List of the modern extinct birds

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Red List of Endangered Species 2019 of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources lists 159 bird species that became extinct worldwide after the year 1500. In addition, an unknown number of bird taxa are considered lost or presumably extinct, as they have either not been detected for decades or their habitat has been so badly destroyed that further survival seems unlikely. The year 1500 is considered to be the key year for the IUCN, since from this point in time the discovery and settlement of the most remote corners of the earth by the Europeans was initiated and both humans and non-faunal animal species such as cats and rats caused a mass extinction of many bird taxa. Calculations published in the science journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found that around twelve percent of all bird species are now critically endangered and another twelve percent are endangered. Based on the available data, the researchers assume that at least ten bird species will become extinct per year by the end of the 21st century. Endemic species on remote islands in particular are affected by extinction . The population on the relatively small island of Guam was also hit hard by the appearance of the brown night tree snake . Nevertheless, from time to time supposedly extinct bird species are rediscovered . In Europe , only one species became extinct in historical times, the giant aalk .

Bird species and subspecies extinct after 1500

† = extinct family

Aepyornithiformes

Elephant birds

species
Skeleton of Aepyornis maximus
The taxonomy of the elephant birds is not fully understood, but it is almost certain that at least one species survived until after 1500.

Dinornithiformes

Moas

species
  • Forest moa Megalapteryx didinus (South Island, New Zealand, late 15th century)
It is generally believed that the forest moa became extinct around 1500. This is the only species of moa that, according to stories from the 1830s, could have survived to later times.

Struthioniformes

Ostriches

Subspecies

Casuariiformes

Emus and cassowaries

Subspecies
Extinct in the wild circa 1805. The last specimen in human care died in 1822 in the Botanical Garden of Paris , Jardin des Plantes .

Tinamiformes

Cockles

Subspecies
  • Forest tinamu , Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius (Colombia, late 20th century)
Subspecies of the red-footed tinamus. Formerly classified as a distinct species. Only the type specimen from 1943 is known of this bird . Recent research suggests that it might still exist today.

Sphenisciformes

Penguins

species
  • Waitaha penguin , Megadyptes waitaha , (South Island, New Zealand, 16th century)
Disappeared between 1500 and 1550 before it was discovered by Europeans

Anseriformes

Ducks , geese and swans

Crested Kasarka ( Tadorna cristata )
Labrador duck ( Camptorhynchus labradorius ) illustration Louis Agassiz Fuertes , from A Natural History of Ducks, 1922
Aucklandsäger ( Mergus australis ) illustration by John Gerrard Keulemans , from A History of the Birds of New Zealand, Vol. II, 1888
species
  • Crested Kasarka , Tadorna cristata (Northeast Asia, late 20th century?)
A primitive half-goose from Northeast Asia. Officially listed as “critically endangered”, although the last reliable evidence is from 1964.
  • Reunion goose , Alopochen kervazoi (Reunion, Mascarene Islands, ca.1690s )
  • Mauritius goose , Alopochen mauritianus (Mauritius, Mascarene Islands, ca.1690s)
  • Amsterdamente , Anas marecula (Amsterdam Island, southern Indian Ocean, ca.1800)
  • Anas sp. ( Sankt-Paul-Insel ), only known from a drawing from 1793, could be identical to the Amsterdam one.
  • Mauritius duck , Anas theodori (Mauritius and Réunion, Mascarene Islands, approx. 1690s)
Rose-headed duck ( Rhodonessa caryophyllacea ) illustration by William Foster , from The game birds of India, Burmah, and Ceylon, Vol. III, 1881
  • Finsch's duck , Chenonetta finschi from New Zealand. Mostly only known from subfossil bone finds. A discovery of an unknown species of duck in 1870 could conclude that this is the case.
  • Rose-headed duck , Rhodonessa caryophyllacea (East India, Bangladesh, northern Myanmar, 1945?) - a proposal to place the species in the genus Netta is not generally accepted.
Officially listed as "Critically Endangered"; recent expeditions to rediscover this species have so far failed
  • Labrador duck , Camptorhynchus labradorius (northeastern North America , ca.1880 )
  • Aucklandsäger , Mergus australis (Auckland Islands, Southwest Pacific, ca.1902)
Subspecies
  • Bering Little Canada Goose Branta hutchinsii asiatica (Commander Islands and Kuril Islands, North Pacific, 1914 or 1929 (unconfirmed) last detected)
  • Rennell white-throated duck Anas gibberifrons remissa (Rennell, Solomonen, last recorded in 1959)
  • Northern pointed tail duck Anas georgica niceforoi (Colombia, 1950s)
The last known specimen was recorded in 1956.
Already thought to be extinct in 1974, a few specimens were rediscovered at short notice in the 1990s.

