Kessiner

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The settlement area of ​​the Kessiner in relation to selected other Elbe Slavic tribes around the middle of the 11th century (core tribes of the Lutizenbund underlined in red)

The Kessiner were an Elbe Slavic tribe that lived in the eastern part of what is now Mecklenburg from the 10th to the 12th centuries . This tribe was probably formed around the year 1000 by splitting off from the zirzipans . Initially they belonged to the Lutizen , a loose union of some north-west Slavic tribes, as can be seen from their first written mention as Chizzini in 1057. Together with the zirzipans, they would have belonged to the closer tribal association of the Abodrites until the Slavs' revolt of 983 . In the 1060s they were reintegrated into this tribal association as a separate tribe by the velvet ruler Gottschalk , this time by force. Despite ongoing efforts to achieve autonomy, they remained in this association until it was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire .

The Kessiner remained irrelevant nationwide. The research deals primarily with the delimitation of their settlement area and the conspicuously late formation of the tribes.

Settlement area

The Kessiner settled on both sides of the Warnow and along the Nebel .

The settlement area of ​​the Kessiner extended from the Baltic coast near Rostock on both sides of the Warnow about 40 km to the south to the area around Bützow . From there the fog followed it in a southeast direction to Güstrow and beyond. While the settlement area in the west usually only extended a few kilometers across the Warnow, in the east it extended beyond the Recknitz to Ticino and Laage . Based on the archaeological sites, two settlement chambers can be identified with Rostock in the north and the area around Bützow and Güstrow in the south. These are surrounded by areas with little fundament, which are interpreted as originally unpopulated, wooded areas.

In the northern settlement chamber there are two prominent sites with the multi-ethnic sea trading center Dierkow and the Slavic rampart Fresendorf . Both were settled in early Slavic times. Timbers found in the area around Dierkow can be dated absolutely to the year 749 by means of dendrochronology , ceramic finds from Fresendorf make it plausible that the castle wall was built in the 9th century. It is assumed that settlement and economic methods were geared towards supplying the sea trading center, so that from the beginning an agriculture aimed at surplus production was practiced.

Unlike in the north, there are several castle locations in the much more densely populated southern settlement chamber. The oldest rampart near Langensee is interpreted as evidence of manorial structures in the 9th century. Younger are the castle walls near Groß Upahl and Kirch Rosin , which were replaced by the castles in Bützow and Bölkow near Güstrow in the 10th century. None of these fortifications had the character of a princely castle. It was only around the year 1000 that it was merged to form the Werle castle district with the castle of the same name as the central location.

history

Despite the early settlement, the tribe emerged relatively late. The chroniclers Adam von Bremen and Helmold von Bosau mention the Kessiner for the first time in connection with armed conflicts between the Lutizi, the so-called Lutizian fratricidal war of the years 1056/1057. As a result of this war, the Kessiner were split off from the Lutizenbund and incorporated into the Abodritic tribal association. At the beginning of the 12th century, a noble family striving for autonomy resided in the eponymous main castle Kessin. With the incorporation of the Mecklenburg dominion into the Reichsverband, the Rostock and Werle dominions developed in the area of ​​the Kessiner .

Emergence

The Kessiner probably originated from a disintegration of the zirzipans. Their dissolution process could have been initiated by the loss of the monarchically organized tribal leadership under their Prince Stoignew in the Battle of the Raxa in 955. There was preparing a Saxon army under Otto the Great , together with Czech and ranischen / ukranischen allies Slavic contingent of Circipania and tollensians a crushing defeat. According to a note from the historian Flodoard von Reims , Otto is said to have only defeated the two Slavic princes, but Widukind von Corvey reports in detail that the Slavic leader Stoignew and “his adviser” were killed. There is no more detailed information about a split of the Kessiner from the zirzipans. When they were first mentioned in connection with events of the year 1057 in the Hamburg church history of Adam von Bremen, the Kessiner were already listed next to the zirzipans.

