Principality of Salm

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Flag of the Principality of Salm
Representation of the Principality of Salm as a member of the Rhine Confederation according to the territorial conditions of 1808

The Principality of Salm was from 30 October 1802 to 28 February 1811 State in the far west of Westphalia . As a condominium , it was under the joint rule of the Princely Houses Salm-Salm and Salm- Kyrburg , Prince Konstantin zu Salm-Salm and the underage Prince Friedrich IV zu Salm-Kyrburg . The national territory coincided roughly with today's Borken district , but partly went beyond it and included areas of today's Wesel and Recklinghausen districts . To the north of the historic town centers of Dorsten and Marl near Lembeck and Lippramsdorf it reached as far as the Lippe . The capital (seat of government) was Bocholt . The residential cities were Anholt (Salm-Salm) and Ahaus (Salm-Kyrburg).

Principality of Salm 1802 to 1811

Principality of Salm (ocher-olive) in a historical map (around 1900) on the political geography of Germany and Italy after the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss 1803

The Principality of Salm belonged to the "Napoleonic system" of states whose founding, development and decline were closely related to the course of the coalition wars (1792–1815) and the foreign policy of France under Napoleon Bonaparte . These states formed areas of influence on the one hand and buffer zones between the major European powers on the other . The imperialist policy of Napoleon and the complex cultural influence of France shaped the development of the principality , especially in external relations as well as internally.

The Principality of Salm was from the imperial ratification of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss on April 27, 1803 until the deposition of the imperial crown by Emperor Franz II. On August 6, 1806, initially a member state of the Holy Roman Empire and, after its fall, a sovereign state under international law due to the factual balance of power however, exposed to strong French influence. In June / July 1806 the principality was one of the founding states of the Rhine Confederation , the military and state confederation of German princes with the French Emperor Napoleon as " protector ". Despite the guarantees of protection, alliance and sovereignty that it had contractually guaranteed the sovereigns of the Rhine Confederation in the Rhine Confederation Act , France decided on December 13, 1810 to annex the principality . The possession and incorporation of the Principality, contrary to international law, was carried out by France under the leadership of Imperial Commissioner Théobald Bacher on February 28, 1811. After the collapse of French rule (1813) and an interim administration under the General Government between Weser and Rhine , the Principality became on June 9, 1815 At the Congress of Vienna, contrary to the general tendency towards restoration , its territory was assigned to the Kingdom of Prussia by the signatory states of the Congress of Vienna .

The principality was a condominium of the principalities of Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg. The domains of Ahaus-Bocholt - Werth and Anholt, as well as, later, Gemen , combined in Realunion , were under the joint government of two lines of the Salm family , the Princely House of Salm-Salm and the Princely House of Salm-Kyrburg. The Fürstlich Salmisch Community Government had its seat in the Weißes Stift in Bocholt .

With the jointly ruled territories of the Principality of Salm in Westphalia, the Princely Houses of Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg were compensated for the loss of their areas on the left bank of the Rhine , which the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation had ceded to France in the Peace of Lunéville on February 9, 1801 . By the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 25 February 1803, the Reich regulated the details of the compensation on the basis of a Franco-Russian compensation plan negotiated since mid-1802, which provided for the compensation of secular imperial princes essentially at the expense of spiritual imperial princes. The Principality of Salm was thus a successor state to the territorially submerged imperial principalities of Salm -Salm and Salm-Kyrburg on the left bank of the Rhine.

According to the conditions in 1808, the Principality of Salm was surrounded by the Grand Duchy of Berg in the west, south and east . In the north it bordered the Kingdom of Holland , in the southeast on the regions of Recklinghausen and Dülmen of the Duchy of Arenberg-Meppen .

Principality of Salm or Salm-Salm 1623 to 1793

Obelisk from 1893 in Senones in memory of the annexation of the Principality of Salm to France in 1793

A principality of Salm originally existed in the 17th and 18th centuries. This dominion arose from the county of Salm in the Vosges . After his sovereign, the Wild and Rhine Count Philipp Otto zu Salm , was elevated to the hereditary imperial prince status by Emperor Ferdinand II on January 8, 1623 for the military services rendered to him, the respective lords of the "prince county Salm" called themselves from then on Prince of Salm. On February 28, 1654 , Leopold Philipp Karl zu Salm was the first Salmian prince to take his seat and vote in the Reichsfürstenrat in the Reichstag in Regenburg . A main town of the principality was Badenweiler in Lorraine until 1751 (French: Badonviller ), from 1751 Sens (French: Senones ). The territory immediately under the empire , which traded as the Principality of Salm-Salm from 1751 and was surrounded by France as an exclave of the Holy Roman Empire from 1766, ceased to exist as an independent domain after the French Revolution (1789) as a result of French occupation and annexation. In 1791 the 3rd Prince Konstantin Alexander Joseph zu Salm-Salm had already left his residence Senones or his home country in the Vosges, which was threatened by the revolution , and from then on moved into Anholt Castle as his main residence during his Westphalian rule Anholt . On March 2, 1793, the French National Convention decided to unite the Principality of Salm with France. The National Convention relied on an alleged wish of the residents of the principality. The annexation was preceded by a five-month trade ban ("Fruchtsperre") by France against the principality. The prince protested against the annexation by means of a memorandum , which he addressed to the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire on March 29, 1793 .

Ruler

Wild and Rhine County from 1499, Principality of Salm-Kyrburg from 1743 to 1798

The Hôtel de Salm in Paris, built between 1782 and 1787 as the residence of the Salm-Kyrburg family, since 1804 the seat of the French Legion of Honor

A former Wild and Rhine County or a former Principality of Salm-Kyrburg (from February 21, 1743) existed as imperial territory from 1499 until the Peace of Lunéville (1801) in what is now the state of Rhineland-Palatinate . The capital of this country was the current city of Kirn . To distinguish it from other Salmian countries, it included the name of the former ruler's seat Kyrburg in its name. After the Principality of Salm-Kyrburg was conquered by French revolutionary troops in 1794/1795 and annexed by France in 1798, the Holy Roman Empire ceded the land to France in the Peace of Lunéville, but also linked the task of compensating the Princely House of Salm-Kyrburg. The princes of Salm-Kyrburg resided primarily in Paris. There Friedrich III lost . Prince zu Salm-Kyrburg , the builder of the Hôtel de Salm, died under the guillotine in 1794 in the turmoil of the revolution and left Frederick IV , who was still a minor, as his heir.

See also: List of people executed during the French Revolution

Ruler

Establishment of the Principality of Salm in Westphalia from 1801 to 1803

Representation of earlier and later territories of Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg in the map The Rhine Province in 1789 by Wilhelm Fabricius , 1898

Under imperial law, the princes zu Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg were assigned the offices of Ahaus and Bocholt (including the - but not expressly mentioned - Herrschaft Werth ) of the Duchy of Münster in the course of the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 25 February 1803 . These new areas combined the princes with the rule of Anholt into a real union and ruled them - de facto - as a condominium , although Anholt - de jure - was not part of the condominium area.