Galliformes

Chicken birds and relatives

species
A large foot hen that was found on Raoul Island until the population was wiped out by a volcanic eruption. Could have been conspecific with the Tongan large footed partridge ( Megapodius pritchardii ).
Officially listed as "Critically Endangered". No longer proven with certainty since 1876. In 2003 there were unconfirmed sightings in the Naini Valley (Nepal).
Subspecies
  • Francolinus francolinus ssp . (Sicily, Mediterranean, ca.1869)
  • Heather Grouse ( Tympanuchus cupido cupido ), ( Martha's Vineyard , 1932)
  • New Mexico Grouse ( Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi ) (New Mexico, North America, 1954)
  • Numida meleagris sabyi (Morocco, ca.1950 )

Charadriiformes

Plover , seagulls and alken birds

Great Auk ( Alca impennis ) Illustration Heinrich Harder from animals of the primeval world, about 1900
species
  • Javan pewter , Vanellus macropterus (Java, Indonesia, mid-20th century)
Officially listed as "Critically Endangered". This conspicuous bird has not been proven reliably since 1940, so it is to be feared that it has become extinct.
  • Society runner , Prosobonia leucoptera (Tahiti, Moorea, Society Islands, 19th century)
  • Eskimo curlew , Numenius borealis (northern North America, wintering grounds: South America, late 20th century?)
Last sighted in 1963; officially listed as "critically endangered (presumably extinct)".
At times it was considered a hybrid, introduced species, or subspecies of the blue grouse . However, numerous subfossil bones are an indication that it is a valid endemic form. The holotype was collected before 1889, another specimen in 1911 by Fritz Sarasin . This taxon will soon be extinct.
Subspecies
  • Prosobonia cancellata cancellata (Kiritimati, Kiribati, 19th century)
Nominate form of the South Sea runner , sometimes regarded as an independent species, but only known from one drawing.
  • Tawi-Tawi chicken Turnix sylvatica suluensis (Tawitawi, Philippines, mid-20th century)
Subspecies of the running chicken from Tawitawi and Jolo, last seen in the 1950s.

Gruiformes

Lord Howe Purple Grouse ( Porphyrio albus ) Illustration by Sarah Stone , from Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales, 1790

Rails and relatives

species
Officially listed as “critically endangered”, it was already considered extinct between 1904 and 1984. Interviews with residents and a search for the species in 1998 were unsuccessful.
Due to unconfirmed sightings in the 1990s, the IUCN changed the status from "extinct" to "critically endangered"
Known only from a single specimen and one sighting from 1953; some scientists put them in their own genus Edithornis . Since there have been unconfirmed sightings in recent times, it is listed as "critically endangered" by the IUCN.
Subfossil remains of this type of railing have been found in Maori clam mounds that date back to the 18th century.
Described in 1867 on the basis of a specimen from the Joseph Banks collection. Known only from the holotype.

Otidiformes

Bustards

Subspecies
  • Morocco bustard ( Ardeotis arabs lynesi ) (1990s?)
Subspecies of the Arab bustard ( Ardeotis arabs ). The last proof was in 1993.

Podicipediformes

Grebes

  • Andean diver , Podiceps andinus (In the area of ​​Bogotá, Colombia, 1977)
  • Delacour Little Grebe , Tachybaptus rufolavatus (Lake Alaotra, Madagascar, late 1980s)
Officially declared extinct by the IUCN in 2010. This species most likely became extinct from habitat destruction and hybridization with the introduced little grebe .

Pelecaniformes

Herons and relatives

Known only from subfossil bones, but the description of a flightless bird from Ascension by F. André Thevet does not fit any other bird than this species.
Known only from subfossil bones.
  • Black-backed bittern Ixobrychus novaezelandiae (New Zealand, Chatham Islands, late 19th century)
  • Réunionibis , Threskiornis solitarius (Réunion, Mascarene, early 18th century)
This species is the basis of the alleged Réunion solitaire or white dodo, a hypothetical relative of the dodo and the Rodrigues solitaire . Due to the fact that no dodo-like but ibis-like bones were found on Réunion and because old descriptions apply well to a flightless sacred ibis , the Reunion solitaire hypothesis has now been disproved.

Accipitriformes

Hawks

Subspecies
Subspecies of Taiga Buzzard (the earlier Buzzard ), known only from a male, which was observed from 1964 to 1970.

Suliformes

Cormorants and related birds

Procellariiformes

Tube noses , shearwaters and petrels

Officially listed as "Critically Endangered (Presumably Extinct)". This assumption is also confirmed by the result of an extensive, unsuccessful search in 2000.
Sometimes as a subspecies of the devil Petrel ( Pterodroma hasitata viewed). According to unconfirmed reports, he may still survive. Officially listed as "Critically Endangered (Presumably Extinct)"
Described in 2015 on the basis of subfossil bone material, probably extinct at the beginning of the 19th century.