The formation of the tribe is dated between the end of the 10th century and the beginning of the 11th century. During this time, castles in the southern settlement chamber were also given up, which were interpreted as being combined to form a Werle castle district and thus as an expression of a concentration of local power. Compared to the other Elbe Slavic tribes, the formation of the tribe took place relatively late, which is why the Kessiner are also known as the "new tribe". The lack of written information about the Kessiner up to the middle of the 11th century is considered evidence of a delayed ethnogenesis , although their later tribal area had been settled for a long time and a number of written sources report on events in the northeast. Otto I's campaign in 955 could have passed through the settlement area of ​​the Kessiner, and according to research from 2001, the Battle of the Raxa should have taken place on the Recknitz. In the list of tributary Slavic tribes in Otto I's deed of donation for the Moritz monastery in Magdeburg from 965, the zirzipans subjected to 955 are listed, but not the Kessiner.

Core trunk of the Lutizenbund

There is also no news about the Kessiner from the early days of the Lutizenbund, although they are considered to be the core tribe of the Lutizenbund alongside the Zirzipans, Tollensanen and Redariern . The lutices first appeared in the Slavic Uprising of 983 . In the course of this, they destroyed the bishops' seats in Havelberg and Brandenburg an der Havel within a few days , got rid of the Saxon tributary rule and threatened Magdeburg, the northern Alpine dominion of the Ottonians . Due to their princely constitution, an institutionalized religion with a main temple in Rethra , the mobilization of all free people to fight and the prohibition of Christian doctrine in their territory, the Lutizen became a constant trouble spot for Eastern Saxony. As a reaction, the applicant for the throne, Heinrich der Zänker , forged first in 984 , then in 986 the Roman-German King Otto III. an alliance of the Christian princes of the Abodrites, Bohemia and Poland, which under the leadership of Otto III. undertook annual campaigns against the renegade Lutizen. Although these military actions were widely echoed in contemporary sources, the Kessiner was not mentioned in them. Even as Otto III. In the year 995 from which Mecklenburg moved to the tribal area of ​​the Tollensians and had to cross the settlement area of ​​the Kessiner on its way there, there was still no talk of Kessinern.

In the "Lutizischen Fratricidal War" of the year 1056/1057, the core tribes of the union fought among themselves for supremacy. The Redarians and Tollensans claimed sovereignty over the Kessin and Zirzipans because they considered themselves superior because of their age and reputation and the central tribal shrine Rethra was in their area. Kessiner and Zirzipanen, however, particularly refused to pay the silver interest for the sanctuary and defeated the two “brother peoples” three times in a row in the ensuing battles. Thereupon the Redarians and Tollensans called the Abodritic velvet ruler Gottschalk and his father-in-law, the Danish king Sven Estridsson , and the Saxon Duke Bernhard II, who was related to him, for help. These rulers marched with their armies into the territory of the Kessiner and Zirzipans, defeated them and captured 15,000 silver marks. Then Kessiner and Zirzipanen were subordinated to Gottschalk's rule.

Partial tribe of the Abodrites

After the defeat in the “Lutizischen Fratricidal War” for supremacy in the Lutizenbund, the Kessiner were incorporated into the tribal association of Abodrites in 1056, to whose velvet ruler Gottschalk they paid tribute. When the latter was slain in 1066 in the course of an uprising in the Lutheran sanctuary of Rethra, the Kessiner apparently did not rejoin the prince-free Lutizenbund, because at the beginning of the 12th century they had trained a monarchical leadership. The Annalista Saxo names two princes with Dumar and Sventipolk. Dumar and his son were the target of a campaign by the Saxon Duke Lothar III in 1114 . and the Margrave Heinrich von Stade , whose contingent also included 300 circipan horsemen. The relief army of the Ranen hurried to the aid of the Kessin was surrounded and had to surrender. Although further news is missing, Wolfgang H. Fritze assumed in 1960 that Lothar III. the Kessiner had then placed under the sovereignty of the Abodritic ruler Heinrich von Alt-Lübeck , to whom they had to pay tribute after Helmold von Bosau. There is no other way of explaining how Heinrich von Alt-Lübeck was able to march against the Ranen in 1123/1124, as he had to cross the Kessiner area for this purpose. According to another hypothesis, the Kessiner were only after their renewed submission by Lothar III. Subordinated to Heinrich's rule in the spring of 1121, when the Saxon Duke invaded Sventipolk's territory with a large army and made rich booty by conquering Kessin Castle . Probably the Kessiner were directly under Heinrich, which in turn took control of Lothar III. exercised. The situation was perhaps similar under Heinrich's successor and Lothar III. Apprentice Knud Lavard , who was allowed to rule over the Abodrite tribal association for a short time from 1129 to 1131 on payment of a large sum of money as rex Obotritorum (King of the Abodrites).