The Russo-French compensation plan, which formed the basis for the preparation of a Reich deputation , aimed to transfer the Munster offices of Ahaus and Bocholt and parts of the Wolbeck and Rheine offices to the Salm-Salm, Salm-Kyrburg, Salm-Reifferscheidt and Salm-Grumbach houses to assign jointly governed territory, which they successfully claimed. As a result, the Russian-French project of a large Salmian condominium in the Münsterland was immediately abandoned: Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg formed a condominium with the Ahaus and Bocholt offices in Westmünsterland, while the Salm-Reifferscheidt house from the Electoral Mainz and Würzburg areas with the main town Krautheim established the Principality of Krautheim and the house of Salm-Grumbach from the Rhine Count raised the Munster office of Horstmar to the County of Salm-Horstmar . With a view to this result of the imperial deputation, Prince Konstantin zu Salm-Salm had submitted a complaint dated October 18, 1802 drawn up by Hofrat Peter Franz Noël on October 21, 1802 . In it it was submitted that his house had "suffered the most serious offense", as the Salm-Grumbach house, which was counted in the Rhine, was allocated significantly higher income through the domains of the Horstmar office and the compensation for the princely Salm houses was reduced as a result. The prince also recalled an unpaid loan that he had granted to the Archbishopric of Trier in 1788 and for which he was now entitled to compensation under the Lunéville Peace Treaty. This complaint was successful in so far as the house of Salm-Grumbach, a Count of the Rhine, committed itself by contract of October 26, 1802, to pay both Salmian princely houses from December 1, 1802 a continuous annuity totaling 33,000 Rhenish guilders annually.

On August 1, 1806, when the Rhine Confederation was founded, the small imperial rule of Gemen was added as an additional territory. The tiny area of ​​the Gemen dominion around the castle of the same name was surrounded as an enclave by the Principality of Salm from 1803 to 1806 . It had been administered for the Counts of Limburg-Styrum zu Illeraichen from the County of Limburg until it came into direct possession of the Barons von Bömelberg through inheritance in 1800. By the Rhine Federation Act in 1806, the barons of Bömelberg were downgraded ( mediatized ) to simple aristocratic landowners in the Principality of Salm , as the signatory states of this international treaty placed them under the sovereignty of the Prince of Salm-Kyrburg.

Gemen Castle on a lithograph from 1860 (by Alexander Duncker )

The establishment of the Principality of Salm in Westphalia served to compensate the ducal houses Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg , which had previously been endowed with imperial principalities on the left bank of the Rhine and which had been " depossed " through the assignment of territories to France , by allocating territories on the right bank of the Rhine ( "compensation countries") ). In the Treaty of Lunéville (1801), these princely houses had been guaranteed compensation from the Reich for the cession of the territories on the left bank of the Rhine to France. Compensation was regulated in the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (1803) primarily at the expense of spiritual territories of the Holy Roman Empire ( secularization ). The prince-bishopric of Münster , the largest spiritual territory in the Holy Roman Empire, went under with the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss. His offices in Bocholt and Ahaus in the west made up the bulk of the Salmian territory.

The small imperial rule of Anholt an der Issel , into which Konstantin Alexander Fürst zu Salm-Salm had brought his family and himself to safety after losing his principality on the left bank of the Rhine from around 1790, formed the territorial point of contact for the process of establishing the state of the Principality of Salm. The Anholt rulership had been owned by the Princely House of Salm since 1645, which after the merger of two Salmian family lines and the imperial bestowal of the hereditary title since 1743 can be addressed as the Princely House of Salm-Salm.

Anholt Castle in April 2006

In the Principality of Salm, the princely lines of Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg shared the rights of the former prince-bishop-münster offices of Bocholt and Ahaus: Salm-Salm to two thirds, Salm-Kyrburg to one third. This division was provided for in the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, subject to later orders. The Salm-Salm family had the full rights to the Anholt rulership. According to the Rhine Confederation Act, the Salm-Kyrburg family assumed sole rights to the rule of Gemen from 1806.

On the basis of the Peace of Lunéville, the houses of Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg began as early as 1801 to deal with the formation of a common state in the western tip of Westphalia. On October 30, 1802 - before the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss - they formally took possession of their new lands. At this point in time, as a result of the Prussian occupation of the capital of Münster, the Principality of Münster was already in the process of dissolution. The Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg houses agreed to form a jointly administered principality of Salm and to set up the “Princely Salmisch Community Government” in a secularized women's monastery in the city of Bocholt (“White Pen” on Nobelstrasse). From 1802 legislation and administration in the Principality of Salm began their work. Salmian legislation and administration was largely and increasingly based on modern legislative and executive models in the French Empire, in the Grand Duchy of Berg and in the Kingdom of Holland. They did not introduce the Code Napoléon , but the new government developed a comparatively progressive standard of state administration, despite the briefness and difficulty of the time. Particularly noteworthy is the granting of religious freedom from 1806.

Ahaus Castle

While the city of Bocholt served as the seat of government and the state capital , Anholt ( Anholt Castle , Salm-Salm) and Ahaus ( Ahaus Castle , Salm-Kyrburg) were the principal cities of residence . The joint government in Bocholt was initially not just a "government" in the sense of a modern executive , but also - apart from the sovereign Prince Salms - the highest judicial and financial authority. The officials who have always been in princely service, who now embodied this authority in a collegial government body, were called "the Oberlanders" by the Salmian subjects, who usually communicated in a West Munsterland variant of Low German , because of their language and origin. In 1806, Hans von Bostel , a friend of Savigny and Brentano , joined the state government as the Salm-Kyrburg government and court advisor. As a local, the lawyer Aloys Franz Bernhard van Langenberg was appointed to the government. Another high official who came from a local family and was appointed to the state services was the court chamberlain Anton Diepenbrock (1761–1837), the father of the future prince-bishop of Breslau, Melchior von Diepenbrock . On October 30 and November 22, 1809, the upper state authorities were reorganized. A separation within the administration and a separation between administration and justice was established. A court chamber , responsible for the sovereign domains and finance, and a court court as the highest judicial authority were separated from the state government ; all were settled in the capital Bocholt. The princely persons hardly appeared in public life. Only Princess Amalie von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was escorted on the occasion of a visit to the capital on July 17, 1807 and paid homage as the guardian regent and representative of Friedrich IV von Salm-Kyrburg .

Sovereignty on the basis of the Rhine Confederation from 1806

Rheinbundakte , copy for the Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

With the ratification of the Rhine Confederation Act on July 25, 1806, the Principality of Salm ("States of the Princes of Salm", Art. 24) was one of those states that founded the Rhine Confederation (1806–1813) under the protectorate of Emperor Napoleon and was separated from the Holy Roman Empire renounced. After a touch of Napoleon, the French charge d'affaires Théobald Bacher in Regensburg diet had on August 1, 1806 is sufficient, the last put Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire , Francis II. , After August 6, 1806, the imperial crown down and declared the Holy Roman Empire for extinguished. Legally, the princes of Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg thus obtained full internal and largely external sovereignty for themselves and their country . In fact, the small principality of Salm was nevertheless a satellite state of France.

