Kiev class

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Project 1143
Project 1143 carrier Novorossiysk, 1986
Project 1143 carrier Novorossiysk , 1986
Ship data
Ship type Flight deck cruiser
Shipyard Shipyard 444, Mykolaiv
Construction period 1970 to 1987
Units built 3 (Pr. 1143)

1 (Pr. 1143M)

Ship dimensions and crew
length
273.1 m ( Lüa )
Project 1143:
  • 235.9 m (KWL)

Project 1143M:

  • 242.86 m ( KWL )
width Project 1143:
  • Hull: 31 m
  • Flight deck: 51.3 m

Project 1143M:

  • Hull: 31 m
  • Flight deck: 52.9 m
Draft Max. 11.5 m
displacement Project 1143:
  • empty: 30,530 t
  • Use: 42,100 t

Project 1143M:

  • empty: 38,970 t
  • Use: 45,390 t
 
crew Project 1143:
  • 1,433 men

Project 1143M:

  • 1,665 men
Machine system
machine 8 × KWN 98/64 steam boilers

4 × steam turbines TW-12-3

Machine
performance 		4 × 35,500 PS (26,110 kW)
Top
speed 		30.7 kn (57 km / h)
propeller 4th
Armament

Project 1143:

Project 1143M:

Furnishing
Aircraft

Project 1143 "Kretschet" ( Russian "Кречет" ), designated by NATO as the Kiev class , was a class of flight deck cruisers of the Soviet Navy . Three largely identical ships of the class were built and another of a revised version, the Project 1143M . You were in the service of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation until the early / mid-1990s.

history

The Kiev 1985. Due to the flight deck, which does not extend over the entire length of the ship, and the heavy rocket armament on the foredeck as a hybrid construction of cruiser and aircraft carrier, the ship was only able to use helicopters and vertical take-offs.

After the first experiences with the flight deck cruisers of Project 1123 , the Soviet Navy began to think about a new generation of flight deck cruisers in the mid-1960s. Initially, a helicopter carrier was envisaged as a further development of Project 1123, already under the name "Kiev", but this idea was rejected again because the Navy now required a ship that could use the newly developed vertical takeoff.

On September 2, 1968, the Soviet government announced by resolution 685-251 what capabilities the ships should have:

  • To protect your own fleet from air attacks.
  • Protect Soviet submarines with ballistic missiles in their patrol areas from attack.
  • Search for and destroy enemy nuclear submarines in distant regions.
  • Combating enemy ships.
  • Support for amphibious operations.

The ships were classified as ( Russian: противолодочные крейсера (ПКР) ) anti-submarine cruisers with aircraft and it was decided to place launchers for heavy cruise missiles on the forecastle to combat enemy ships . The armament had been set up in a similar way on Project 1123. The superstructure, which in Project 1123 was still in the middle of the ship above the keel, was moved to starboard so that a continuous flight deck could be led from the stern to immediately behind the launch tubes of the anti-ship missiles to the forecastle. In order to maximize the usable area of ​​the deck, it was laid at an angle and led outboard to port at the height of the superstructure. The planning was completed by April 1970.

Originally it was planned to equip the ships with anti-ship missiles of the type P-120 Malachit (NATO code: SS-N-9 "Siren"). The decision was then made for the then new anti-ship missile type P-500 Basalt (NATO code: SS-N-12 "Sandbox"). These were characterized above all by their long range, which at 550 km was about five times as long as that of the P-120.

Although outwardly quite similar to a modern aircraft carrier , Project 1143 was never designed for the use of high-performance carrier aircraft. The original plans had included the use of the MiG-23 , but the catapult required for its launch and the net arrester system required for landing could not be technically implemented on time. So it remained with the finding of a planning group of the Navy from 1960, which had described the use of carrier-supported fighters to defend a fleet as a "waste of resources" compared to anti-aircraft missiles .