A graduated rule over the Kessiner is only certain under the Abodrite prince Niklot . The power relations that initially existed after Knud Lavard's death are unclear. Helmold von Bosau does not comment on the political situation among the Kessin people. All that can be learned from him is that the princes Niklot and Pribislaw had divided the Abodritic kingdom among themselves and that Niklot commanded the sub-tribe of the Abodrites. Nevertheless, most of the research already assumes for the period from 1131 onwards that Niklot's sphere of influence also included the settlement areas of the Kessiner further to the east. As a vassal of Henry the Lion , Niklot raised tributes from the Kessinians from 1148 onwards. When the Kessiner began to rebel against the payments in 1150, Niklot turned to the Duchess Clementia for support . This put up a contingent of 2,000 men under the leadership of Count Adolf II, at whose side Niklot invaded the land of the Kessiner, destroyed a “famous sanctuary” and forced the Kessiner to pay the taxes owed and more. It can be ruled out that the destroyed place of worship was the temple of Goderac , the supposedly supreme god of the Kessiner, because this god never existed. The corresponding report by Arnold von Lübeck is based on a previous reading error in the document of Heinrich the Lion for the Diocese of Schwerin from 1171.

In the second half of the 12th century the land of Kessin became one of the main scenes of the fall of the Abodritic principality. Niklot, the last Abodrite prince, fell as the faithless vassal of Henry the Lion in an ambush in front of Werle Castle. From there, Niklot's sons Pribislaw and Wertislaw ruled over the Kessiner, and in 1162 Wartislaw was captured by the Duke of Saxony at Werle Castle. After the reconciliation with Henry the Lion, Pribislaw certified in 1171 as "Pribislaw von Kessin". With the death of his grandson Heinrich Borwin II, the country fell apart under his sons Heinrich Borwin III. and Nikolaus I. in the dominions of Rostock and Werle.

Research history

According to Adam von Bremen, the Kessiner settled west of the Peene . Helmold von Bosau also reports that Werle Castle was adjacent to the state of Kessin . The Annalista Saxo mentions an urbs Kuzin , whose name can be found as castrum Kyssin in a document from 1170 by Friedrich Barbarossa . On the basis of this news, the Schwerin archivist Friedrich Wigger came to the conclusion in the middle of the 19th century that the Kessins, named after their main castle, Kessin, located not far from the Warnow estuary, had settled as members of the Wilzen immediately east of the Abodrites. The Warnow, which is strongly fortified with the castles "Toitenwinkel, Rostock, Kessin and Werle", formed the "natural boundary" against the hostile Abodrites. It was not until 100 years later that Wolfgang Brüske subjected this result to an in-depth review in his investigations into the history of the Lutizenbund by means of additional sources from the 12th century. He understood the Warnow as a "connecting element" and determined that the western border of the Kessiner corresponded roughly to the later dividing line of the main division of 1227, while the Recknitz had formed the eastern border. Politically, Brüske did not see the Kessinians as Wilzen, but as one of the "four core Lutheran peoples."

