Schaumburg-Lippe

This article gives an overview of the history of the Schaumburg-Lippe region. For other meanings, see Schaumburg-Lippe (disambiguation) .

Schaumburg-Lippe

coat of arms flag Situation in the German Reich State capital Buckeburg Form of government Monarchy , republic Head of state Prince (until 1918 ) dynasty Schaumburg-Lippe Consist 1647 - 1946 surface 340 km² Residents 48,046 (1925) Population density 141 inhabitants per km² Incorporated into Lower Saxony Votes in the Federal Council 1 vote License Plate before 1945 SL/ after 1956STH map

Vereinstaler with coat of arms of the principality of Schaumburg-Lippe

Until 1946, Schaumburg-Lippe was an independent German state ( county , principality , free state ) in what is now Lower Saxony , between the city of Hanover and the Westphalian border. The name refers to the Schaumburg in the Weser Mountains (today: Rinteln ) and the Counts of Lippe , who in 1647 formed the counts of the newly formed county of "Lippe", the House of Schaumburg-Lippe , from a branch line . The capital was Bückeburg .

North of the area is the Steinhuder Meer , in which the former schaumburg-Lippe island fortress and Wilhelmstein military school is located. In 1946, Schaumburg-Lippe became a district part of the new state of Lower Saxony and was assigned to the administrative district of Hanover . In 1977 the district was merged with parts of the Grafschaft Schaumburg district as part of the regional and administrative reform ; since then both have formed the district of Schaumburg .

population

The 340.2 km² large state counted

• 1766: 17,000 inhabitants
• 1836: 26,400 inhabitants
• 1881: 33,133 inhabitants
• 1905: 44,992 inhabitants
• 1934: 50,669 inhabitants
• May 1939: 54,162 inhabitants

religion

The population of the as yet undivided county of Schaumburg has been Lutheran since the introduction of the Reformation by the Counts of Schauenburg in 1559 . This remained so when, after the division in 1647, the reformed House of Lippe took over rule. Catholics (1.3 percent), Jews (0.4 percent) and non-denominational groups formed insignificant minorities until the Second World War.

The Evangelical Lutheran Regional Church of Schaumburg-Lippe still exists today within the boundaries of the former territory. Your bishop (state superintendent until 1949 ) has his seat in Bückeburg.

history

Early modern age

→ Main article : Grafschaft Schaumburg-Lippe

Schaumburg-Lippe was created in 1647 when the Grafschaft Schaumburg was divided between the House of Braunschweig-Lüneburg , the Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel and the Counts of Lippe . During the Thirty Years' War in 1640, Count Otto V zu Holstein-Schaumburg, at the invitation of the Swedish Field Marshal Johann Banér, took part in a meeting of the warring parties in Hildesheim , which ended with a banquet and drinking binge, at which some participants are said to have been poisoned. On November 15, 1640, the young and still childless count, the last male representative of his sex, died. His legacy was split in subsequent years. The division was defined in several treaties in 1647 and confirmed in the Westphalian Peace Treaty in October 1648 . As a result of this division, from 1647 there was a Grafschaft Schaumburg (Hessian part) connected with Hessen-Kassel by personal union and the Grafschaft Schaumburg-Lippe (Lippe part), in which a branch line of the Lippe Counts ruled. This part was later mostly referred to as Schaumburg-Lippe.

The existence of the small territory was difficult from the start. First of all, important facilities were used together with the Hessian part, the Grafschaft Schaumburg, such as (only for a short time) the estates, but above all the profitable mining (velvet mining) of the Bückeberge . Since the Landgraves of Hessen-Kassel continued to be the liege lords of the Bückeburg family, territorial independence was always in jeopardy. As a result of this threat, Count Wilhelm (reign 1748–1777) developed his specific form of national defense with an army of up to 1,000 men, although small in absolute numbers, but large for the country . He also built the Wilhelmstein and the Wilhelmsteiner Feld. Previously, his grandfather, Count Friedrich Christian, had questioned the existence of the county through an idiosyncratic policy.

Wilhelm left an army, but also a lot of debts, which plunged his successor Philipp Ernst into a deep domestic political crisis. After his death, Hessen-Kassel raised hereditary claims and occupied the land in the Bückeburg dispute in 1787 , but was forced to retreat through Hanoverian and Prussian intervention. Then a guardian was appointed for the still young Hereditary Count Georg Wilhelm, who exercised the regency together with his mother Juliane .