The defection of the South and West German princes from the Holy Roman Empire was ultimately a consequence of the Austro-Prussian dualism and the constitutional weaknesses of the empire. As its behavior in the separate peace treaty of Basel revealed, Prussia in particular had turned away from the idea of ​​imperial integrity. The empire had become a hunting ground not only for France but also for Prussia, in which these great powers wanted to enrich themselves bit by bit at the expense of the weaker imperial estates. Austria, too, which until then had been the head of the empire, increasingly sought its salvation in securing purely Austrian government interests. This was just shown by the proclamation of a hereditary Austrian empire in 1804.

The defection of the princes should also be seen against the background of the Third Coalition War, which was embarrassingly lost by Emperor Franz II . With the Peace of Pressburg , which ended this war, and with the Treaty of Schönbrunn , which made Prussia an opponent of England and thus isolated it, Emperor Napoléon had risen grandly to ruler over southern, western and central Europe and was enjoying increasing respect and that Trust of the south and west German imperial princes. The former saw the creation of a loose confederation and an alliance with France and its emperor as the best possible framework for securing and developing their rule.

With the Rhine Confederation Act, also known as the Treaty of Paris, the signatory states recognized the full sovereignty of the princes and their mutual ties as a confederation. At the same time, the princes undertook to provide a certain contingent of troops in the military alliance with France in the event of an impending war . The recognition of sovereignty was thus tied to a state union of princes and a military alliance between the princes and France.

Homage by the ambassadors of the Princes of the Rhine , colored lithograph by Charles Motte

As the founding state of the Rhine Confederation, the Principality of Salm joined the political concept of Third Germany . This means that the Salmian princes wanted to develop a third power factor in Germany in the confederation of states with other German princes in order to preserve their existence and independence from Austria, Prussia and France as far as possible. They allowed themselves to be integrated into a Napoleonic state system under the hegemony of France, hoping that the confederation and the alliance would also prevent France from attacking their small state .

With the establishment of the Rhine Confederation and the fall of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, the Princely Houses of Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg achieved recognition of the principalities of Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg as subjects of public international law . They escaped the fate of many other smaller states in the Holy Roman Empire, e. B. the fate of the Rhine Count Friedrich von Salm- Grumbach (County Salm-Horstmar , former Office Horstmar), Duke Wilhelm Joseph von Looz-Corswarem ( Principality of Rheina-Wolbeck ) or Duke Auguste Philippe de Croÿ ( County Dülmen , former Office Dülmen ), whose rulers were mediated by the Rhine Federation Act 1806. The Salmischen princely houses owed the status manifested in international law recognition in particular to the lasting prestige of Prince Friedrich III. zu Salm-Kyrburg and the personal influence of Princess Amalie Zephyrine zu Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen , a born princess of Salm-Kyrburg. The Princess of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was a friend of Empress Joséphine and Foreign Minister Talleyrand and was thus able to successfully present the concerns of the houses of Hohenzollern and Salm to the French imperial court. Napoléon himself wrote in his memoirs that the Hohenzollern and the Salm were "admitted" to the Rhine Confederation because several members of these families had stayed in France for a long time and had shown “attachment”.

At the negotiation of the Rhine Confederation Act, Franz Xaver von Fischler, brother-in-law of Prince Anton Aloys von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen , represented both the Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Hohenzollern-Hechingen and the Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg houses. His aunt, the Princess zu Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, signed the Rhine Confederation Act on July 12, 1806 as a guardian in Paris for the underage Prince Friedrich zu Salm-Kyrburg. Friedrich's uncle, Prince Moritz also appointed guardian of Salm-Kyrburg, confirmed the Rhine Confederation Act on July 26th in Ahaus. Franz Xaver von Zwackh also signed the international treaty , not in his function as Bavarian minister at the Rhine Confederation, but in his function as "Guardianship Council" of Prince Friedrich zu Salm-Kyrburg. Prince Konstantin signed the Rhine Confederation Act for the Salm-Salm house on July 21, 1806 during a stay in Aachen.

Fourth coalition war

The Kingdom of Prussia did not want to recognize the facts that France and the princes of the Rhine Confederation had created . After it declared war on the French Empire on October 9, 1806 , war also occurred for the Principality of Salm, due to the provisions of the Rhine Confederation Act. The Principality of Salm was affected by this war to the extent that troops from the Kingdom of Holland , which was allied with France and the Confederation of the Rhine, marched through to take Munster, the capital of the Prussian Hereditary Principality of Munster . The Principality of Salm had to billet in Dutch soldiers during this war and organize food supplies for the Wesel fortress, which has been in France since 1805 . The Principality of Salm did not immediately provide military contingents, as provided for in Article 36 of the Rhine Confederation Act , as it had discharged this duty through a state treaty with the Duchy of Nassau , which set up a correspondingly larger military contingent. In return, Nassau received a payment that Salm financed from a special tax. As early as October 14, 1806, Prussia was defeated in the battle of Jena and Auerstedt . The Treaty of Tilsit forced Prussia in Article 4 of the Franco-Prussian Agreement of July 9, 1807 to recognize the Confederation of the Rhine and the sovereignty of its members, including that of the Princes of Salm.

particularities

The Principality of Salm is a historical peculiarity due to the fact that it was based on the state union of two sovereign princes and principalities ( Realunion ). Under international law, the Principality of Salm was due to the provisions of the Act of Confederation, also made up of two subjects of international law , on the one hand from the Principality of Salm-Salm (ie, from the territory of Anholt plus two-thirds of the offices Bocholt and Ahaus) and secondly from the Principality of Salm-Kyrburg (ie, from the reign Gemen plus a third of the offices of Bocholt and Ahaus).

The rulership of the Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg houses was closely linked in the Principality of Salm. The connection between the princes in the sense of a condominium was expressed in the fact that the edicts and decrees of the “Fürstlich Salmisch Community Government” were drawn up by jointly appointed officials and had to be signed by both sovereigns. The common government of the princes of Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg can be viewed as a practical and economic solution to the problem of sovereignty and was based on many years of experience of the Salmian family lines in the government of their territories, which was due to a lack of clear and uniform Primogeniturordnung were complicatedly divided among the families.

The condominium was directly caused by the fact that the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of February 25, 1803 in § 3 initially provided for a further, immediately to be determined order of the Reich to divide the territory into the Princely Houses of Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg, but this until Fall of the empire on August 6, 1806 was no longer enacted. According to the order, which was announced but not issued, the areas allocated to the Princes of Salm were to be divided from one another two-thirds for Salm-Salm and one-third for Salm-Kyrburg. In the absence of a division, the Princely Houses of Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg had been assigned an area that was to be divided in the future, but actually and legally still undivided, the common government of which they practically preferred to continue until the annexation in 1810/11.