A few years later, Wolfgang H. Fritze expressed methodical criticism of the previous approach to research. Instead of determining the settlement area of ​​the Kessiner exclusively by retransmitting information from written sources from the 12th century, one should increasingly include settlement history, place names and archaeological findings in the considerations. Brüske had rejected such an approach due to a lack of sufficient data as “excessive effort” and rejected the use of the forest boundaries determined by Dimitri Jegorow on the basis of place names. In 1992 Wüstemann presented a study of the archaeological sites on the lower Warnow that were known until then. Further preliminary work for an interdisciplinary investigation was carried out in 2007 as part of the Germania Slavica project of the Leibniz Institute for the History and Culture of Eastern Europe with a comment on all Slavic place names attested in the tribal area. In the same year the archaeologist Fred Ruchhöft re-examined the settlement area of ​​the Kessiner based on historical, archaeological and settlement historical sources. His evaluation of the archaeological findings and the determination of areas devoid of settlement allowed for the first time reliable statements about an internal differentiation into two settlement chambers as well as the extent of the settlement area. A comprehensive interdisciplinary study of the Kessinians, as requested by Wolfgang H. Fritze in 1960, is still pending.

swell

  • Adam of Bremen : Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum . In: Werner Trillmich , Rudolf Buchner (ed.): Sources of the 9th and 11th centuries on the history of the Hamburg church and the empire. = Fontes saeculorum noni et undecimi historiam ecclesiae Hammaburgensis necnon imperii illustrantes (= selected sources on German history in the Middle Ages. Freiherr-vom-Stein-Gedächtnisausgabe. Vol. 11). 7th edition, expanded compared to the 6th by a supplement by Volker Scior. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2000, ISBN 3-534-00602-X , pp. 137-499 (cited: Adam, Buch und Kapitel).
  • Helmoldi Presbyteri Bozoviensis : Chronica Slavorum (= Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores. 7: Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum in Usum Scholarum separatim editi. Vol. 32). Published by the Reich Institute for Older German History. 3rd edition, edited by Bernhard Schmeidler . Hahnsche Buchhandlung, Hannover 1937, (Retransmitted and explained by Heinz Stoob . (= Selected sources on German history in the Middle Ages. Freiherr-vom-Stein-Gedächtnisausgabe. Vol. 19). Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1963, 7th edition (unchanged reprint the 6th, compared to the 5th, expanded by a supplement in 2002. With a supplement by Volker Scior, ibid. 2008, ISBN 978-3-534-21974-2 )) (quoted: Helmold, Buch und Kapitel).