Columbiformes

Pigeons and dodos

species

Passenger Pigeon ( Ectopistes migratorius ) illustration by John James Audubon , from Birds of America, 1827
The passenger pigeon was the most common bird in the world at the beginning of the 19th century. A single flock has been estimated at over two billion birds. In 1879 alone, a billion birds were shot, mostly as a sport, but also for pest control reasons or to meet the demand for delicacies. The last specimen in the wild was shot in 1900. The last individual named Martha died at the Cincinnati Zoo in 1914 .
Salomon pigeon ( Microgoura meeki )
The only known specimen has been in the World Museum Liverpool since 1851 and was acquired by Edward Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby , from an undisclosed Pacific island. It is believed that this bird came from Tahiti , as a native lore is based on a similar extinct bird called titi . However, this was never checked.
Officially listed as "Critically Endangered". Only two type specimens are known, which were collected in 1891; There are a number of reports from locals from the Sulu Archipelago from 1995, which state that this species of pigeon was still observed quite frequently before the 1970s, but that the populations have declined so dramatically that the tawitawi pigeon is therefore rarely seen had seen. In the meantime the habitat of the Tawitawi pigeon has been almost completely destroyed. If this species is not yet extinct, it should be extremely rare. However, the ongoing civil war between the Philippine government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front prevents searches in this region.
Only known from Reinhold Forster's descriptions of two lost copies.
Last seen in 1927; there are only two museum copies. Officially declared extinct in 2005.
  • Solomon pigeon , Microgoura meeki (Choiseul, Solomon Islands, last seen in 1904)
Dodo ( Raphus cucullatus )
  • Red beard pigeon , Ptilinopus mercierii ( Nuku Hiva and Hiva Oa , Marquesas Islands): Two subspecies existed, the little known nominate form P. m. mercierii from Nuku Hiva (extinct in the mid or late 19th century) and P. m. tristrami from Hiva Oa (last record: 1922).
  • Mauritius fruit pigeon , Alectroenas nitidissima (Mauritius, Mascarene Islands, approx. 1830s)
  • Nesoenas rodericana (Rodrigues, Mascarene, 18th century)
Known only from a subfossil bone and a travelogue by Tafforet from 1726.
The only documented evidence is from 1953 when a specimen was found. The authenticity of this specimen has been questioned, but no good alternative to the species status of this taxon has yet been proposed. Officially listed as "Critically Endangered". The species could have existed on Panay, but was never found there. A possible sighting from 2002 was not followed up.
  • Dodo , Raphus cucullatus (Mauritius, Mascarene Islands, late 17th century)
Was called Didus ineptus by Linnaeus . A flightless bird about one meter tall that was only found in Mauritius. Its forested habitat was lost when Dutch settlers moved to Mauritius. The birds were loaded onto the ships en masse as provisions and the Dodon nests were destroyed by monkeys, pigs and cats brought to the island by the Dutch. The last specimen was killed in 1681, just 80 years after the new predators were introduced.

Subspecies

Subspecies of the wood pigeon ( Columba palumbus ), last sighted in 1904.
Subspecies of the white-cheeked pigeon ( Columba vitiensis ), last sighted in 1853.

Psittaciformes

Parrots

species
  • Diademzierlori , Charmosyna diadema (New Caledonia, Melanesia, mid-20th century?)
Officially listed as "Critically Endangered". There have been no reliable reports since the beginning of the 20th century, but it is difficult to observe due to its small and inconspicuous shape.
Thin-beaked nest ( Nestor productus ) illustration Elizabeth Gould , from The Birds of Australia , Vol. V, 1848
  • Thin-beaked nest , Nestor productus (Norfolk Island and Philip Island, Southwest Pacific, 1851?)
  • Brown -headed parakeet , Cyanoramphus ulietanus (Raiatea, Society Islands, late 18th century)
  • Tahiti parakeet , Cyanoramphus zealandicus (Tahiti, Society Islands, ca.1850)
  • Paradise Parakeet , Psephotus pulcherrimus (Rockhampton area, Australia, late 1920s)
  • Polynesian Eclectus Parrot , Eclectus infectus , described in 2006 using subfossil bones found on Tonga and Vanuatu . It could have survived until the 18th century, as the drawing of a bird made during a Malaspina expedition on the Tongan island of Vava'u depicts the male of a parrot.
  • Seychelles Parakeet , Psittacula wardi (Seychelles, western Indian Ocean, 1883)
  • Rodrigues parakeet , Psittacula exsul (Rodrigues, Mascarene, ca.1875)
  • Mauritius gray parakeet , Psittacula bensoni (Mauritius and probably Réunion). The last reports were in the 1730s.
  • Réunion parakeet or Mascarene parrot, Mascarinus mascarinus (Réunion, Mascarenen, 1834?)
The last known specimen was in human care and died in an unknown year prior to 1834. Subfossil bones that might infer the species have been found in Mauritius.
Cuban Macaw ( Ara tricolor ) illustration by Frederick William Frohawk , from Extinct Birds , 1907
  • Mauritius parrot , Lophopsittacus mauritianus (Mauritius, Mascarene Islands, 1680?)
Could have survived until the late 18th century.
  • Rodrigues parrot , Necropsittacus rodericanus (Rodrigues, Mascarene, late 18th century)
  • Turquoise Macaw , Anodorhynchus glaucus (northern Argentina, early 20th century)
officially listed as "critically endangered (presumably extinct)" because of the constant rumors about wild specimens.
A number of related species have been described from the West Indies, but all are not recognized as good specimens. However, some prehistoric forms are known to have existed in the region.
Look preparation of Karolina parakeet in the Museum Wiesbaden
Although the date of death of the last bird in human care at the Cincinnati Zoo is commonly given as 1918, there are supposedly compelling reports that some wild birds have survived a few years longer. Two subspecies existed: C. c. carolinensis (east and south of the Appalachian chain - extinct in 1918, rumor has it not until 1930) and C. c. ludovicianus (Louisiana Parakeet, west of the Appalachian Range - extinct in the early 1910s).
Known only from descriptions in travel reports by Jean-Baptiste Labat , but the existence of the species is biogeographically plausible and the details described do not apply to any other known species.
The Martinique Amazon and the Violet Amazon were described based on old travel reports. Both are now considered valid species and closest relatives of the Imperial Parrot ( Amazona imperialis ).
Often listed as a subspecies of the Goat's Parakeet , ( Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ). It was granted species status in 2008 by the Australian ornithologists Leslie Christides and Walter E. Boles. Last sighted in 1869.
  • Macquarie Parakeet ( Cyanoramphus erythrotis ), (Macquarie Island, Southwest Pacific, 1890s)
Often listed as a subspecies of the Goat's Parakeet , ( Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae ). Received style status in 2008. Last sighted in 1890.
Was considered a subspecies of the Haiti parakeet ( Psittacara chloropterus ) until 2016 . The last known specimen was collected in 1892.
Subspecies
Cebu parrot oak
  • Cebu parrot oaks , Loriculus philippensis chrysonotis (Cebu, Philippines, late 20th century)
Subspecies of the Philippines parrot ( Loriculus philippensis ). In 1908 this parrot was considered extinct for the first time until it was rediscovered in 1997. Since then, searches for the Cebu parrot have been unsuccessful.
  • Siquijor parrot oaks , Loriculus philippensis siquijorensis (Siquijor, Philippines)
Subspecies of the Philippines parrot ( Loriculus philippensis ). The final record was in 1906.
  • Culebra amazon , Amazona vittata gracilipes (Culebra, West Indies), late 19th century / early 20th century.
Subspecies of the Puerto Rican Amazon , Amazona vittata . The last three known copies were collected in 1899.
  • Aruba Amazon , Amazona barbadensis canifrons (Aruba, West Indies, 1940s)
Subspecies of the yellow-shouldered amazon ( Amazona barbadensis ). Last seen between 1944 and 1947.
Nominate form of the Mauritian Parakeet ( Psittacula eques echo ), which still exists today , which was last mentioned in 1732 in a report by the traveler Jean-François Charpentier de Cossigny.