So only vertical takeoffs and helicopters could be used; arming the ships with anti-ship missiles became necessary to compensate for the performance limitations of the available aircraft.

In 1970 the first ship of the class, the type ship Kiev , was laid down in the Black Sea shipyard in Mykolaiv . Although the 1936 Treaty of Montreux banned “aircraft carriers” from passing through the Dardanelles , the “flight deck cruisers” of Project 1143 did not fall under this ban.

hull

The hull of Project 1143 was divided into two watertight closable longitudinal and 18 transverse bulkheads . The ships had a double floor over their entire length and a reinforced structural protection system at the level of the engine rooms in the aft and the ammunition rooms in the foredeck. The construction was to withstand the explosion of a tactical nuclear weapon with an explosive force of 30 kilotons at a distance of 2,000 meters from the ship.

Flight deck and hangar

The area of ​​the flight deck was around 6,200 m². There were seven landing and take-off positions. In order to withstand the up to 1000 ° C exhaust gas jets of the vertical take-off aircraft, the take-off positions were covered with a heat-resistant coating so that they could be used for helicopters and airplanes.

The flight deck was connected to the hangar below via two elevators, which were located on the port side and aft of the superstructure.

Below the flight deck, a single, continuous hangar deck up to six meters high with a total area of ​​2,860 m² was planned, which stretched 130 meters long over a single deck 22 meters wide from the stern to the center of the ship.

Aircraft

Yak-38 vertical take-off aircraft on the deck of the Minsk 1982. The open flaps behind the cockpit of the aircraft are above the air inlets of the two RD-38 turbines.
Ka-25PL anti-submarine helicopter
Ka-27 helicopters on the deck of the Baku in 1988. Two groups of six with circular covers for the launcher for 3K95 anti-aircraft missiles can be seen on the sides of the flight deck.

The first three ships of Project 1143 could carry up to 30 aircraft, but the normal equipment was 22 machines. VTOL aircraft and helicopters could be taken on board. Different constellations in the composition of the aircraft carried were possible.

Jak-38

Two versions of the Jak-38 were used as a whiz. The Jak-38, designated by NATO as "Forger A", was significantly less powerful than the contemporary British Harrier . Since it had to carry three turbines, of which the two smaller Kolessow RD-38s could only generate vertical thrust, the JaK was too weakly motorized and could only carry a weapon load of up to 1000 kilograms on four external load carriers during vertical take-off - less than half that Capacity of the British Harrier GR.3.

The Jak-38 could carry two short-range anti- aircraft missiles of the type R-60 or two air-to-surface missiles of the type Ch-23 . Alternatively, combinations of unguided bombs , RBK-250 cluster bombs and unguided rockets or two containers with two 23 mm machine guns each were possible.

Later, the slightly improved Jak-38 M was introduced, but only 50 machines were built. The powerful Jak-141 , in which many deficiencies of the Jak-38 were eliminated, never got beyond the prototype stage after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Ka-25 and Ka-27

The Ka-25 multi-purpose helicopter was usually carried in the versions Ka-25-PL or Ka-25-PS.

The Ka-25-PL ( Russian Ка-25ПЛ ), NATO designation "Hormone-A", was the anti -submarine version of the Ka-25, equipped with a weapon bay in which torpedoes, depth charges and sonar buoys could be carried. A diving sonar could also be used.

The Ka-25-PS ( Russian Ка-25 ПС ), NATO designation "Hormone-C", was a rescue helicopter .

The Ka-27 , the successor to the Ka-25 in its role as a standard helicopter for the Soviet Navy, was built in similar designs to the Ka-25. The Ka-27-PL anti-submarine helicopter (NATO designation: "Helix-A") and the Ka-27-PS rescue helicopter (NATO designation: "Helix-D") took over the roles of their predecessors. With similar dimensions of both types, the main difference between the Ka-27 and the Ka-25 was the almost doubled range of 900 kilometers and the ability to use new weapons, sensor and communication equipment. New was the Ka-31 , a variant of the Ka-27 with a particularly powerful radar system for long-range reconnaissance, which was used on the Baku .

drive

The Kiev-class ships were operated by eight KWN-98/64 steam boilers and four TW-12-3 steam turbines . Two turbines each stood in a separate engine room and transferred their energy to two shafts. The maximum speed attainable in this way was 30.7 knots with all four propellers. At a speed of 18 knots, the range of the ships was about 8,000 nautical miles .