Princess Amalie Zephyrine (painting by Auguste François Laby , 1828) received homage on July 17, 1807 in the Salmischen capital Bocholt .

Equal monarchs were Prince Konstantin zu Salm-Salm (November 22, 1762 to February 25, 1828) and Prince Friedrich IV. Zu Salm-Kyrburg (December 14, 1789 to August 14, 1859). Until the designated Prince Friedrich came of age on December 14, 1810 as heir to Salm-Kyrburg , the uncle, Prince Moritz zu Salm-Kyrburg , and the aunt, Princess Amalie Zephyrine von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen , acted as guardian regents . Salm-Kyrburg was advised from 1804 by the lawyer Johann Vincenz Caemmerer (1761-1817). At the Regensburg Reichstag , Salm-Salm was represented by Egid Joseph Karl von Fahnenberg , Salm-Kyrburg by the Regensburg auxiliary bishop Johann Nepomuk von Wolf . Representatives of the Principality of Salm the Confederation of the Rhine in Frankfurt was Peter Franz Noël .

While Prince Konstantin (Constantine) was primarily responsible for the interests of the Principality of Salm in the courts and government seats in The Hague or Amsterdam ( Kingdom of Holland ) and Düsseldorf ( Grand Duchy of Berg ), the Salm-Kyrburg co-regent, Princess Amalie Zephyrine von Hohenzollern, made an effort -Sigmaringen, on the basis of her long-standing personal contacts with Joséphine (French Empress since 1804) and the French Foreign Minister Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord , the concerns of the Salm-Salm, Salm-Kyrburg, Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Hohenzollern-Hechingen houses to represent in Paris .

A contingent of 323 men - later increased to 360 men - should be made available by the Principality of Salm for the military presence of the states of the Rhine Confederation. In return for contractually agreed payments to the Duchy of Nassau , which increased its Rhine Confederation contingent accordingly, the Principality of Salm relieved itself of the obligation to equip and maintain its own Salmian armed forces anchored in the Rhine Confederation Act. The considerable sums of money were raised through extra taxes, which were introduced by ordinances of October 26, 1806 and January 22 and April 4, 1808.

The state flag of the Principality of Salm appears to have been a tricolor with horizontal stripes in black (above), white (middle) and red (below). Black and white refers to the coat of arms of the Rhine and Wildgraves , a silver leopard on a black background ( leopardized looking lion, originally the main coat of arms of the Rheingrafen zum Stein), red and white to that of the Salm family , two silver salmon (salmon) on red Reason.

According to historical documents, the national territory comprised 31 square miles (approx. 1,705 km²) and 59,086 inhabitants. It was about 12 square miles larger than the previous territories of the imperial principalities of Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg. In terms of the number of residents, however, the increase is only around 9,000.

The annual state income is said to have amounted to around 230,000 guilders, 150,000 for Salm-Salm, 80,000 for Salm-Kyrburg. From the point of view of Western European observers, the country was economically and culturally backward, which is why Prince Moritz occasionally referred to it as a “ Boeotia ”.

Relations with the Grand Duchy of Berg

According to the international legal provisions of the Rhine Confederation Act, the Grand Duchy of Berg was allowed to use a country road leading through the Principality of Salm as a transport link between its southern and northern parts of the country (Art. 24). Through an additional agreement between the Principality of Salm and the Grand Duchy of Berg, it was regulated in 1809 that the Bergische Post should not only run on the highway specified in the Rhine Confederation Act, but should also offer postal services throughout the Principality of Salm.

See also: Postal history of the Duchy of Berg , Napoleonic Post in Northern Germany

Foreign and Marriage Policy

Location of the Principality of Salm (light blue), to the southeast bordering the southern part of the Duchy of Arenberg-Meppen (pink), both surrounded by the Grand Duchy of Berg (blue-gray-violet)

Due to its geopolitical location, the Principality of Salm was surrounded by states that were either ruled or at least strongly influenced by France. The Grand Duchy of Berg had been under the Napoleonic government since the departure of Grand Duke Joachim , who had been made King of Naples in 1808 . The Kingdom of Holland, which was established in 1806 under the kingship of Louis Bonaparte as the successor state to the Batavian Republic , sought since 1808 to annex the territories of the Grand Duchy of Berg. After Napoléon had given his nephew, the still underage Dutch Crown Prince Napoléon Louis Bonaparte , the title of Grand Duke of Berg in 1809, the Principality of Salm had to fear that it would be regarded as an enclave of the territories of Holland and Berg, which would in future be ruled in personal union, and then one to fall victim to the attempts at annexation there.

The fear of an annexation was also not unfounded with a view to Düsseldorf. There Jacques Claude Beugnot , Imperial Commissioner in the Grand Duchy of Berg, made several efforts to enlarge the Berg territory at the expense of its neighboring countries. In September 1809 he drafted the plans for annexing Salms, Arenberg-Meppens and other areas in writing. On December 17, 1809 he presented it to Napoléon.
To avoid annexation and to protect their interests, the Princely Houses Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg sought proximity to France and its imperial family. By establishing family, professional and friendly relationships with people who were as close as possible to Napoléon and the imperial family , they sought influence, prestige, information advantages and improved prospects of consideration. In doing so, they followed the policy of the neighboring Duchy of Arenberg-Meppen . There, Duke Ludwig Engelbert handed over the rule to his son Prosper Ludwig in 1803 in order to then go into French politics. In 1806 he became a member of the Sénat Conservateur . In 1808 Prosper-Ludwig von Arenberg had married a cousin of the Empress Josephine with the Imperial French Princess Stéphanie de Tascher de La Pagerie . Hereditary Prince Florentin zu Salm-Salm pursued a similar strategy . As a colonel and adjutant to King Jérôme von Westphalen, he married Flaminia de Rossi in the summer of 1810 at Napoléonshöhe Castle in Kassel . His bride came not only from Corsican-genovesischem nobility but was through the maternal line, a niece of from Ajaccio native Félix Baciocchi , which in 1797 Schwager Napoleon and on the side of his wife, the Imperial French princess Elisa , 1805 Prince of Piombino and Lucca and in 1809 - only nominally - had become Grand Duke of Tuscany .

For the young Prince Friedrich IV zu Salm-Kyrburg , who was to turn 21 on December 14, 1810, it was important to find a suitable match that would do justice to the foreign policy interests of the Principality of Salm. In this matter, Princess Amalie Zephyrine was in Paris looking for a suitable lady. Due to traditional ties with France and thanks to excellent contacts with the imperial family - his aunt Amalie Zephyrine had looked after her friend Joséphine's children Eugène and Hortense while she was in custody in 1794 - Frederick IV was able to work as a personal orderly officer as early as 1807 after a brief visit to the military school in Fontainebleau Place Napoléons. He then fought for France on the Iberian Peninsula, in Austria and in Italy, where he last commanded the 14th Chasseur Regiment.

