Bud coverage

Diagrams of shapes: A. quincuncial, 1-5: order of foliage; B. cochlear ascending, C. cochlear descending, D. contort, E. valvat, F. apert. In B and C, the inflorescence axis and the bract of the flower are also drawn in to clarify the position

Spiral cochlear bud coverage		Quincunciale bud coverage

Induplicate valvate bud coverage		Reduplicate valvate bud coverage

Alternating fourfold		Alternating roof tiles (imbricate-alternate)

Cochlear-descending and vexillary bud coverage as in the butterfly flower		Flower diagram of Aconitum firmum ; one sees the modified, differentiated vexillary covering

The buds coverage , even Aestivation or Präfloration describes the position of young crown- and sepals in flower bud or the young leaves in the leaf bud. The bud coverage can also be different for sepals and petals. With more than five sepals, petals or tepals, two different circles can be formed and a composite cover is created, such as, for. B. in Jeffersonia diphylla with eight petals, here the inner circle is threefold-covering and the outer is twisted-covering.

• Imbricat (covering, overlapping or roof-tile, roof-top): Some of the leaves cover both neighbors, some only one. A right or left turn can occur here. There are now several variants:
  • If the organ circle is only in two parts (imbricate-dimerous), the two ends of both organs arranged in two rows overlap. If it is in three parts (imbricate-trimerous) there is one organ outside and one inside. If it is four-part (imbricate-tetramerous) then the innermost organ can connect to the outermost proximally or the innermost can be separated from the outermost by other organs, so it is here distal . Alternating coverage is also possible, as with cruciferous vegetables .
  • In the quincuncial covering (spiraly imbricate) of five-fold flowers (A) the leaves are exactly in 2/5 position ( phyllotaxis ): The organs of a circle are formed in the order 1 to 5 spirally from the outside to the inside. After two rotations, the sixth leaf (not formed) would be on top of the first, hence the 2/5 position. Here two sheets are on the outside, two on the inside, and one covers one side. They cover each other so that two links (1, 2) cover two and two (4, 5) are covered at both ends and one (3) only covers on one side and is covered on the other. This cover is often found in the chalice.
  • In the twisted position (also convolute or contorted) (D) each organ in the same circle is covered by the previous one and even covers the next one. Clockwise to the right (dextrorse) or counterclockwise to the left (sinistrorse).
  • With the cochlear covering of five-fold flowers (irregularly spiral, snail-shaped; spirally twisted), a perianth organ stands on the outside, one on the inside, the other cover on one side on the other they are covered. Two variants can occur here, the innermost organ can be connected to the outermost proximally , or the innermost organ can be separated from the outermost by other organs, so it is here distal . In the variant with the distal position, a distinction is again made between:
    • Cochlear ascending (B); here the outermost organ is abaxial ( Caesalpinioideae ).
    • Cochlear imbricate-descending (C); here the outermost organ is adaxial ( Faboideae ).
      • Vexillary (also carinal; ship); if one of the petals is much larger (flag, vexillum) and the other organs are opposite each other, so that the rear larger organ, the flag, overlaps the two lateral (wings) and these the front two (ship). It is possible, as with the genus Aconitum with a large, shell-shaped helmet instead of a flag, that the two front organs overlap the lateral ones and a modified cover is created.
  • Alternately covering, decussed (imbricate-alternate, -reciprocativ, decussate, alternative); here the outer perianth organs alternate in a larger circle with the inner ones in a smaller circle.
• In the case of valvate (E) or ragged bud coverage, the leaves touch but do not overlap.
  • A rickety and reduplicate-valvate bud coverage is also possible; when the edges are briefly turned outwards or rolled up (revolute).
  • A rickety and induplicate valvate bud coverage is also possible; when the edges are briefly turned inwards or rolled up (involute) even when folded in the middle.
• The leaves do not touch each other when the buds are apertured or open (F).
• Riding, simply folded (equitant, amplexa); Here the organs are opposite each other and each folded in conduplicate, the second encompassing the first at the edges and the subsequent ones then each encompassing the previous one at the edges. Half-riding is also possible (obvolute, semi-equitant); here the alternating edges of two opposing and folded organs interlock.
• Irregularly corrugated or crumpled; here the parts are irregular, interlocked ( poppy seeds ).

In the case of valvate and imbricate or twisted bud coverage, indupli- or reduplicates, as well as in-, re-, ob-, con- and supervolute positions can occur. Folded coverings (plicate) can occur in folded and overgrown, undivided crowns, whereby combinations with valvate, cochlear, covering and twisted coverings are also possible, as in the case of the genus Solanum .

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  Three-fold opaque when Trillium grandiflorum blooms

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  Fourfold opaque in the bloom of Cardamine heptaphylla

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  Alternating coverage with Lilium bulbiferum

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  Flower bud of the poppy with crumpled cover

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  Twisted and folded bud cover at Datura innoxia

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  Cochlear mating in Rubus odoratus

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  Twisted, contorte covering in Vinca minor

Imbricat is also defined differently. In the "Strasburger" it is used for buds whose leaves overlap each other in different ways , which means that the contorte position also falls under this definition of imbricat. Peter Leins, on the other hand, does not use the term imbricat at all, he uses the terms quincuncial, cochlear, contort, valvat and apert alongside one another.

literature

• Gerhard Wagenitz : Dictionary of botany. The terms in their historical context . 2nd expanded edition. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, Heidelberg / Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-8274-1398-2 .
• Louis P. Ronse De Craene: Floral Diagrams. Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-49346-8 , pp. 32 f.
• Michael G. Simpson: Plant Systematics. Academic Press, 2006, ISBN 0-12-644460-9 , p. 370 f.
• Joachim W. Kadereit , Volker Bittrich: The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol.XIV: Flowering Plants , Springer, 2016, ISBN 978-3-319-28532-0 , e.g. BS 318 (examples).
• Alphonso Wood : Class-book of Botany. Rev. Edition, 1873, 1876 pp. 79 ff, limited preview in Google Book Search or online at babel.hathitrust.org.
• John Lindley : An Introduction to Botany. Fourth Edition, Vol. 2, Longman, 1848, pp. 374–377, limited preview in Google Book search.
• John Hutton Balfour : Class of Botany. Third Edition, Black, 1870, pp. 191–194, limited preview in Google Book search.
• Peter K. Endress : Diversity and Evolutionary Biology of Tropical Flowers. Cambridge University Press, 1994, 1998, ISBN 0-521-42088-1 , Glossary and Book.

Web links

• A Grammatical Dictionary of Botanical Latin Aestivation at Missouri Botanical Garden, accessed May 23, 2019.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ JW Moll: Phytography as a Fine Art. Brill, 1934, p. 157.
2. ^ Focko Weberling : Morphology of Flowers and Inflorescences. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1989, 1992, ISBN 0-521-25134-6 , p. 14 f.
3. ↑ AP Morgan: Imbricative Aestivation. In: The American Naturalist. Vol. 8, No. 12, 1874, pp. 705-713, JSTOR 2463627 .
4. ^ Michael G. Simpson: Plant Systematics.
5. ^ Peter Sitte , Elmar Weiler , Joachim W. Kadereit , Andreas Bresinsky , Christian Körner : Textbook of botany for universities . Founded by Eduard Strasburger . 35th edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2002, ISBN 3-8274-1010-X , p. 756 .
6. ↑ Peter Leins, Claudia Erbar: Blossom and Fruit. Aspects of morphology, evolutionary history, phylogeny, function and ecology . Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-510-65194-4 , pp. 43 .