Armament

The composition of the armament on the four ships of the class differed minimally on the first three ships (project 1143.1 to 1143.3) and differed significantly from its predecessors on the fourth ship Admiral Gorschkow (project 1143.4).

1143.1 Kiev and Project 1143.2 Minsk were armed identically with:

  • 4 double launch tubes for P-500 basalt cruise missiles (SS-N-12 "Sandbox") on the forecastle with an ammunition supply of eight missiles and eight reserve missiles.
  • 2 double starters for M-11 Schtorm anti-aircraft missiles (SA-N-3 "Goblet") with a supply of 72 missiles.
  • 2 double starters for 4K33 Osa-M anti-aircraft missiles with a stock of 40 missiles.
  • 2 twin guns 76 mm L / 59 AK-726 - one turret each on the forecastle and one on a superstructure behind the bridge turret.
  • 8 six-barreled Gatling guns 30 mm L / 54 AK-630 .
  • two 533 mm caliber torpedo tubes inside the hull for ten SET-65 torpedoes.
  • 2 12-tube RBU-6000 water bomb launchers .
  • a double launcher for RPK-1 "Wichr" anti-submarine missiles.

1143.3 Novorossiysk carried - unlike its predecessors - no torpedo tubes and did not have the 9K33M "Osa-M" air defense system.

1143.4 Admiral Gorshkov (ex Baku) carried six double starters for P-500 Basalt (SS-N-12 "Sandbox") with an ammunition supply of twelve missiles and twelve reserve missiles. The air defense relied on the 3K95 "Kinschal" anti-aircraft missile (SA-N-9 "Gauntlet"). Four groups of six starters each with eight rockets of this system were let into the weather deck, two of them next to the flight deck and two on the forecastle. 192 reserve parcels were carried. The artillery armament consisted of two AK-100 turrets, each with a 100 mm L / 70 gun in front of the bridge structure. The close-range defense of eight six-barrel Gatling 30 mm L / 54 AK-630 guns was retained, and two ten - barrel RBU-12000 water bomb launchers were on the bow.

Sensors and fire control systems

Side view of Kiev from 1988. Four MP-403 jammers are mounted in a vertical row on the side of the bridge structure. Below each of the jammer pairs, the two associated smaller receivers are mounted on the left and right.
Side view of Novorossiysk from 1986. The mast in the middle of the superstructure carries the TACAN system, to the left is the MR-600 radar, to the right of the mast is the MR-700 radar. Two of the four MP-404 guidance sensors for the cruise missiles can be seen at the base of the mast. On both sides of the bridge structure there is a "Jachond" fire control radar for the gun turrets and above each a 4R60 "Grom" control radar.
Bridge structure of the Baku with phase-controlled radar in 1988. Immediately behind the radar sensor on the port side, combinations of receivers and associated jammers, here painted in black, can be seen on several levels of the structure. The associated control sensor is mounted above the turret in the foreground. An MR-360 control unit can be seen to the left and right of it.

radar

The first three ships of Project 1143 were equipped with the MR-600 “Woschod” 3D radar (NATO: “Top Sail”) to search for air contacts. This main phalanx was replaced in project 1143.M by a phase-controlled radar "Mars-Passat" (NATO: "Sky Watch"), which was composed of four transceiver units, which were placed as rectangular plates on the sides of the structure above the bridge were mounted. The first three ships kept the less powerful MR-700 radar “Fregat” (NATO: “Top Steer”) as a reserve system, Project 1143.M carried the “Fregat-MR” (NATO: “Plate Steer”).