Modern

After Count Georg Wilhelm (1784–1860) took over the government in 1807, he was in fact raised to prince on April 18, 1807 by joining the Rhine Confederation . In 1815 the principality joined the German Confederation and after 1871 became a federal state of the German Empire . Georg Wilhelm, who initially supported domestic political reforms (introduction of a modern property tax in 1812, land estates with a representation of the farmers in 1815), had to find out at the Congress of Vienna that the country could not expect any territorial expansion and that a mediatization was to be expected. For this reason, several large estates were bought up in Southeastern Europe in the following years in order to guarantee permanent security (= appanage ) for the princely family.

From 1895 to 1905, the prince tried to enforce his inheritance claims to the Principality of Lippe in a legally and historically significant succession dispute, but he did not succeed. The poet Hermann Löns lived in Schaumburg-Lippe from 1906 to 1909 and summarized his negative experiences there with small states in the sharp satire " Duodez ". Prince Adolf II zu Schaumburg-Lippe renounced his throne in the November Revolution on November 15, 1918, as one of the last remaining monarchs in Germany . The government for the federal state of Schaumburg-Lippe was taken over by the workers 'and soldiers' council in Bückeburg until the situation was finally reorganized .

After the First World War

→ Main article : Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe

After the First World War , Schaumburg-Lippe became a free state within the Weimar Republic .

In Schaumburg-Lippe, the SPD was initially the strongest parliamentary group in the state parliament, and by March 1933 it also formed a governable coalition government with the German state party . In a referendum in 1926, the population rejected the country's annexation to Prussia, which was favored by the state government. Another attempt at the Anschluss failed in the Landtag in 1930 due to the necessary two-thirds majority.

The election results are described in the article Landtag of the Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe .

Administratively, the state of Schaumburg-Lippe consisted of the districts of Bückeburg and Stadthagen , to which the independent cities of Bückeburg and Stadthagen were incorporated in 1934 .

time of the nationalsocialism

On March 9, 1933, Heinrich Lorenz (SPD), head of government in Schaumburg-Lippe, was deposed by a Reich Commissioner. In the course of the alignment of the states with the Hitler government, the state government was subordinated to the National Socialist Alfred Meyer as "Reichsstatthalter for Lippe and Schaumburg-Lippe", the state parliament was dissolved and in 1934 all powers of the states were transferred to the Reich.

Several members of the former Schaumburg-Lippe dynasty joined the NSDAP , including the most prominent example, Friedrich-Christian Prinz zu Schaumburg-Lippe , the personal advisor to Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels .

Since the Second World War

With the ordinance No. 46 of the British military government of August 23, 1946, "concerning the dissolution of the provinces of the former Prussia in the British zone and their new formation as independent states", the state of Hanover received its legal basis.

On November 23, 1946, the British military government approved the unification of the states of Braunschweig (with the exception of the eastern part of the district of Blankenburg and the Calvörde exclave of the district of Helmstedt , which fell under the Soviet occupation zone and were integrated into the state of Saxony-Anhalt ), Hanover ( with the exception of the Neuhaus office , which fell under the Soviet occupation zone and was not re-incorporated into Lower Saxony until 1993. ), Oldenburg and Schaumburg-Lippe to form the new state of Lower Saxony.

In 1946 the two districts of Bückeburg and Stadthagen were combined to form the district of Schaumburg-Lippe with the district town of Stadthagen .

A referendum of January 19, 1975 to restore the former country (according to Article 29 of the Basic Law ) was rejected by the federal legislature despite a positive outcome.

In the reorganization of districts in Lower Saxony, the district on August 1, 1977 with the was Grafschaft Schaumburg (district town Rinteln) - the since 1647 to Hesse-Kassel , from 1866 to the Prussian province of Hesse-Nassau for and until 1932 Province of Hanover had heard - united to form the new district of Schaumburg (district town of Stadthagen ). The city of Hessisch Oldendorf became part of the Hameln-Pyrmont district . This means that many of the areas that were Schaumburg until around 1647 are now under uniform administration again (but no longer Steinhude, Großenheidorn and the Schaumburg offices of Lauenau and Bokeloh , which were already assigned to the Principality of Calenberg after 1640 , and also no longer Hessisch Oldendorf).