literature

  • Lothar Dralle: Kessiner . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA). Volume 5, Artemis & Winkler, Munich / Zurich 1991, ISBN 3-7608-8905-0 , Sp. 1116 f.
  • Fred Ruchhöft: The tribal area of ​​the Kessiner from the 8th to the 13th century - a study based on archaeological, settlement history and historical sources. In: Ground monument maintenance in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Yearbook. Vol. 54, 2006, ISSN  0947-3998 , pp. 115-149.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: The tribal area of ​​the Kessiner from the 8th to the 13th century - a study based on archaeological, settlement history and historical sources. In: Ground monument maintenance in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Yearbook. Vol. 54, 2006, pp. 115-149, here p. 135.
  2. ↑ Sunhild Kleingärtner : The early phase of urbanization on the southern Baltic coast in the first millennium AD (= studies on the settlement history and archeology of the Baltic Sea areas. Vol. 13). Wachholtz, Neumünster 2014, ISBN 978-3-529-01373-7 , p. 322.
  3. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea area. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , p. 89.
  4. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea area. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , p. 89.
  5. ↑ Adam III, 21.
  6. ↑ Helmold I, 21.
  7. ↑ Helmold I, 21 describes the battles he called the "Tollensian War" as a civil war. In research, the term "Lutizischer Fratricidal War" is widespread, for example in Wolfgang Brüske: Investigations into the history of the Lutizenbund. German-Wendish relations of the 10th – 12th centuries Century (= Central German Research. Vol. 3). 2nd edition increased by one epilogue. Böhlau, Cologne et al. 1983, ISBN 3-412-07583-3 , p. 42, Hansjürgen Brachmann , Elżbieta Foster, Christine Kratzke, Heike Reimann (eds.): The Cistercian monastery Dargun in the tribal area of ​​the Zirzipans. An interdisciplinary contribution to research into medieval settlement processes in Germania Slavica (= research on the history and culture of eastern Central Europe. Vol. 17). Steiner, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-515-08268-9 , p. 195, Sebastian Brather : Archeology of the Western Slavs. Settlement, economy and society in early and high medieval East-Central Europe. 2nd revised edition, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2008, ISBN 978-3-11-020609-8 , p. 83.
  8. ↑ Gerard Labuda : On the structure of the Slavic tribes in the Mark Brandenburg (10th-12th centuries). In: Yearbook for the history of Central and Eastern Germany . Vol. 42, 1994, pp. 103-140 , here p. 130.
  9. ↑ Flodoard, Annales p. 403: Post hoc bellum pugnavit rex Otto cum duobus Sarmatarum regibus; et suffragante sibi Burislao rege, quem dudum sibi subdiderat, victoria potitus est.
  10. ↑ Widukind II, 25.
  11. ↑ Adam III, 21.
  12. ↑ Gerard Labuda : On the structure of the Slavic tribes in the Mark Brandenburg (10th-12th centuries). In: Yearbook for the history of Central and Eastern Germany . Vol. 42, 1994, pp. 103-140 , here p. 130.
  13. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea area. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westphalia) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , p. 89.
  14. ↑ Wolfgang H. Fritze : Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141–219 , here p. 158.
  15. ↑ Ralf Bleile, Sunhild Kleingärtner: River finds and river crossings from the Recknitztal between Dudendorf and Bad Sülze, district of North Western Pomerania. In: Ground monument maintenance in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Yearbook. Vol. 49, 2001, pp. 137-173; following them Elżbieta Foster, Cornelia Willich: Place names and settlement development. Northern Mecklenburg in the Early and High Middle Ages (= research on the history and culture of Eastern Central Europe. Vol. 31). Steiner, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-515-08938-8 , p. 20.
  16. ^ MGH DO I (Diplomata Ottonis I.) , 295 : Ucranis, Riezani, Riedere, Tolensane, Zerezepani.
  17. ^ Christian Lübke : "Germania Slavica" and "Polonia Ruthenica": Religious divergence in ethno-cultural border and contact zones of medieval Europe (8th - 16th centuries). In: Klaus Herbers , Nikolas Jaspert (Hrsg.): Border areas and border crossings in comparison. The east and west of medieval Latin Europe (= Europe in the Middle Ages. Vol. 7). Akademie, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-05-004155-1 , pp. 175–190, here p. 181.
  18. ↑ Jürgen Petersohn : King Otto III. and the Slavs on the Baltic Sea, Oder and Elbe around the year 995. Mecklenburgzug - Slavnikid massacre - Meißen privilege. In: Early Medieval Studies . Vol. 37, 2003, pp. 99-139, here p. 113, doi : 10.1515 / 9783110179149.99 .
  19. ↑ Helmold I, 21. With a mark of 8 ounces of 28.35 g that would correspond to 3402 kg of silver.