Annexation by France in 1810/1811

By resolution of the Senate of December 13, 1810, France decided , in violation of Articles 8 and 12 of the Rhine Confederation Act, to annex the principality. On January 1, 1811, a French captain appeared as the imperial ambassador and declared to the Salmian state government in Bocholt that on December 24, 1810, Prince Friedrich IV. Of Salm-Kyrburg would take office and thus the end of Princess Amalie's tutelary reign von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as well as Prince Moritz von Salm-Kyrburg had formally announced that the Principality of Salm would take possession in the name of the Emperor of the French. The empire united with the Principality of Salm on February 28, 1811. The day before, the Salms government announced in a final declaration that it was “following the imperial French Senatus Consult of December 13” and in accordance with the December 29, 1810 and On January 14th and February 23rd, sovereign resolutions passed the sovereignty rights to the Principality of Salm as well as the Lords Anholt and Gemen to the delegated Imperial French Commissioner Reichsbaron von Bacher ( Chargé d'affaires of the French Empire with the Confederation of Rhine). Officials and residents of the country would be released "from their previous oaths and subordinate duties to the princes" and asked to be "loyal and devoted to their new sovereign". After the Salmischen court councilors Aloys van Langenberg and Hans von Bostel had handed over the government to von Bacher, they were immediately entrusted by him with the temporary administration of the "KK provisional government". After being temporarily incorporated into the departments of Bouches-de-l'Yssel and Yssel-Supérieur (from December 26, 1810), it was assigned to the Lippe department on April 27, 1811. France granted it as compensation for the loss of sovereign rights the Salmischen princes by decree of December 31, 1811 an annual pension totaling 128,000 francs , of which 45,000 francs for Salm-Kyrburg.

The annexation of the principality was embedded in a whole series of such actions. The Kingdom of Holland , parts of the previously occupied Electorate of Hanover , the Hanseatic cities of Bremen , Hamburg and Lübeck as well as, in the area of ​​the Rhine Confederation, the Duchy of Oldenburg , the Duchy of Arenberg-Meppen , parts of the Kingdom of Westphalia and parts of the Grand Duchy of Berg were also affected by French annexations . Their background was the attempt by France to establish an effective trade barrier ( continental barrier ) against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland through complete occupation and customs control of the river and estuary areas along the north-west European continental coast .

Confederation of the Rhine in 1812 after the French annexations in north-west Germany
Incorporation of the annexed principality into the Lippe department, situation in 1812

The French annexations in the Netherlands and northwestern Germany were probably also related to the idea of a better territorial and administrative starting position for the financial exploitation of the area, for further troops , to prevent an English invasion and for a possible military measure by France against Russia or Prussia to accomplish. Because Russia , by breaking out of the continental blockade since the end of 1810, has shown itself unwilling to cooperate with Napoléon in the manner agreed in the Peace of Tilsit . In this context, the so-called Walcheren expedition of the British armed forces, which failed because of a malaria infection of large troops in the summer of 1809, but had shown ominously that the coastline was a veritable target of the United Kingdom.

Napoléon, who - especially since his coronation as emperor in 1804 - saw himself as the historical successor to the empire of Charlemagne , may also have recognized a parallel in the annexation of north-west Germany to the expansion of the Franconian Empire in 804 . In that year the Saxon Wars were ended successfully from a Carolingian point of view and the Franconian Empire extended to the Elbe and Saale.

The annexations of states of the Rhine Confederation legally violated the protective function that Napoléon had contractually promised as protector of the Rhine Confederation (Art. 12). In addition, the annexations violated the contractual provision in Art. 8 of the Rhine Confederation Act , according to which the sovereignty of a Rhine Confederation member could only be sold with his consent and only in favor of another confederate. For this reason, too, France, which itself was not a confederate state of the Confederation of the Rhine, but was only its protective power and allied, should not have annexed the Principality of Salm or other confederates. With the annexations, France has, contrary to international law, intervened in the sovereignty of allied states with it and in the structure of the Confederation of the Rhine that it actually needs to protect as a “protector”.

The princes of Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg could no longer do anything against the annexation of their principality. The good relations between Princess Amalie Zephyrine and Empress Josephine had become politically worthless after her divorce from Napoléon in 1810. Talleyrand, another channel of Salmian influence, had been dismissed as foreign minister in 1807. The good contacts between Prince Constantine and Louis Bonaparte , King of Holland, had also become insignificant in terms of foreign policy after he had lost the trust of his brother Napoléon through the Dutch breach of the continental blockade and through the Dutch asylum practice towards deserters. Because Napoléon mistrusted his brother, the Kingdom of Holland was incorporated into France as early as February / March 1810, initially up to the south bank of the Rhine. Until the summer of 1810, the emperor thought about annexing Holland in its entirety. King Louis I of Holland came before him, abdicated on July 1, 1810 in favor of his underage son and emigrated to Austria. The French annexation decree took place immediately on July 9, 1810. On July 13, 1810, Louis II of Holland finally abdicated, who was thus only Prince of France and Grand Duke of Kleve and Berg.

Overall, the annexations showed that, after Talleyrand's dismissal, Napoléon used French hegemony to transform the complex Napoleonic state system of Europe into a kind of barracks yard, to replace the previous hegemony with a seemingly tyrannical system of fear and intimidation, command and obedience, more and more directly to access and enforce the satellite states of France and not even to preserve the appearance of their sovereignty, which was formally due to them. The demotion of his brother Louis must have sounded like a warning shot through Europe. The subsequent demotion of the sovereigns of Arenberg, Oldenburg and Salm did not trigger any solidarity resistance among the other Princes of the Rhine Confederation, who should have protested against the elementary violation of the Rhine Confederation Act, but rather triggered existential fears. That France would comply with the legal system of the Confederation of the Rhine, which was intended as an alternative to the Holy Roman Empire, had evidently proven to be an illusion at the latest at this point in time. The old Duke of Arenberg later only remarked in retrospect that the annexation had hit his son Prosper Ludwig, the Duke of Arenberg , who was fighting on the French side in Spain at the time in question and who fell into English captivity between 1811 and 1814 after being wounded in the war, extremely unjustly. The regent and later Grand Duke of Oldenburg , to whom the Principality of Erfurt had been offered as compensation at the time , declined and emigrated to Russia, whose ruler was his relative. The Salmian princes evidently even accepted the annexation of their country through public silence. The Prince of Salm-Kyrburg, deprived of his sovereignty, continued his military career in French service. The Hereditary Prince of Salm-Salm did the same in the Westphalian service. His father, Prince Constantine, also accepted his fate without resistance. After the death of Constantine in 1831 , Florentin is said to have tried to play an international role by applying for Belgian royal dignity.