Cuculiformes

Cuckoo birds

known only from the left humerus .

Falconiformes

Hawkish

species
The species was discovered in 1875 and eradicated 25 years later.

Strigiformes

Owls

Weißwangenkauz ( Sceloglaux albifacies ) Illustration John Gerrard Keulemans , from Ornithological Miscellany , Vol. I, 1875
species
  • Réunion owl , Otus grucheti (Réunion, Mascarene, 18th century?)
  • Mauritius owl , Otus sauzieri (Mauritius, Mascarene Islands, after 1837)
  • Rodrigues' owl , Otus murivorus (Rodrigues, Mascarene, mid-18th century)
The last two species mentioned were alternately placed in the genera Bubo , Athene , "Scops" (= Otus ), Strix , Tyto and Mascarenotus before their true relationship was established.
The Pernambuco pygmy owl is only known through the two type specimens collected in 1980 and through vocalizations that could be heard until 2001.
Subspecies
the last specimens were wiped out by mongooses in 1890
  • Antigua rabbit owl ( Athene cunicularia amaura ) (Antigua, St. Kitts and Nevis, late 19th century)
the last specimens were wiped out by mongooses in 1890
  • Red- eared owl ( Sceloglaux albifacies rufifacies ) (North Island, extinct approx. 1870s?)
  • Socorro Elf Owl ( Micrathene whitneyi graysoni ) (Socorro, 1970s?)
Elven owl subspecies . The final record was in 1970
  • Virgin Islands Screech Owl ( Megascops nudipes newtoni ) (US Virgin Islands, 1980s?)
Subspecies of the Puerto Rico Screech Owl . The last confirmed sighting was on Viques in 1927; there is an unconfirmed report from St. John from 1981.
extinct in pure form since 1996, survived as a Norfolk Island / New Zealand cuckoo owl hybrid.

Caprimulgiformes

Swallow-like and relatives

species
Reports of unidentifiable night swallows in the S. americana habitat suggest that this cryptic species may still exist. Research is currently being conducted. For the time being, the species is classified as “critically endangered (presumably extinct)”.
Described in 1985 based on subfossil bones, it could have survived or still exist into modern times.
Only known from a single specimen collected in Xinjiang, China in 1929 and never found again since then. According to today's researchers, it could also be a dubious species, since later expeditions only specimens of the goat milker subspecies C. europaeus plumipes were found in the habitat of C. centralasicus .
Originally considered a subspecies of the bearded night swallow . Known only from the holotype from 1939.

Apodiformes

Sailing birds and hummingbirds .

  • Copper thread elf , Discosura letitiae (very unclearly given as northeastern Bolivia)
Only known from the trade through two specimens of unknown origin.
officially listed as "critically endangered" after unconfirmed sightings in the 1970s. Only known from six examples from the 19th century. The only known habitat has been destroyed, but the exact range of this bird remains unclear.

Coraciiformes , Alcediniformes , Bucerotiformes

Rockfish , kingfishers and relatives

species

Subspecies

Originally described as an independent species, according to today's researchers it is a subspecies of the cinnamon-head tiger Todiramphus cinnamominus . It was only detected once by scientists in 1887, the existing museum specimen is somewhat damaged and therefore makes molecular analysis difficult.
Subspecies of the Madagascar fisherman Corythornis madagascariensis Only known from the 1974 holotype.
Subspecies of the rust fisherman Ceyx fallax . The last sighting was in 1997.
  • Mangareva-Liest Todiramphus gambieri gambieri (Gambier Islands, 19th century?)
Nominate form of the rare Tuamotuliest Todiramphus gambieri niauensis , which survives on the island of Niau. Known only from the holotype from 1841.

