List of heads of state 1865

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Africa

Egypt
- Khedive (viceroy): Ismail Pasha (1863–1867)

Ethiopia
- Emperor : Theodor II (1855–1867)

Buganda
- King : Mutesa I. (1856-1884)

Bunyoro
- King : Kyebambe IV (1852-1869)

Burundi
- King : Mwezi IV. Gisabo (1852–1908)

Dahomey
- King : Glélé (1856–1889)

Liberia
- President : Daniel Bashiel Warner (1864–1868)

Morocco
- Sultan : Sidi Mohammed IV (1859–1873)

Rwanda
- King : Kigeri IV. (1853–1895)

Sokoto Caliphate
- Caliph : Ahmad bin Atiku (1859–1866)

South African Republic
- President : Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (1864–1871)

Zulu
- King : Mpande ka Senzangakhona (1840–1872)

America

North America

Confederate States of America (until May 10, disputed)
- Heads of State or Government: President Jefferson Davis (1861-10 May 1865)

Mexico
- Head of State and Government: Emperor Maximilian I (1864–1867) - at the same time counter-government under President Benito Juárez (1858–1872)

United States of America
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Abraham Lincoln (1861– April 15, 1865)
  2. President Andrew Johnson (April 15, 1865–1869)

Central America

Costa Rica
- Head of State and Government: President Jesús Jiménez Zamora (1863–1866, 1868–1870 )

Dominican Republic
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Antonio Pimentel (1861– November 14, 1865)
  2. President Buenaventura Báez (November 14, 1865–1866)

El Salvador
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Dueñas ( 1852–1854 , 1863–1871)

Guatemala
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Rafael Carrera y Turcios ( 1844–1848 , 1851– April 14, 1865)
  2. (temporarily) Pedro de Aycinena (April 14 - May 3, 1865)
  3. President Vicente Cerna (May 3, 1865–1871)

Haiti
- Head of State and Government: President Fabre Geffrard (1859–1867)

Honduras
- Head of State and Government: President José María Medina (1863–1872)

Nicaragua
- Head of State and Government: President Tomás Martínez (1857–1867)

South America

Argentina
- Head of State and Government: President Bartolomé Miter (1862–1868)

Bolivia
- Head of State and Government: President Mariano Melgarejo (1864–1871)

Brazil
- Ruler: Emperor Peter II (1831–1889)

Chile
- Head of State and Government: President José Joaquín Pérez (1861–1871)

Ecuador
- Head of State and Government:
  1. President Gabriel García Moreno (1859– September 4, 1865)
  2. President Jerónimo Carrión (September 7, 1865–1867)

Colombia
- Head of State and Government: President Manuel Murillo Toro (1864–1866)

Paraguay
- Head of State and Government: President Francisco Solano López (1862–1870)

Peru (controversial)
- Head of State and Government:
  1. (incumbent) First Vice President Juan Antonio Pezet (1863– April 25, 1865)
  2. President Mariano Ignacio Prado (April 25-June 24, 1865)
  3. President Juan Antonio Pezet (June 24-November 8, 1865)
  4. (officiating) Pedro Diez Canseco (November 8 - November 28, 1865)
  5. President Mariano Ignacio Prado (November 28, 1865–1868)

Uruguay
- Head of State and Government:
  1. (incumbent) Senate President Atanasio Cruz Aguirre (1864–15 February 1865)
  2. (incumbent) Senate President Tomás Villalba (February 15 - February 20, 1865)
  3. (provisional) Venancio Flores (February 20, 1865–1868)

Venezuela
- Head of State and Government: President Juan Crisóstomo Falcón (1863–1868)

Asia

Abu Dhabi
- Emir: Zayed I (1855-1909)

Ajman
- Sheikh: Humaid I. (1848–1872)

Afghanistan
- Emir: Shir Ali Khan (1863–1866)

Bahrain
- Emir: Muhammad ibn Khalifah Al Khalifah (1842–1868)

China ( Qing Dynasty )
- Emperor: Tongzhi (1861–1874)

British India
- Viceroy : John Lawrence (1864–1869)

Japan
- Emperor : Kōmei (1846–1867)
- Shogun : ( Tokugawa ): Tokugawa Iemochi (1858–1866)

Korea
- King: Gojong (1864-1897)

Kuwait
- Emir: Sabbah II. (1859–1866)

Oman
- Sultan: Thuwaini ibn Said (1856–1866)

Persia ( Qajar dynasty)
- Shah : Naser od-Din Shah (1848–1896)

Thailand
- King: Mongkut , King of Thailand (1851–1868)

Australia and Oceania

Hawaii
- King : Kamehameha V. (1863–1872)

Europe

Andorra
- Co-princes :
  - Emperor of France : Napoléon III. (1848-1870)
  - Bishop of Urgell : Josep Caixal i Estradé (1851–1879)

Belgium
- Head of State:
  - King Leopold I (1831–10 December 1865)
  - King Leopold II (December 17, 1865–1909)
- Head of Government: Prime Minister Charles Rogier ( 1847–1852 , 1857–1868)