State organization

Seal of the Princely Schaumburg-Lippe Government

The principality had had a single vote in the Federal Council since 1867 . Its capital was Bückeburg , which in 1905 only had 5500 inhabitants. Administratively, the small state was divided into the two cities of Bückeburg and Stadthagen and the three offices of Bückeburg, Stadthagen and Hagenburg . Since 1879 the princely schaumburg-Lippe district court was in Bückeburg, to which the two district courts in Stadthagen and Bückeburg were subordinate. On the basis of a state treaty with the Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, the Higher Regional Court in Oldenburg was the court of appeal responsible for cases from the little country. After 30 years, Schaumburg-Lippe signed a state treaty with Prussia, whereby the previous Oldenburg tasks have been performed by the Higher Regional Court of Celle. Militarily, the principality belonged to the replacement district of the VII Army Corps , 26th Brigade, whose Jäger Battalion No. 7 was stationed in Bückeburg. The Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe had concluded a military convention with Prussia .

According to the constitution of the Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe of 1922, the legislative power lay essentially with the state parliament, which consisted of 15 members who were elected for three years by proportional representation. The state government elected by the state parliament was responsible for the executive power, which was a college of five members, two of whom were full-time and three part-time. The full-time chairman of the state government held the title Council of State . The internal administration was divided into the districts of Bückeburg and Stadthagen and the cities of Bückeburg and Stadthagen. In 1933 there were 34 parishes and three parish-free manor districts in the Bückeburg district, in the Stadthagen district there were 32 parishes and five parish-free manor districts in addition to the areas of Hagenburg and Steinhude am Meer.

Schaumburg-Lippe also had a vote in the Reichsrat , but for financial reasons they did not have their own representative in Berlin; in accordance with an agreement between the state governments, the representative of Oldenburg also regularly voted for Schaumburg-Lippe.

The jurisdiction in the Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe continued to be incumbent on the two local courts (Stadthagen and Bückeburg) and the regional court of Bückeburg; The Prussian Higher Regional Court in Celle was also still responsible for Schaumburg-Lippe by virtue of a state treaty renewed in 1928.

→ Main article : Justice in Schaumburg-Lippe

The former Schaumburg-Lippische Landesarchiv is now in the Lower Saxony State Archives in Bückeburg .

Rulers and heads of government

Count

• 1647–1681: Philip I (1601–1681)
• 1681–1728: Friedrich Christian (1655–1728)
• 1728–1748: Albrecht Wolfgang (1699–1748)
• 1748–1777: Wilhelm (1724–1777)
• 1777–1787: Philip II. Ernst (1723–1787)
• 1787–1807: Georg Wilhelm (under the tutelage of his mother Juliane Landgravine of Hessen-Philippsthal and Count Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn )

Princes

• 1807–1860: Georg Wilhelm (1784–1860)
• 1860–1893: Adolf I. Georg (1817–1893)
• 1893–1911: Georg (1846–1911)
• 1911–1918: Adolf II. (1883–1936)

State minister or chairman of the state government

• 1898–1918: Friedrich von Feilitzsch (Minister of State)
• 1918–1919: Heinrich Lorenz ( SPD ) (Chairman of the State Council)
• 1919–1922: Otto Bömers (independent) (State Councilor and Chairman of the State Government)
• 1922–1925: Konrad Wippermann (independent) (State Councilor and Chairman of the State Government)
• 1925–1927: Erich Steinbrecher (SPD) (State Councilor and Chairman of the State Government)
• 1927–1933: Heinrich Lorenz (SPD) (State Councilor and Chairman of the State Government)
• 1933: Hans-Joachim Riecke ( NSDAP ) (Reich Commissioner)
• 1933–1945: Karl Dreier (NSDAP) (state president)
• 1933–1945: Alfred Meyer (NSDAP) (Reich governor for Lippe and Schaumburg-Lippe)
• 1945–1946: Heinrich Bövers (formerly DDP) (State Councilor and Chairman of the State Government)
• 1945–1946: Heinrich Drake (President of Schaumburg-Lippe and the State of Lippe , appointed by the British military government)

economy

Schaumburg-Lippe had a very differentiated economic structure. Up until the 19th century agriculture formed an important basis, with arable farming in particular being comparatively profitable. In addition, linen weaving was particularly important in the northern communities. The linen was especially exported to the Netherlands , but also to Scandinavia . In the 18th century, migrant work (Hollandgang) was another important source of income for the rural lower classes.