Piciformes

Woodpeckers and relatives

Emperor woodpecker ( Campephilus imperialis )
as a show specimen in the Wiesbaden Museum

species

This 60 centimeter woodpecker is officially listed as "Critically Endangered" after repeated unconfirmed sightings (the last one in 2005 in Copper Canyon).

Subspecies

Only known of 3 specimens collected on Cebu before 1900.
  • The Cuban Ivory Woodpecker ( Campephilus principalis bairdii ) was last sighted in March 1987.
  • Guadalupe copper woodpecker ( Colaptes auratus rufipileus ) (Guadalupe, Baja California, early 20th century)
Subspecies of the golden woodpecker ( Colaptes auratus ). The last twelve copies were collected in 1906.

Passeriformes

Passerines

Formicariidae

Ant pittas and ant thrushes

Subspecies
  • Grallaria milleri gilesi . (Colombia, the only known specimen was collected in 1878)
Subspecies of the breast band ant pitta ( Grallaria milleri ). It was described in 2009 based on a 130-year-old museum specimen.
Stephenschlüpfer ( Traversia lyalli ), illustration by John Gerrard Keulemans , from A History of the Birds of New Zealand, 1905

Furnariidae

Pottery birds

species
The Alagoas leaf scout was last sighted in 2011. Due to the rapid destruction of its habitat, the Mata Atlântica , there is little chance of survival. Therefore, it was added to the list of the recently extinct bird species by the IUCN in 2019.
The dark-headed leaf scout was last sighted in 2007. He lived in small disjoint habitats in Alagoas and Pernambuco, which are now destroyed. Therefore, it was added to the list of the recently extinct bird species by the IUCN in 2019.

Acanthisittidae

Maori panties

This species has been famously (but not exactly) claimed to have been exterminated by a single cat called "Tibbles". In fact, several factors were involved in this species becoming extinct.
Three subspecies existed: X. l. stokesi - North Island, extinct 1955; X. l. longipes - South Island, extinct 1968; X. l. variabilis - Stewart Island, extinct 1972.

† Mohoidae

The five members of this family have long been believed to be honey-eaters , as it was believed that they descended from Australasian honey-eaters. New genetic evidence suggests that they are more closely related to the waxwings of the New World. Hence, in 2008 the new Mohoidae family was created.

  • Narrow feather honeyeater , Chaetoptila angustipluma (Big Island, Hawaii, 1860s)
  • Prachtmoho , Moho nobilis (Big Island, Hawaii, last recorded in 1934)
  • Krausschwanzmoho , Moho apicalis (Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, last recorded in 1837)
  • Ohrbüschelmoho , Moho bishopi (Molokaʻi, last detected in 1904), there was an unconfirmed sighting in 1981 on Maui
  • Scaly throated moho , Moho braccatus (Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi, 1987)

Meliphagidae

Honey eater

Sometimes considered a subspecies of the Maori bell honeyeater ( Anthornis melanura ). Unconfirmed sightings existed from the early to mid-1950s.

Acanthizidae

South sea warblers

Monarchidae

Monarchs and relatives

species
  • Maupiti monarch ( Pomarea maupitiens ) (Maupiti, Society Islands, mid-19th century)
In the past, the scientific name Pomarea pomarea was used, which is now regarded as a junior synonym of Pomarea nigra , since the pure black specimens of the originally compound series on which P. pomarea was based came from Tahiti and not from Maupiti. P. maupitiensis is based on the black and white piebald male of the originally composite type series, which was collected on Maupiti and which was classified as a lectotype for this sexually bi-colored species.
  • Eiao spot monarch , Pomarea fluxa (Eiao, Marquesas, ca.1977 )
  • Nuku-Hiva monarch or Kokohuia, Pomarea nukuhivae (Nuku Hiva, Marquesas, 1930s)
  • Ua-Pou-Monarch , Pomarea mira (Ua Pou, Marquesas, ca.1985)
  • Guam Monarch , Myiagra freycineti (Guam, Mariana Islands, 1984)
Subspecies
  • Hiva Oa Monarch , Pomarea mendozae mendozae (Hiva Oa, Marquesas, ca.1975 )
The nominate form is extinct, the subspecies Pomarea mendozae motanensis survives on Mohotani and is very rare.

Oriolidae

Huia ( Heteralocha acutirostris ), male (foreground) and female (background), illustration by John Gerrard Keulemans , from A History of the Birds of New Zealand, 1905
species

Turnagra , formerly known as New Zealand thrushes

No reliable evidence since 1900, last unconfirmed sighting 1955.
Two subspecies existed: T. c. minor from Stephens Island (New Zealand) (extinct approx. 1897) and the nominate form T. c. capensis from the mainland of the South Island (last specimen collected in 1902, last unconfirmed sighting in 1963)
Subspecies
  • Cebu yellow-throated pyrole, Oriolus steerii assimilis (Cebu, Philippines, c. 2001?)
Subspecies of the Philippines pyrole ( Oriolus steerii ). In 1906 the Cebu yellow-throated pyrole was thought to be extinct, until an unconfirmed sighting in 2000 raised hopes that it might still exist. However, there has been no further evidence since 2001.