Electronic warfare

The EloKa systems on the ships are different. Project 1143 was equipped with the first fully computer-aided ECM system “Kantata” and had eight MP-403 “Gorsuf” jammers (NATO: “Side globe”) as the clearest identification feature . Project 1143.M, however, carried a "Kantata-M" system based on jammers (NATO: "Wine Flask").

Fire control systems

For the main armament of Project 1143, the P-500 basalt cruise missile, the MP-404 control system "Ograda" (NATO: "Rum Tub") was used on the first three ships of the class.

The two 76 mm turrets on the first three ships were supplied with target information via two "Jachond" fire control sensors (NATO: "Owl Screech"), which were mounted on the bridge structure above the associated tower. On the fourth ship, two 100 mm turrets were erected on the forecastle, which were guided by an MR-114 radar sensor (NATO: "Kite Screech").

MR-123 radar sensors (NATO: "Bass Tilt") were set up as a standard control system for the 30 mm AK-630 automatic cannons, one sensor each for a maximum of two AK-630.

The M-11 “Schtorm” anti-aircraft missiles (NATO: “SA-N-3 Goblet”) were guided on Project 1143 by two 4R60 “Grom” fire control radars (NATO: “Head Lights”), which were located above the “Jachond “-The turret systems were set up. Each 4R60 system consisted of two adjacent round receiver antennas, each four meters in diameter, and two smaller antennas, each 1.8 meters in diameter, mounted above them.

The "Osa-M" anti-aircraft missiles (NATO: "SA-N-4 Gecko") were controlled by two 4P33 fire control radars (NATO: "Pop-Group"), one in the front area of ​​the port side of the superstructure and one in the was installed at the rear of the starboard side of the superstructure.

The 3K95 "Kinschal" anti-aircraft missiles (NATO: "SA-N-9 Gauntlet"), mounted exclusively on the last ship of the class, Project 1143.M, were detected via the MR-360 radar (NATO: "Cross- Sword ") steered. For this purpose, four of these sensors were installed on all four edges of the bridge tower in order to achieve 360 ​​° coverage.

sonar

Project 1143 was equipped with an MG-342- "Orion" - sonar system (NATO: "Horse Jaw") to search for underwater contacts, which was housed in the bulbous bow of the ships. The MG-342 system was a low-frequency sonar that could locate contacts at distances of up to 40 kilometers. For this purpose, Project 1143 had an information system that could read out the data from the sonar buoys dropped by its own helicopters. The last two ships in the class also carried an MG-335 towing sonar system .

Flight control system

Project 1143 was equipped with a system for tactical flight navigation "TACAN" (NATO: "Top Knot"), which was mounted under a spherical covering on the mast on the bridge structure. In the 1143.M project, on the other hand, the cladding was cylindrical.

crew

1,433 soldiers made up the crew of Project 1143. If a staff department was taken on board to use a ship as the lead ship of a fleet, the number of crew members increased by 50 people.

Ships of Project 1143

All ships of the class were laid down one after the other by shipyard number 444 in Mykolaiv and christened with the names of cities in the Soviet Union.

Project 1143.5, known by NATO as the Admiral Kuznetsov class , is a closely related class of aircraft carriers. According to the Soviet interpretation, Project 1143.5 was the fifth ship of Project 1143 - but since the design differs fundamentally from the four predecessors, it is also regarded as a separate class of ship.
Two ships of the project were built, one of which is serving in the Russian Navy, the other is the first operational aircraft carrier of the Chinese Navy called Liaoning today in China .

Kiev

The Kiev ( Russian Киев ) (1143.1) was laid down on July 21, 1970 and launched on December 26, 1972. She was in the service of the Soviet Navy between 1975 and 1991, was disarmed in 1993 and sold to the People's Republic of China . Since May 1, 2004 it has been exhibited as an exhibit at an amusement park in Tianjin .