  20. ↑ Wolfgang H. Fritze: Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141–219 , here p. 173.
  21. ↑ Helmold I, 36.
  22. ↑ Wolfgang H. Fritze: Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141–219 , here p. 171.
  23. ↑ Wolfgang Brüske: Investigations on the history of the Lutizenbund. German-Wendish relations of the 10th – 12th centuries Century (= Central German Research. Vol. 3). 2nd edition increased by one epilogue. Böhlau, Cologne et al. 1983, ISBN 3-412-07583-3 , pp. 92-93.
  24. ↑ Helmold I, 49.
  25. ^ Manfred Hamann : Mecklenburg history. From the beginnings to the rural union of 1523 (= Central German Research. Vol. 51, ISSN  0544-5957 ). Revised on the basis of Hans Witte. Böhlau, Cologne et al. 1968, p. 70; Nils Rühberg: Niklot and the Obodritian struggle for independence against the Saxon duchy. In: Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher. Vol. 111, 1996, ISSN  0930-8229 , pp. 5-20, here p. 7; Fred Ruchhöft: From the Slavic tribal area to the German bailiwick. The development of the territories in Ostholstein, Lauenburg, Mecklenburg and Western Pomerania in the Middle Ages (= archeology and history in the Baltic Sea area. Vol. 4). Leidorf, Rahden (Westfalen) 2008, ISBN 978-3-89646-464-4 , p. 163: from 1129; Jan-Christoph Herrmann: The Wendenkreuzzug of 1147 (= European university publications. Series 3: History and its auxiliary sciences. 1085). Lang, Frankfurt am Main et al. 2011, ISBN 978-3-631-60926-2 , p. 128.
  26. ↑ Hans-Otto Gaethke: Duke Heinrich the Lion and the Slavs northeast of the lower Elbe (= Kiel work pieces. Series A: Contributions to Schleswig-Holstein and Scandinavian history. Vol. 24). Lang, Frankfurt am Main et al. 1999, ISBN 3-631-34652-2 , p. 140.
  27. ↑ Helmold I, 71.
  28. ↑ Helge bei der Wieden : The alleged West Slavic deity Goderac. The location of Goderac-Kessin. In: Baltic Studies . Vol. 107 = NF Vol. 61, 1975, pp. 13-15 .
  29. ^ Arnold V, 24 : Ille tamen per Christum confortatus, culturas demonum eliminavit, lucos succidit et pro Gutdracco Godehardum episcopum venerari constituit, ideoque bono fine cursum certaminis terminasse fidelibus placuit.
  30. ↑ MUB I, 100: et villam sancti Godehardi, que prius Goderac dicebatur.
  31. ↑ MUB I, 100: Pribizlauus de Kizin .
  32. ↑ Adam II, 21, Scholion 16; III, 22.
  33. ↑ Helmold I, 88: Wurle, situm iuxta flumen Warnou prope terram Kicine.
  34. ↑ Annalista Saxo a. A. 1121: quarum una Kizun dicebatur famosior et opulentior ceteri.
  35. ^ MGH DF I (Diplomata Friderici I.) , 557 .
  36. ^ Friedrich Wigger : Mecklenburgische Annalen up to the year 1066. A chronologically arranged collection of sources with notes and treatises. Hildebrand, Schwerin 1860, p. 108 and p. 117 .
  37. ↑ Wolfgang Brüske: Investigations on the history of the Lutizenbund. German-Wendish relations of the 10th – 12th centuries Century (= Central German Research. Vol. 3). 2nd edition increased by one epilogue. Böhlau, Cologne et al. 1983, ISBN 3-412-07583-3 , pp. 133-138.
  38. ↑ Quotations from Wolfgang Brüske: Investigations into the history of the Lutizenbund. German-Wendish relations of the 10th – 12th centuries Century (= Central German Research. Vol. 3). 2nd edition increased by one epilogue. Böhlau, Cologne et al. 1983, ISBN 3-412-07583-3 , p. 135 and p. 130.
  39. ↑ Wolfgang H. Fritze: Problems of the abodritic tribal and imperial constitution and its development from a tribal state to a ruling state. In: Herbert Ludat (ed.): Settlement and constitution of the Slavs between the Elbe, Saale and Oder. Schmitz, Gießen 1960, pp. 141–219 , here p. 142.
  40. ↑ Wolfgang Brüske: Investigations on the history of the Lutizenbund. German-Wendish relations of the 10th – 12th centuries Century (= Central German Research. Vol. 3). 2nd edition increased by one epilogue. Böhlau, Cologne et al. 1983, ISBN 3-412-07583-3 , p. 135 and p. 130.
  41. ^ Harry Wüstemann: On the Slavic development of the country on the lower Warnow. In: Hansjürgen Brachmann, Heinz-Joachim Vogt (Ed.): People and the environment. Studies on settlements and land development in prehistory and early history. Akademie, Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-05-001866-6 , pp. 117-122.
  42. ↑ Elżbieta Foster, Cornelia Willich: Place names and settlement development. Northern Mecklenburg in the Early and High Middle Ages (= research on the history and culture of Eastern Central Europe. Vol. 31). Steiner, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-515-08938-8 .
  43. ↑ Fred Ruchhöft: The tribal area of ​​the Kessiner from the 8th to the 13th century - a study based on archaeological, settlement history and historical sources. In: Ground monument maintenance in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Yearbook. Vol. 54, 2006, pp. 115-149.
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