Callaeidae

Lobed birds

  • Huia , Heteralocha acutirostris (North Island, New Zealand, early 20th century)
  • South Island Kokako Callaeas cinerea (South Island, New Zealand, 1960s)
The last confirmed sighting was in 1967. In the following period there was only unconfirmed evidence.

Estrildidae

Magnificent finches

species
a mysterious Astrild, last seen in 1950. Since parts of its habitat are in Upemba National Park , it could still survive.
Subspecies
  • Neochmia ruficauda ruficauda (Australia, 2000)
Nominate form of the Binsenastrild ( Neochmia ruficauda ), last detected in 2000.

Parulidae

Wood warbler

Yellow-fronted Warbler - male (above) and female (below)
officially listed as "Critically Endangered".

Icteridae

Grackeln

  • Slank- beaked grackel , Quiscalus palustris (Mexico, 1910)

Fringillidae

Finches

  • Bonin Grosbeak , Chaunoproctus ferreorostris (Chichi-jima, Ogasawara Islands, 1830s?)

Drepanidini

Palmer's Parrot ( Rhodacanthus palmeri ) illustration by John Gerrard Keulemans , from The Avifauna of Laysan, 1893

Clothes birds

species
  • Yellow-headed honeycreeper , Psittirostra psittacea (Hawaiʻi, c.2000?)
Officially listed as "Critically Endangered (Presumably Extinct)". This was once the most common species of Hawaiian honeycreeper. There has been no reliable evidence since 1987 or 1989.
  • Lanai hookbill , Dysmorodrepanis munroi (Lānaʻi, Hawaiʻi, 1918)
  • Kauai-Palila , Loxioides kikuchi (Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi), only known from subfossil bones, however, could have survived into the early 19th century.
  • Yellow-headed parrot , Rhodacanthis flaviceps (Big Island, Hawaii, 1891)
  • Palmer's parrot , Rhodacanthis palmeri (Big Island, Hawaii, 1896)
  • Kona parrot , Chloridops kona (Big Island, Hawaii, 1894)
  • Hermit green-clad bird , Hemignathus sagittirostris (Big Island, Hawaii, 1901)
  • Hawaiian Akialoa , Hemignathus obscurus (Big Island, Hawaii, 1940)
  • Oahu-Akialoa , Hemignathus ellisianus ellisianus ( Oahu , Hawaii, 1940)
  • Oahu sickle bird or Oahu nukupuʻu, Hemignathus lucidus (Hawaiʻi, late 19th century)
The nominate form of Oʻahu ( H. l. Lucidus ) became extinct in the late 19th century.
Officially listed as "Critically Endangered (Presumably Extinct)". The last evidence was in 1985, the last unconfirmed sighting in 1990.
  • Annakleidervogel , Ciridops anna (Big Island, Hawaii, 1892 or, according to an unconfirmed report, not until 1937)
  • Soot mamo , Drepanis funerea (Molokaʻi, Hawaiʻi, 1907)
  • King's clothes bird , Drepanis pacifica (Big Island, Hawaii, 1898)
  • White-cheeked honeycreeper , Melamprosops phaeosoma (Maui, Hawaii, 2004?)
The last known specimen died in captivity on November 28, 2004. Two other birds that were previously found on Maui have disappeared without a trace.
According to a last reliable record in 1988, searches for the species failed in the 1990s.
Subspecies
  • Lanai-Akialoa , Hemignathus ellisianus lanaiensis (Lānaʻi, 1892). Subfossil bones have been found on Maui and Moloka'i.
  • Kauai Akialoa , Hemignathus ellisianus stejnegeri (Kauaʻi, Hawaii, 1969)
  • Kauai sickle bird or Kauai nukupuʻu, Hemignathus lucidus hanapepe (Kauaʻi, Hawaii, late 1990s)
Subspecies of the Nukupuus, has not been reliably detected since 1995.
  • Maui sickle bird or Maui nukupuʻu, Hemignathus lucidus affinis (Maui, Hawaii, late 1990s)
Subspecies of the Nukupuus, has not been reliably detected since 1995.

Passerellidae

New World Chambers

Black beach bunting
species
Closely related to the red chalk bunting ( P. erythrophthalmus ), known only from fossil and subfossil material. A travel report by William Strachey from 1610 about a large species of bunting from the Bermuda Islands could apply to this species.
Subspecies
Subspecies of the beach bunting ( Ammodramus maritimus ). The last male died in 1987 in an aviary at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida.
Subspecies of the song bunting ( Melospiza melodia ). After a devastating fire that destroyed much of the vegetation on Santa Barbara Island, the remaining population was wiped out by feral cats.
Subspecies of the spotted bunting ( Pipilo maculatus ). The last sighting was in 1897.
Subspecies of rust apex bunting ( Aimophila ruficeps ). The last sighting was in the 1970s.

Thraupidae

Tangerines

Subspecies
  • Santa Maria hawfinch Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris (Floreana and San Cristóbal, Galapagós Islands, 1950s)
Nominate form of the great ground finch Geospiza magnirostris . Last seen in 1957.
Sometimes considered as a separate species of Loxigilla grandis . Last collected in 1929.
  • Samaná wheatear tangar Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus (Samaná Peninsula, Dominican Republic, 1982)
Nominate form of the Eastern wheatear tangar ( Calyptophilus frugivorus ), last sighted in 1982.
  • Gonâve wheatear tangar, Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus ( Gonâve , Haiti, 1977)
Subspecies of the Eastern Wheatear Tangerine ( Calyptophilus frugivorus ), last sighted in 1977. Sometimes considered a subspecies of the Western Wheatear Tangerine ( Calyptophilus tertius ).