Minsk

The Minsk ( Russian Минск ) (1143.2) was laid down on December 28, 1972 and launched on September 30, 1975. On September 27, 1978 she was put into service with the Black Sea Fleet. In 1979 she was transferred to Vladivostok , where she became part of the Soviet Pacific Fleet . In 1993 it was decommissioned and in 1995 the Russian Federation sold it for scrapping to South Korea , from where it was resold to China . It then became part of an amusement park in Shenzhen .

Novorossiysk

The Novorossijsk ( Russian: Новороссийск ) (1143.3) was laid down on September 30, 1975 and launched on December 24, 1978. After her commissioning in 1982 she was initially part of the Northern Fleet and was transferred to the Pacific Fleet in 1985. In 1991 it was first mothballed, damaged by fire in 1993, finally decommissioned and sold to South Korea in 1996 for scrapping. Her demolition began in 1997.

Vikramaditya / ex. Baku / ex. Admiral Gorshkov

The Baku ( Russian Баку ) (1143.4 or 1143-M) was laid down on December 26, 1978. It was launched in 1982 and entered service with the Soviet Navy in 1987. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, it was renamed in 1991 because Baku does not belong to Russia. It was named after Admiral Sergei Gorshkov .

In 1996 it was sold to India as part of an arms deal and completely rebuilt for the Indian Navy by Russia until 2013. On November 15, 2013, it was commissioned by the Indian Navy as a full-fledged aircraft carrier INS Vikramaditya with MiG-29K fighter-bombers.

literature

  • В.П. Заблоцкий: Тяжелый авианесущий крейсер "Киев". In: Морская коллекция. 7 (55) 2003 (Russian; about: Wladimir Sablozki: Heavy flight deck cruiser "Kiew". In: Marine Collection number 7 (55) 2003).
  • Сергей Балакин, Владимир Заблоцкий: Советские авианосцы. Авианесущие крейсера адмирала Горшкова. (For example: Sergei Balakin, Wladimir Sablozki: Soviet aircraft carriers. [The] aircraft carriers Admiral Gorshkov. ) 2007, ISBN 978-5-699-20954-5 (Russian).
  • В.Б. Абидин: Палубный штурмовик Як-38. (For example: WB Abidin: Jak-38 carrier fighter aircraft . ) Авиаколлекция No. 7, 2009 (Russian).
  • Norman Friedman: The Naval Institute guide to world naval weapon systems. 5th edition, US Naval Institute Press, 2006, ISBN 978-1-55750-262-9 (English).
  • Richard W. Fieldhouse, Shunji Taoka: Superpowers at Sea: An Assessment of the Naval Arms Race: Myths and Realities. Oxford University Press, 1989, ISBN 0198291353 .
  • Chris Bishop: Battleships and Weapon Systems in Sea Warfare. Tosa Verlag, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-85492-433-X .

Web links

Commons : Kiev- class  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b on ship.bsu.by, viewed on December 14, 2011
  2. ↑ Тяжелый авианесущий крейсер "Киев". In: Морская коллекция. 7 (55) 2003, p. 4.
  3. ↑ Article on grani.ru from April 19, 2005, viewed on December 14, 2011
  4. ^ Richard W. Fieldhouse, Shunji Taoka: Superpowers at Sea: An Assessment of the Naval Arms Race: Myths and Realities. P. 123.
  5. ↑ INS Vikramaditya: Waiting for Gorshkov ... from October 18, 2011 on defenseindustrydaily.com, viewed on December 12, 2011
  6. ↑ Тяжелый авианесущий крейсер "Киев". In: Морская коллекция 7 (55) 2003, p. 7.
  7. ^ Norman Friedman: The Naval Institute guide to world naval weapon systems. P. 639.
  8. ↑ Тяжелый авианесущий крейсер "Киев". In: Морская коллекция. 7 (55) 2003, p. 15.
  9. ↑ Article on airforce.ru, viewed on December 16, 2011.