Denmark
- Head of State: King : Christian IX. (1863–1906)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Christian Albrecht Bluhme ( 1852–1853 , 1864–6 November 1865)
  - Prime Minister Christian Emil Krag-Juel-Vind-Frijs (November 6, 1865–1870)

German Confederation
- Austria
  - Emperor : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916)
  - Prime Minister: Archduke Rainer of Austria (1861–1865)
  - Prime Minister: Alexander Graf von Mensdorff-Pouilly (June 26, 1865 - July 27, 1865)
  - Prime Minister: Richard Graf von Belcredi (1865–1867)
- Prussia
  - King : Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
    - Prime Minister : Otto von Bismarck (1862–1873)
- Stop
  - Duke : Leopold IV (1863–1871)
- to bathe
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich I (1856–1907)
- Bavaria
  - King : Ludwig II. (1864-1882)
- Braunschweig
  - Duke : Wilhelm (1831-1884)
- Bremen
  - Mayor : Johann Daniel Meier (1862–1865) (1868–1871)
  - Mayor: Carl Friedrich Gottfried Mohr (1857–1861) (1864–1867) (1870–1873)
- Frankfurt
  - Senior Mayor : Philipp Friedrich Gwinner (1865)
- Hamburg
  - Mayor : Friedrich Sieveking (1861–1862) (1865) (1868)
- Hanover
  - King : George V (1851–1866)
- Hessen-Darmstadt
  - Grand Duke : Ludwig III. (1848–1877)
- Hessen-Homburg
  - Landgrave : Ferdinand (1848–1866)
- Hessen-Kassel
  - Elector: Friedrich Wilhelm (1847–1866)
- Holstein and Lauenburg
  - under the administration of Austria and Prussia (1864–1866)
- Liechtenstein
  - Prince : Johann II. (1858–1929)
- lip
  - Prince : Leopold III. (1851–1873)
- Lübeck
  - Mayor : Heinrich Brehmer (1849–1850) (1861–1862) (1865–1866)
- Luxembourg and Limburg (personal union with the Netherlands 1815–1890)
  - Grand Duke : Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Franz II. (1842–1883)
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz
  - Grand Duke : Friedrich Wilhelm (1860–1904)
- Nassau
  - Duke : Adolf I (1839–1866)
- Oldenburg
  - Grand Duke : Nikolaus Friedrich Peter (1853–1900)
- Reuss older line
  - Prince : Heinrich XXII. (1859–1902) until 1867 under guardianship
  - Regent: Caroline von Hessen-Homburg (1859–1867)
- Reuss younger line
  - Prince : Heinrich LXVII. (1854-1867)
- Saxony
  - King : Johann (1854–1873)
- Saxony-Altenburg
  - Duke : Ernst I (1853–1908)
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  - Duke : Ernst II (1844-1893)
- Saxony-Meiningen
  - Duke : Bernhard II. (1803–1866)
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
  - Grand Duke : Carl Alexander (1853–1901)
- Schaumburg-Lippe
  - Prince : Adolf I. Georg (1860-1893)
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
  - Prince : Friedrich Günther (1807–1867)
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
  - Prince : Günther Friedrich Karl II. (1835–1880)
- Waldeck-Pyrmont
  - Prince : Georg Viktor (1845-1893)
- Württemberg
  - King : Karl (1864-1891)

France
- Emperor : Napoléon III. (1851-1870)

Greece
- King : George I (1863–1913)

Italy
- King : Victor Emanuel II (1861–1878)

Monaco
- Prince Charles III (1856-1889)

Montenegro (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Nikola I. Petrović Njegoš (1860–1918) (from 1910 king )

Neutral Moresnet
- Ruler: Leopold I , King of Belgium (1831–1865)
- King: Leopold II (1865–1909)
- King: Wilhelm I (1861–1888)
- Mayor: Joseph Kohl (1859–1882)

Netherlands
- King: Wilhelm III. (1849-1890)

Norway
- King: Charles IV (1859–1872) (identical to Charles XV of Sweden; Norwegian-Swedish personal union)

Ottoman Empire :
- Sultan: Abdülaziz (1861–1876)

Portugal
- King : Ludwig I (1861–1889)

Romania (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Head of State: Prince Alexander Johann I (1862–1866)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Mihail Kogălniceanu (1863–1865)
  - Prime Minister Constantin Bosianu (1865)
  - Prime Minister Nicolae Crețulescu ( 1862–1863 , 1865–1866)

Russia
- Emperor : Alexander II (1855-1881)

Sweden
- King : Charles XV. (1859–1872) (1859–1872 King of Norway)

Serbia (until 1878 under Ottoman suzerainty)
- Prince : Mihailo Obrenović III. ( 1839-1842 , 1860-1868)

Spain
- Queen : Isabella II (1833–1868)

Hungary
- King : Franz Joseph I (1848–1916) (1848–1916 King of Bohemia, 1848–1916 Emperor of Austria)

United Kingdom
- Head of State: Queen Victoria (1837–1901) (1877–1901 Empress of India)
- Head of Government:
  - Prime Minister Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston ( 1855-1858 , 1859-18 October 1865)
  - Prime Minister John Russell, 1st Earl Russell ( 1846-1852 , October 29, 1865-1866)