Hard coal has been mined in the Bückeberg mountains since the late Middle Ages . After the division of the county, the mining took place jointly with the Landgraviate of Hessen-Kassel ("velvet mining"); the income was shared between the owners. After 1866 the Hessian shares were transferred to Prussia. Hard coal mining expanded rapidly, especially in the 19th century. In 1905 the Georgschacht near Stadthagen was put into operation as an architecturally significant headquarters.

Several glassworks were built in the 19th century on the slope of the Bückeberge and in Stadthagen. But they never achieved the importance of the huts in Obernkirchen (Heye, Stoevesandt) and Rinteln (Stoevesandt) in the neighboring Hessian county of Schaumburg.

In addition to natural resources, the railroad was an important engine for industrialization . From the important east-west connection Cologne - Minden - Hanover - Berlin (cf. Köln-Mindener Eisenbahn ), the previously insignificant Stadthagen, where after 1871 many small and medium-sized industrial companies settled. With the construction of the Georgschachtes near Stadthagen and the north-south connection through the opening of the Rinteln-Stadthagener Railway in 1900, the importance of the region increased even further. With the end of coal mining in 1961, this phase of the Schaumburg-Lippe economy ended.

See also

• Schaumburg-Lippe-Bückeburg Carabinier and Jäger Corps

literature

in alphabetical order by authors / editors

• Matthias Blazek: Schaumburg-Lippe through the ages . In: General-Anzeiger for the district of Schaumburg and the surrounding area of July 25, 1991.
• Matthias Blazek: Schaumburg-Lippe. In: Schaumburger Wochenblatt from May 22nd and June 5th 1991.
• Matthias Blazek: Hildesheim's banquet was fatal for the Schaumburg counts. In: Die Harke from August 14th and 21st, 1993.
• Kurt Brüning (ed.): The district of Schaumburg-Lippe (district of Hanover). District description and spatial planning plan together with statistical annex. Dorn, Bremen-Horn 1955. (= The German counties, The counties in Lower Saxony , Volume 12.) (= Publications of the Lower Saxony Office for State Planning and Statistics, Hanover, Göttingen , Volume 12.) (= Publications of the Economic Society for the Study of Lower Saxony e.V. )
• Carl-Hans Hauptmeyer : Sovereignty, Participation and the Absolute Small State. The county of Schaumburg- (Lippe) as an example. Lax, Hildesheim 1980, ISBN 3-7848-3491-4 . (= Sources and representations on the history of Lower Saxony , Volume 91.) (also habilitation thesis, Technical University of Hanover, 1977)
• Hubert Höing (ed.): From the corporate state to a free-democratic republic. Stages in Schaumburg. Knoth, Melle 1995, ISBN 3-88368-277-2 . (= Schaumburger Studies , Volume 55)
• Hubert Höing (ed.): Dreams of paradise. Historic parks and gardens in Schaumburg. Knoth, Melle 1999, ISBN 3-88368-306-X . (= Schaumburger Studies , Volume 58)
• Hubert Höing (ed.): Schaumburg and the world. On Schaumburg's Foreign Relations in History. Publishing house for regional history, Bielefeld 2002, ISBN 3-89534-411-7 . (= Schaumburger Studies , Volume 61)
• Hubert Höing (Hrsg.): Structures and conjunctures. Factors in the history of Schaumburg. Publishing house for regional history, Gütersloh 2004, ISBN 3-89534-543-1 . (= Schaumburger Studies , Volume 63)
• Hubert Höing (Ed.): Schaumburger Profiles. A historical-biographical handbook. Publishing house for regional history, Bielefeld 2008, ISBN 978-3-89534-666-8 . (= Schaumburger Studies , Volume 66)
• Alexander vom Hofe: Four princes of Schaumburg-Lippe and the parallel system of injustices. Vierprinzen SL, Madrid 2006, ISBN 84-609-8523-7 . ( online )
• Alexander vom Hofe: "Four princes from Schaumburg-Lippe, Kammler and von Behr." Vierprinzen SL, Madrid 2013, ISBN 978-84-615-5450-8 ( online )
• Heiko Holste: Schaumburg-Lippe. From the sovereign state to half the county. A journey through political history from the founding of the country to the present. Schaumburg-Lippischer Heimatverein - local community Seeprovinz, Steinhude 2003.
• Stefan Meyer: Georg Wilhelm Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe (1784-1860). Absolutist monarch and major entrepreneur on the threshold of the industrial age. Dissertation, University of Hannover 2005. ( online (PDF; 26.64 kB) ) / Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, Bielefeld 2007, ISBN 978-3-89534-605-7 . (= Schaumburger Studies , Volume 65)
• Karl Heinz Schneider: Schaumburg in industrialization. 2 volumes. (also habilitation thesis, University of Hanover, 1997)
  • Part 1: From the beginning of the 19th century to the founding of the empire . Knoth, Melle 1994, ISBN 3-88368-259-4 . (= Schaumburger Studies , Volume 52)
  • Part 2: From the founding of the Empire to the First World War. Knoth, Melle 1995, ISBN 3-88368-260-8 . (= Schaumburger Studies , Volume 53)
• Anna-Franziska von Schweinitz: On the 300th birthday of the first German Freemason, Albrecht Wolfgang, ruling Count of Schaumburg-Lippe. In: Quatuor Coronati - Yearbook for Freemason Research ( ISSN  0171-1199 ), Volume 35 (1998), pp. 69-96.
• Anna-Franziska von Schweinitz: The sovereign gardens in Schaumburg-Lippe from 1647 to 1918 = Green Row. Sources and research on garden art 20. Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft , Worms 1999. ISBN 3-88462-161-0
• Anna-Franziska von Schweinitz: Johanna Sophia Countess of Schaumburg-Lippe, Countess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1673–1743). A life at the courts of Langenburg, Bückeburg, Hanover and St. James. In: Lebensbilder from Baden-Württemberg ( ISSN  0948-0374 ), Volume 25 (2001), pp. 100–128.
• Frank Werner (Ed.): Schaumburg National Socialists. Perpetrators, accomplices, profiteers. 2nd edition, Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, Bielefeld 2010.
• Wilhelm Wiegmann: Local history of the principality of Schaumburg-Lippe. For school and home. 2nd edition, Heine, Stadthagen 1912. / as reprint : Niemeyer, Hameln 2005, ISBN 3-8271-9145-9 .
• Manfred Würffel (Red.): Schaumburger Land. A little knowledge of the country. (published by the Schaumburger Landschaft) Westermann, Braunschweig 2003, ISBN 3-07-509703-9 . (= Kulturlandschaft Schaumburg , Volume 8)