Ploceidae

Weaver birds

The latest studies (Cheke, Hume 2008) assume that a valid weaver bird species existed on Réunion before the cryptic form Foudia bruante and became extinct in the late 17th century.

Hirundinidae

Swallows

Sirintara Tern
Officially listed as "critically endangered", this mysterious species is only known from migratory birds and was last seen in 1980 at its former roosts. An unconfirmed sighting is said to have taken place in Thailand in 1986. Recent unconfirmed sightings suggest that it could still occur in Cambodia .
Known from a single specimen, this mysterious species may still exist today. But the lack of more recent reports speaks against it.

Locustellidae

  • Chatham warbler , Megalurus rufescens (Chatham Islands, New Zealand, ca.1900)

Macrosphenidae

species
  • Lendusylvietta ( Sylvietta chapini ) (Democratic Republic of the Congo, 20th century?), At times considered as a subspecies of the white- browed Sylvietta ( Sylvietta leucophrys ). Only known of three specimens collected between 1941 and 1942

Phylloscopidae

Warbler-like

Subspecies
  • Lanzarote Chiffchaff ( Phylloscopus canariensis exsul ) (Lanzarote, Canary Islands, late 20th century?)
Subspecies of the Canary Chiffchaff ( Phylloscopus canariensis ). A nest attributed to this breed was discovered in 1986. There has been no evidence since then.

Acrocephalidae

Reed warbler

species
  • Aldabrabush warbler , Nesillas aldabranus (Aldabra, Indian Ocean, ca.1984)
  • Moorea warbler , Acrocephalus longirostris (Moorea, French Polynesia, ca.1981)
  • Astrolabe reed warbler , Acrocephalus astrolabii (date of extinction and origin unknown, probably Gambier Islands)
  • Pagan reed warbler , Acrocephalus yamashinae (Pagan, Mariana Islands, between 1979 and 1981)
  • Raiatea reed warbler , Acrocephalus musae (Raiatea, Society Islands, 1870s)
Subspecies
  • Laysan reed warbler , Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris (Laysan, Hawaii Islands, ca.1923)
  • Huahine reed warbler , Acrocephalus musae garretti (Huahine, Society Islands, 1870s)

Cisticolidae

Stalmsinger-like and relatives

species
An enigmatic bird that has been observed in small numbers at various times in the Tana River basin in Kenya but has not been found since 1972. Considered a dubious taxon by some researchers who consider the seven known specimens to be anomalous specimens of the gray cistus warbler or hybrids.
Subspecies
  • Northern mirror singer , Apalis chariessa chariessa (Kenya, 1960s?)
Nominate form of the Spiegelfeinsänger ( Apalis chariessa ). Last observed in 1961 at Mitole on the lower Tana River in Kenya.
  • Western brown-eyed emomela , Eremomela turneri kalindei (Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda, late 1970s?)
This subspecies of the Braunstirneremomela ( Eremomela turneri ) has not been seen since the late 1970s. Their habitat is heavily deforested.

Zosteropidae

Spectacle birds

species
Due to the very small distribution area, the chances of survival of the white-breasted spectacled bird are very low. In 2000 it was declared extinct by the Australian government, although there should have been a last sighting in 2005. Illustration Elizabeth Gould , from The Birds of Australia Vol. XIII, 1869
  • Lord Howe Spectacled Bird , Zosterops strictua (Lord Howe Island, Southwest Pacific, c.1918)
  • White-breasted spectacled bird , Zosterops albogularis (Norfolk Island, between 2006 and 2010)
  • Marianne goggles bird , Zosterops semiflavus (Marianne Island, Seychelles, c. 1900)
  • Guambrilled bird , Zosterops conspicillatus (Guam, Mariana Islands, ca.1984)

Timaliidae

Timalia

Known from a single specimen found in the middle of the 19th century. This species could be extinct or still exist. If the label of the type specimen, usually considered incorrect because of the Java origin , is correct, it could have died out much earlier.

Pycnonotidae

Bulbüls

  • Rodrigues-Bülbül , Hypsipetes cowlesi (Rodrigues, Mascarene, extinction times between the 17th century and the 18th century are most likely)
Known only from subfossil material.

Cinclosomatidae

Subspecies
  • Mount Lofty spotting flute Cinclosoma punctatum anachoreta (Australia, mid-1980s)
Subspecies of Fleckenflöters ( Cinclosoma punctatum ), endemic in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia, most recently in 1984 demonstrated

Campephagidae

Thorns

Subspecies
  • Marinduque caterpillar catcher Coracina coerulescens deschauenseei (Marinduque, Philippines, 1970s?)
Subspecies of the glossy caterpillar ( Coracina coerulescens ). Known only from the holotype from 1971.
  • Cebu caterpillar catcher Coracina coerulescens altera (Cebu, Philippines, early 20th century?)
Subspecies of the glossy caterpillar ( Coracina coerulescens ). Last collected in 1906.
  • Cebu caterpillar-caterpillar Coracina striata cebuensis (Cebu, Philippines, early 20th century?)
Subspecies of the bonding bead scavenger ( Coracina striata ). Last collected in 1906.
  • Norfolk long-tailed lalage Lalage leucopyga leucopyga (Norfolk Island, 1940s?)
Nominal form of the long-tailed position ( Lalage leucopyga ). Last seen in 1942.