One economic consequence of the annexation of the Principality of Salm was that traditionally important links between the West Munsterland economy and non-annexed areas on the right bank of the Rhine, in particular with the areas of the Grand Duchy of Berg, were severed due to the very high French import duties that were now to be levied on the new borders of France or have been charged. After all, under the conditions of belonging to the French Empire and its primarily secured sales markets, the Salmian economy fared even better than many economic sectors of the neighboring Grand Duchy, which increasingly plunged into a deep crisis due to the severing of important transport and economic relations.

Attempted restoration from 1813 and the Congress of Vienna in 1814/1815

After the Russian campaign , the Battle of Leipzig and the subsequent collapse of Napoleonic rule in November 1813, the Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg houses tried to have their principality (and thus their position as sovereign rulers) re-established ( restoration ) . In particular, she was encouraged by a letter from Prince Lev (Leon) Alexandrowitsch Narischkin (1785–1846) of November 12, 1813, the colonel of a Cossack regiment in the 2nd Corps of the Russian Army under General Ferdinand von Wintzingerode in the Allied Army. In this letter, along with other former sovereigns, the Salmian princes were asked to make the necessary arrangements for the maintenance of the advancing troops in the territories subject to their sovereignty. On January 2, 1814, Freiherr vom Stein , the head of the central administration department for all occupied territories appointed by the Allies by the Leipzig Convention of October 21, 1813 , announced to the princes that the high Allied powers had accepted the principle that was mediated by the Rhine Confederation Act of 1806 Princes to be regarded as parts of the country's territory. Since the princes of Salm did not belong to this group, but on the contrary had been confirmed as sovereigns under international law by the Rhine Confederation Act and by Article 4 of the Peace of Tilsit , this letter was also able to fuel the hope of restoration of the Salmian rule. In an audience that the Austrian Emperor Franz I granted the Salmian ambassadors in Frankfurt on October 22, 1814, they asked him to reassume the imperial dignity of the empire. Franz I replied that "he had already been approached from several sides, and this was a wish that he would like to fulfill if it could be combined with the interests of his own countries." The Congress of Vienna had the Salmian princes submit in writing and orally through their plenipotentiaries that they had been robbed of their rights through no fault of their own and unlawfully by a foreign usurper and his assistants and that they - like the Dukes of Oldenburg and Braunschweig or others - were now in their former status Rights re-entered.

The peace treaty in Vienna in 1815 resulted in the territories of the Principality of Salm being added to the Kingdom of Prussia (Art. 43 of the acts of the Congress of Vienna of June 9, 1815). The final Prussian occupation took place on June 21, 1815. Before the congress act became legally binding, the Prussian military government and the civil government between the Weser and Rhine under Ludwig von Vincke , to which the territories of the principality had been subordinate since December 3, 1813, had been commissioned by the central administrative department successfully stopped any attempt by the Salmian princes to resume their previous government. Just a week after Prince Narischkin's request, on November 19, 1813, the Prussian General von Bülow , who was staying in Münster, announced to the Salmian princes that Prussia would not tolerate a resumption of their rule. In the meantime, however, the princes had already had patents published, after which they publicly declared that they wanted to take up their sovereignty again and continue. For the waiver of jurisdiction, police and tax exemption required by the Vienna Congress Act, Prussia granted Salm-Salm an annual pension of 13,390 thalers and Salm-Kyrburg 6000 thalers.

Development until today

Princely salmon-salmon standard at Anholt Castle
Anholt Castle and surrounding parks, 2014

According to Article 14 of the German Federal Act and Prussian law, the princes of Salm-Salm remained landlords until 1920 . They thus belonged to the hereditary members of the Prussian manor house . The Prince of Salm-Kyrburg gave up his civil rights with the sale of his property in the Münsterland to the Prince of Salm-Salm in 1825. With the entry into force of the Prussian constitution of 1920, all of the former ruling houses in Prussia lost their statehood privilege, including the dynasty Salm-Salm.

With the death of Prince Friedrich VI. The Salm-Kyrburg house went under in 1905. The Salm-Salm house still exists today and, despite the loss of class and sovereignty, remained connected to the territory of the former principality. Its current head is Carl Philipp zu Salm-Salm .

The princes of Salm-Salm played a very important role to this day as landowners in the towns and communities of the former Principality of Salm - the former state properties of the Principality of Münster have become the private property of the Salm family after the abolition of the Principality of Salm. As the owner of the mountain shelf they could out of the coal industry until 1930 revenue from the space of the former principality Mountain tithe achieve, for example from the mine Fürst Leopold in Hervest . As the owners of Anholt Castle and its parks, they carried out a far-sighted expansion that gives tourism in western Münsterland a special profile today. One of a kind is Anholter Switzerland , a forest park in the style of the English landscape garden from the end of the 19th century, which, with its waters, a chalet and rock replicas, relates thematically to Lake Lucerne and was supplemented a few years ago by a considerable bear enclosure .

Archives

  • North Rhine-Westphalia State Archives ( Münster State Archives ), authorities of the transition period 1802–1816, other compensation states, Principality of Salm
    • Office (1662–1821)
    • Edicts (1803-1810)
  • Fürstlich Salm-Salmsches and Fürstlich Salm-Horstmarsches joint archive in the moated castle Anholt, Isselburg (Borken district).

