1996 by Helmut Freitag & al. corrected.
The correct names are used in the literature from the 2nd edition of the Red List for Austria (Niklfeld & Schratt - Ehrendorfer 1999), the 93rd edition of the Schmeil / Fitschen flora (Seybold 2006), the 2nd edition of the Austrian excursion flora ( Fischer & al. 2005) and the Hungarian excursion flora (Király 2009). In all older works, Suaeda “pannonica” always meant Suaeda prostrata .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Manfred A. Fischer, Arndt Kästner: The Suaeda story of confusion: Two prominent species of the Austrian flora - and yet misunderstood for decades! In: Neilreichia , Volume 6, 2011 pp. 165-182. (pdf)
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Helmut Freitag, J. Walter, W. Wucherer: The genus Suaeda (Chenopodiaceae) in Austria, with a view of the neighboring Pannonian countries. In: Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Vienna B 98 Suppl. , 1996, pp. 343-367. (pdf)
- ↑ Peter Schütze, Helmut Freitag, Kurt Weising: An integrated molecular and morphological study of the subfamily Suaedoideae Ulbr. (Chenopodiaceae). In: Pl. Syst. Evol. , Volume 239, 2003, pp. 257-286.