Web links

Commons : Schaumburg-Lippe  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Wikisource: Schaumburg  - Sources and full texts

• Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe (districts and municipalities) 1910
• Learning workshop history Hannover: history of Schaumburg
• Schaumburg-Lippe Genealogy (English)
• The Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe 1807–1918
• Beatrice Härig: The Schaumburger Land in the heart of Europe. Power and splendor in a small German state , in: Monuments 1.2017

Individual evidence

1. ↑ In detail: Matthias Blazek: From the Landdrostey to the district government - The history of the district government of Hanover as reflected in the administrative reforms . ibidem-Verlag, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-89821-357-9 .
2. ↑ Werner Führer: Schaumburg-Lippe . In: Theologische Realenzyklopädie (TRE), Vol. 30, pp. 80–83, here p. 80.
3. ↑ Werner Führer: Schaumburg-Lippe . In: TRE , Vol. 30, pp. 80-83, here p. 83.
4. ↑ Cf. new presentation by Matthias Blazek: After “Hildesheimer Banquet” several of the “most respected German participants” died - The consequences of the “Baner drinking party” of October 28, 1640 / “Duke Georg felt tired until he died”, Sachsenspiegel 1, Cellesche Zeitung of January 8, 2011.
5. ↑ Winfried Dotzauer: The German Imperial Circles (1383-1806) . Steiner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-515-07146-6 , pp. 330 ( google.com ).
6. ↑ Dieter Brosius: From the monarchy to the republic. The foundation of the Free State of Schaumburg-Lippe. in: Schaumburg-Lippische Mitteilungen 19 (1968), pp. 47-60
7. ↑ Stephan Malinowski: From the king to the leader. Social decline and political radicalization in the German nobility between the German Empire and the Nazi state. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2003, p. 569 f.
8. ↑ Thomas Riechmann: From Herrenreiter to Adjutant von Goebbels. In: Frank Werner (Hrsg.): Schaumburg National Socialists. Publishing house for regional history, Bielefeld 2010, p. 445 ff.
9. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Papier: Greetings on the occasion of the ceremony to mark the 50th anniversary of the Lower Saxony State Court on July 15, 2005. ( PDF ( Memento of the original from July 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet Checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. ).