literature

  • Diethard Aschoff: Jews and Jewish policy in the Principality of Salm 1803-1810 . In: Landeskundliches Institut Westmünsterland - Sources & Studies , Volume 23, Vreden 2013, ISBN 978-3-937432-33-5 .
  • Dieter Böhringer: School in the Principality of Salm. In: Hans de Beukelaer, Timothy Sodmann (ed.): Wonderbaarlijke Tijden. Power knowledge in Achterhoek / Westmünsterland tussen 1795 and 1816. = Wonderful times. Change of rule in the Achterhoek / Westmünsterland between 1795 and 1816. Fagus, Aalten (NL) 2004, ISBN 90-70017-85-7 , pp. 169–192.
  • Heinrich Dicke: The legislation and administration in the Principality of Salm 1802 to 1810 (= contributions to the history of Lower Saxony and Westphalia, volume 33). Lax, Hildesheim 1912 ( contributions to the history of Lower Saxony and Westphalia 33 = vol. 6, no.3 , ZDB -ID 534422-0 ), (also: Münster, Univ., Diss.).
  • Joachim Emig: Friedrich III. from Salm-Kyrburg. (1745-1794). A German imperial prince caught between ancient régime and revolution. Lang, Frankfurt am Main et al. 1997, ISBN 3-631-31352-7 ( European university publications . Series 3: History and its auxiliary sciences 750), (At the same time: Mainz, Univ., Diss., 1990).
  • Elisabeth Fehrenbach : The nobility in Germany and France in the age of the French Revolution. In: Helmut Berding et al. (Ed.): Germany and France in the age of the French Revolution. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt am Main 1989, ISBN 3-518-11521-9 ( Edition Suhrkamp 1521 = NF 521).
  • Georg Hassel : Statistical outline of all European states in terms of their size, population, cultural conditions, action, financial and military constitution and their non-European possessions. First part. The statistical view and special statistics of Central Europe . Friedrich Vieweg Verlag, Braunschweig 1805, p. 131 f.
  • Arthur Kleinschmidt : History of Arenberg, Salm and Leyen 1789-1815. Perthes, Gotha 1912.
  • Wilhelm Kohl , Helmut Richtering: Authorities of the transition period 1802–1816. State Archive, Münster 1964, pp. 114–121 ( The State Archive Münster and its holdings. Vol. 1 = Publications of the State Archives of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia. Series A: Inventories of State Archives , ZDB -ID 525649-5 ).
  • Duco van Krugten: Fürstlich Salm-Salm'sches and Fürstlich Salm-Horstmar'sches joint archive in the moated castle Anholt. 2 volumes. Self-published by Fürst zu Salm-Salm, Rhede
    • Volume 1: The house archives (until 1830), the lordship archives (until approx. 1850) and the monastery archives. 1989;
    • Volume 2: The house and family archives (from 1830 dep. And until 1945), the rulership archives (from 1850 dep.), The authority archives of the transition period, the rent office, estate and forest office archives (until 1945), the cash archives, the collections and bequests and the other archives (until 1945). 1992.
  • Friedrich Reigers : The city of Bocholt during the nineteenth century . Temming, Bocholt, 1907, digitized version , digital collections of the Westphalian Wilhelms University of Münster, 2011.
  • Emanuel Prinz zu Salm-Salm : The emergence of the Princely Salm-Salm'schen Fideikommiss with special consideration of the trials before the highest imperial courts up to the Paris Peace of the Brothers on July 5, 1771 (dissertation, University of Münster, 1995). Published in: Ius Vivens , Division II, Legal History 3, Lit Verlag, Münster, 1996, ISBN 3-8258-2605-8 , p. 191.
  • Johann Josef Scotti : Collection of laws and ordinances, which in the Royal Prussian Hereditary Duchy of Münster and in the territorial territories of Horstmar, Rheina-Wolbeck, Dülmen and Ahaus-Bocholt-Werth on objects of state sovereignty, constitution, administration and justice from 1359 to French military occupation and the union with France and the Grand Duchy Berg in 1806 and resp. In 1811 . 3 volumes, Aschendorff, Münster, 1842.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cf. on this: Johann Josef Scotti : Collection of laws and ordinances, which in the Royal Prussian Hereditary Duchy of Münster and in the territorial territories of Horstmar, Rheina-Wolbeck, Dülmen and Ahaus-Bocholt-Werth on objects of state sovereignty, constitution, administration and justice from the year 1359 to the French military occupation and the union with France and the Grand Duchy Berg in the years 1806 and resp. In 1811 . Volume 3: Sixth division: Lords Ahaus-Bocholt and Werth / A. Territorial evidence for the 6th division of the Münster Provincial Law Collection . Münster 1842, pp. 445–449 ( PDF )
  2. ↑ Friedrich Reigers: The city of Bocholt in the nineteenth century . Temming, Bocholt, 1907, p. 35, digital copy , digital collections of the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, accessed on December 26, 2013
  3. ↑ See also: Organization of the joint Salm-Salmschen and Salm-Kyrburg government in Bocholt. Names of the joint senior and subordinate administrative officials ( Peter Franz von Noël , Carl Adam von Embden, Schiess, Simons, Jeremias Gottfried von Noël, Anton Bonati, von Raesfeld) and salaries of these officials. (Landesarchiv NRW, Westphalia department, order signature: Principality of Salm, Chancellery, No. IV.3)
  4. ↑ The historian Erwin Hölzle introduced the term Napoleonic State System in 1933 . - Erwin Hölzle: The Napoleonic State System in Germany . In: HZ 148 (1933), pp. 277-293
  5. ^ Thierry Lentz: New ideology and fundamental constant in the European diplomacy of the Napoleonic age . In: Guido Braun, Gabriele B. Clemens, Lutz Klinkhammer, Alexander Koller (eds.): Napoleonic expansion. Occupation or Integration? , Library of the German Historical Institute in Rome, Volume 127, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2013, ISBN 978-3-11-029272-5 , p. 35 f. ( online )
  6. ↑ genealogy.eu - Salm (English)
  7. ↑ Norbert Angermann, Robert-Henri Bautier, Robert Auty (ed.): Lexicon of the Middle Ages . Volume VII, ISBN 3-7608-8907-7 , p. 1309
  8. ^ Leopold von Zedlitz-Neukirch u. a .: New Prussian Nobility Lexicon . Publishing house Gebrüder Reichenbach, Leipzig 1839, p. 388
  9. ^ Fürstlich Salm-Salm'schen Verwaltung: Chronicle of the moated castle Anholt ( Memento of July 29, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) .
  10. ↑ Konstantin Prince zu Salm-Salm, Memorandum of 29 March 1793 signed in Anholt, by decree of the French National Convention of 5 February 1793 and 2 March 1793, as well as a presentation of the diplomatic Committees of 14 February 1793 plants ( online )
  11. ↑ On February 21, 1743, Charles VII raised the brothers Johann Dominicus Albert and Philipp Joseph to princes of Salm-Kyrburg. - Cf. Johann Christoph Gatterer : Handbook of the latest genealogy and heraldry . Verlag der Raspischen Handlung, Nuremberg 1762, p. 75: XCV. Family table of the princes of Salm-Kyrburg ( online )
  12. ↑ Leopold Freiherr von Zedlitz-Neukirch: New Prussian Adels-Lexikon or genealogical and diplomatic news from the princely, countless, baronial and noble houses residing in the Prussian monarchy or related to it (...) . Reichenbach Brothers, Leipzig, 1839, Supplement-Band, p. 389
  13. ↑ Friedrich Reigers, p. 34
  14. ↑ So also: Clemens August Schlüter, Friedrich Heinrich von Strombeck (Ed.): Provincial rights of all states and parts of the state belonging to the Prussian state, insofar as the general land law has legal force in them. Second part: Provincial law of the Province of Westphalia. Volume 1: Provincial law of the Principality of Münster and the estates of the landlords, which were formerly part of the monastery of Münster, as did the landlords Steinfurt and the lords of Anholt and Gehmen . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1829, p. 110, footnote ( online )