Muscicapidae

Flycatcher

A mysterious bird known only from four specimens. It was last found in 1918. Officially listed as "Critically Endangered" as it could still exist in northeastern Indochina. Some scientists consider it a subspecies of the Hainan blue flycatcher.

Troglodytidae

Wrens

Subspecies
Subspecies of the house wren . The last record was in 1886. It probably died out before the eruption of Mont Pélee in 1902.
  • Guadalupe bush wren , Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda (Guadalupe, late 19th century)
Subspecies of the bush wren . The final record was in 1897.
  • San Clemente bush wren , Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys (San Clemente Island, late 1960s)
Subspecies of the bush wren . The last record was in 1968.
Subspecies of the rock wren . The only known population was wiped out in 1952 by the eruption of the Bárcena volcano on San Benedicto.

Turdidae

Chokes

species
Bonin's earth thrush ( Zoothera terrestris ) illustration by John Gerrard Keulemans , from A monograph of the Turdidae, 1898
  • Red-eye thrush , Turdus ravidus (Grand Cayman, West Indies, 1940s)
  • Bonin's earth thrush , Zoothera terrestris (Chichi-jima, Ogasawara Islands, ca.1830s)
  • Oahuklarino , Myadestes woahensis (Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi, mid-19th century)
  • Kauaiklarino , Myadestes myadestinus (Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi, last seen in 1993 or 1996)
  • Lanaiklarino , Myadestes lanaiensis (Hawai'i Islands, 1980s?)
Officially listed as "Critically Endangered (probably extinct)" because there are still places on Molokai that have not yet been explored. Subspecies are known from Lānaʻi ( M. l. Lanaiensis , extinct in the early 1930s) and Molokai ( M. l. Rutha , of which the last records come from the 1980s).
Subspecies
  • Lord Howe Island Thrush , Turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus (Lord Howel Island, early 1920s)
Was exterminated by rats in the early 1920s.
  • Norfolk Island thrush Turdus poliocephalus poliocephalus (Norfolk Island, late 1970s)
Died out in the late 1970s due to the pursuit of rats and cats and hybridization with blackbirds.
  • Maré Island Thrush , Turdus poliocephalus mareensis (Maré, Loyalty Islands, early 20th century)
was last collected in 1911 or 1912.
  • Myadestes elisabeth retrusus (Isla de la Juventud, 1970s)
Subspecies of Kubaklarinos , last seen in 1970.

Sturnidae

Hopfstar ( Fregilupus varius ) illustration by John Gerrard Keulemans , from Extinct Birds , 1907

Starlings

Two subspecies existed, A. f. fusca - Norfolk Star (extinct ca.1923); A. fusca hulliana - Lord Howe Star (extinct around 1919).
The last reliable evidence comes from the years 1956 and 1995, further survival of this species is seriously questioned.
  • Hop star , Fregilupus varius (Réunion, Maskarenen, 1850s)
  • Rodrigues star , Necropsar rodericanus (Rodrigues, Mascarene, late 18th century?)
This bird has been described alternately as Testudophaga bicolor , Necropsar leguati or Orphanopsar leguati , all three of which are considered identical to N. rodericanus. Testudophaga bicolor is mentioned in a travelogue from 1726, Orphanopsar leguati is only known from bone finds and Necropsar leguati was in the World Museum Liverpool . In the meantime, however, the latter species has been identified as a misinterpreted, partially albinotic specimen of the gray trembling thrush ( Cinclocerthia gutturalis ) based on a DNA analysis .
Was temporarily in the thrush family ( Turdus ulietensis ) or as incertae sedis ( Aplonis? (Turdus?) Ulietensis ). Usually the term "Ulieta throttle" is still used. A cryptic bird from Raiatea , which is only known from an old drawing by Georg Forster and from descriptions of a lost specimen. Its taxonomic position cannot be clarified to this day. For biogeographical reasons and because of the description that has been preserved, it was suggested that it be placed in the honeyeater family . However, with the discovery of subfossil remains of the Huahine star ( Aplonis diluvialis ) from the neighboring island of Huahine , it seems conceivable that it belongs more to the starling family.

See also

literature

  • Dieter Luther: The extinct birds of the world , 1986, Westarp Sciences, ISBN 3-89432-213-6
  • Edwin Antonius: Lexicon of extinct birds and mammals , 2003, Natur und Tier Verlag, Münster, ISBN 3-931587-76-2
  • Hans E. Wolters: The bird species of the earth . Paul Parey, Hamburg and Berlin, 1982
  • Anthony Cheke, Julian Hume: Lost Land of the Dodo , Poyser, 2008, ISBN 0-7136-6544-0
  • Michael Walters & Julian Pender Hume: Extinct Birds . Poiser Monographes (A&C Black), 2012. ISBN 978-1-4081-5725-1

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 12 percent of all bird species threatened with extinction. On: Wissenschaft.de from July 7, 2006.
  2. ↑ Edward C. Dickinson, Michael Lee, Alice Cibois, Patrick Boussès, Jérôme Fuchs: Clarifying the nomenclature of Pomarea species (Monarchidae) from the Society Islands Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, 139 (1), 2019, p. 65– 74