  15. ↑ Johann von Riese, Georg Peter Dambmann: Brief description of the loss of the Wild and Rhine Counts and the compensation object assigned to the Salmischen houses in the diocese of Münster. In addition to 7 additional layers . Regensburg 1802 ( Google Books )
  16. ↑ Friedrich Reigers, p. 28
  17. ↑ Johann Vincenz Caemmerer : Excerpts from all performances and complaints handed over to the High Reich Deputation in Regensburg in chronological order , Volume 4, Monday and White, p. 36
  18. ↑ Friedrich Reigers, p. 29
  19. ↑ Adam Christian Gaspari : The deputation recess with historical, geographical and statistical explanations and a comparative table . Second part, Verlag Friedrich Perthes, Hamburg 1803, p. 64 ( Google Books )
  20. ↑ See, for example, the church register ordinance of the Principality of Salm , which introduced a civil status register in the sense of the Civil Code from 1808 , but made all pastors responsible.
  21. ↑ See also: Clemens August Schlüter, Friedrich Heinrich von Strombeck: Provincial rights of all states and parts of the state belonging to the Prussian state, (...) . Second part: Provincial law of the Province of Westphalia . Volume 1: Provincial law of the Principality of Münster and the estates of the noblemen, which were formerly part of the Monastery of Münster, as well as the County of Steinfurt and the Lords of Anholt and Gehmen . Verlag FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1829, p. 428 ff.
  22. ↑ Reference to the introduction of religious freedom in the portal christuskirche-bocholt.de ( memento of November 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on April 15, 2010
  23. ^ Carl Tücking: History of the rule and city of Ahaus . In: Journal for patriotic history and antiquity . Fourth episode, first volume, Verlag Friedrich Regensberg, Münster 1873, p. 47
  24. ↑ Friedrich Reigers, p. 36
  25. ^ Heinrich Finke: In memory of Cardinal Melchior von Diepenbrock 1798–1898 . In: Journal for patriotic history and antiquity . Seventy-fifth volume, Regenberg'sche Buchhandlung Verlag, Münster 1897, p. 223
  26. ^ Theodor Johann Anton Diepenbrock , genealogical data sheet in the portal geneagraphie.com , accessed on January 7, 2017
  27. ↑ Friedrich Reygers, p. 56
  28. ↑ Friedrich Reigers, p. 53
  29. ^ Note from the French chargé d'affaires, Mr Bacher, handed over to the Imperial Assembly in Regensburg (note dated August 1, 1806) , original text in French , websites in the documentarchiv.de portal , accessed on December 24, 2015
  30. ^ Carl Wilhelm von Lancizolle : Overview of the German imperial and territorial conditions after the French Revolutionary War, the changes that have occurred since then and the current components of the German Confederation and the federal states . Verlag Ferdinand Dümmler, Berlin 1830, p. 157, No. 62 and 65
  31. ^ Karl Heinrich Ludwig Pölitz : Handbook of the history of the sovereign states of the Rhine Confederation , Volume 1, Weidmannische Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1811, introduction p. 5 ( online )
  32. ↑ See also Fréderic de Salm-Kyrbourg (French Wikipedia)
  33. ↑ Friedrich Reygers, p. 51
  34. ^ Peace treatise with France. From July 9th 1807 , PDF in the portal lwl.org ( Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe ), accessed on April 17, 2017
  35. ↑ Some news from the lands of the princes Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg . In: Peter Adolph Winkopp (ed.): Der Rheinische Bund. Volume 13, Issue 37, Verlag JCB Mohr, Frankfurt, October 1809, p. 281 ff. ( Online )
  36. ↑ In the 18th century there were succession disputes both between the Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg lines and among members of the Salm-Salm family. The disputes between Salm-Salm and Salm-Kyrburg were settled by settlement in Mannheim in 1743, those within Salm-Salm in 1772. - Cf. Johann Jacob Moser : Familien-Staats-Recht Derer Teutschen Reichsstands . Second part. Verlag Johann Gottlieb Garbe, Frankfurt and Leipzig 1775, S 999, § 82 ( online )
  37. ^ Johann Gottfried Dyck: First lines to a history of the European transformation of states at the end of the eighteenth and at the beginning of the nineteenth century . 1807, p. 96 ( Google Books )
  38. ↑ There was also a family connection to Johann Franz Joseph von Nesselrode-Reichenstein , Minister of the Interior from 1806 and President of the Council of State of the Grand Duchy of Berg from 1812, because his wife, Countess Johanna Felicitas von Manderscheid, was Prince Konstantin's cousin.
  39. ^ Pölitz: The Rhine Confederation historically and statistically presented (1810) ( Memento from June 22, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) . In: www.napoleon-online.de .
  40. ↑ Friedrich Reigers, pp. 50, 54
  41. ^ Gottlieb Matthias Carl Masch : Introduction to the genealogies of the princely houses of Europe and description of their coats of arms . Verlag Friedrich Asschenfeldt, Lübeck 1824, p. 148
  42. ↑ Bernhard Peter: The coat of arms of the Rhine and Wild Counts and later Prince of Salm , website in the portal welt-der-wappen.de (2007), accessed on November 9, 2013
  43. ↑ See statistical overview of the German states in January 1814 . In: National newspaper of the Germans . Born in 1814, Verlag der Beckerschen Buchhandlung, Gotha, edition of January 6, 1814, p. 31/32 ( Google Books )
  44. ↑ See also data table Rheinbund 1810 in the portal atlas-europa.de (PDF file; 12 kB), accessed on March 1, 2013
  45. ^ Georg Hassel : Statistical overview tables of all European and non-European countries . Verlag der Dieterichschen Buchhandlung, Göttingen 1809, p. 14 ( Google Books )
  46. ↑ Bettina Severin Barboutie: French government policy and modernization: administrative and constitutional reforms in the Grand Duchy of Berg (1806-1813) . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 2008, p. 19, footnote 17.
  47. ↑ Portrait of the future Princess Flaminia zu Salm-Salm (here with the unoccupied date of birth 1789) in the portal erfgoedbankhoogstraten.de (DIA-1031), accessed on February 4, 2014
  48. ↑ General German real encyclopedia for the educated classes. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1836, Volume 9, p. 616.
  49. ↑ Article Flaminia di Rossi of July 18, 2008, accessed on the geneagraphie.com portal on April 26, 2013
  50. ↑ General German real encyclopedia for the educated classes. Brockhaus, Leipzig 1836, Volume 9, p. 617, online
  51. ↑ Friedrich Reigers, p. 62
  52. ↑ Friedrich Reigers, p. 62
  53. ^ Wilhelm Kohl , Helmut Richtering (processing): The State Archive of Münster and its holdings: Authorities of the transition period, 1802–1816 . North Rhine-Westphalian State Archives Münster, Münster 1964, p. 116
  54. ^ Genealogical and State Handbook . 65th year, Verlag Johann Friedrich Wenner, Frankfurt am Main, 1827, p. 549
  55. ↑ Friedrich Reigers, p. 74
  56. ↑ Friedrich Reigers, p. 81
  57. ↑ Friedrich Reigers, p. 74
  58. ^ Leopold von Zetlitz-Neukirch (among others): New Preussisches Adels-Lexicon or genealogical and diplomatic news (...) . Supplement volume, Verlag Gebrüder Reichenbach, Leipzig, 1839, p. 389
  59. ↑ Landesarchiv NRW: Principality of Salm: Chancellery (1662–1821)  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.archive.nrw.de  
  60. ↑ Landesarchiv NRW: Fürstentum Salm: Edicts (1803–1810)  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.archive.nrw.de