Louis Vuitton

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Louis Vuitton Malletier SAS

logo
legal form Société par actions simplifiée (SAS), brand within the LVMH group
founding 1854
Seat Paris , France
management
  • Michael Burke, CEO (since 2012)
  • Virgil Abloh, designer men's collections (since 2018)
Branch Luxury goods
Website www.louisvuitton.com

Flagship store on the Champs-Élysées in Paris
Flagship store on the Champs-Élysées in Paris
Louis Vuitton boutique in Paris

The Louis Vuitton Malletier  SAS is a French luxury goods company based in Paris , which became known through exclusive suitcases and luggage. It was founded in 1854 by French craftsman and entrepreneur Louis Vuitton .

The main business of the now global company still consists of high-priced luggage series and leather goods such as handbags and accessories , which are internationally recognized as status symbols . Under the brand name Louis Vuitton , high-priced clothing for women and men, shoes , jewelery , watches and perfume are offered via an international network of its own boutiques and, in some cases, from high-end retailers . Many Louis Vuitton products are adorned with the Monogram pattern introduced in 1896 from the initials of the company founder, "LV", which was originally intended to protect against brand piracy , which over the years has given rise to a worldwide counterfeiting industry. Since the merger with the spirits manufacturer Moët Hennessy in 1987, the Louis Vuitton company has been part of the luxury goods group LVMH Moët Hennessy - Louis Vuitton SA , which since then has bundled other luxury brands from various branches of the economy .

Brand in the LVMH group

Louis Vuitton boutique in Galleria Vittorio Emanuele , Milan , 2008
Vuitton family and staff in Asnieres, 1888

Louis Vuitton is now one of the main brands of the LVMH Group and will work with other brands such as Fendi , Kenzo , Givenchy , Loewe and Marc Jacobs in the category Fashion & Leather Goods (dt. Fashion & Leather Goods out). As of 2012, the Fashion & Leather Goods division operated a total of around 1,250 stores worldwide for the individual brands , more than 450 of which were for the Louis Vuitton brand, and in 2011 generated total sales of 8.712 billion euros with a profit of 3.075 billion euros. LVMH does not provide any information on the sales and profits of the individual brands. It is estimated that the Louis Vuitton brand generates approx. 25% of the total sales of the LVMH Group (all business units: 23.66 billion euros in financial year 2011) and that 60 to 70% of the group's profit (2011: 5.26 billion euros) . Euros).

In mid-2012, the estimated company value of the LVMH Group including its main brand Louis Vuitton was 66.38 billion euros. As early as 2009, the company was rated as the most valuable brand among international luxury goods manufacturers in a global ranking and was among the top 20 of all the world's most important brands.

history

Company founder Louis Vuitton, around 1870s
Advertisement for suitcases, 1898

The years 1854-1892: Louis Vuitton

After Louis Vuitton had completed an apprenticeship at a Parisian suitcase and luggage manufacturer and had worked there for a total of 17 years, he opened his own shop in Paris in 1854 at the age of 33, Louis Vuitton Malletier , at 4 rue Neuve-des-Capucines, the today's Rue des Capucines, not far from Place Vendôme . There he sold, among other things, high-priced, flat suitcases that were very light and airtight by the standards of the time and were well suited for traveling in the then modern means of transport such as the railroad or ship . The French word 'malletier', which Vuitton added to the company name, means something like 'suitcase maker'.

Louis Vuitton built a factory in the Paris suburb of Asnières in 1859 , where 20 employees made modern suitcases made of coated, water-repellent and hard-wearing material. The frame of the suitcase consisted of a wood and metal construction. Vuitton used linen fabric impregnated with rye flour as the surface material for its luggage . This material, initially called Trianon in gray, proved to be dust and water resistant. The Trianon cover was later joined by a linen outer fabric in a longitudinally striped rayée pattern. At the turn of the century, about 100 people worked for Louis Vuitton in Asnières; by 1914 the workforce had grown to 225. The production facility in Asnières still has around 150 employees and is used for the production of the highest quality items from the Louis Vuitton range . As of 2009, there were a total of 17 Louis Vuitton production sites worldwide.

In 1867 Louis Vuitton took part in the Exposition Universelle de Paris , the world exhibition in Paris. In 1885, Vuitton opened its first store outside of France. The increasing popularity of the suitcase manufacturer led him to Oxford Street in London . In 1886, Vuitton and his son Georges Vuitton (1857–1936) developed a patented suitcase lock that was innovative for the time , the design of which is still in use today. In 1888, Vuitton introduced the checkered Damier pattern on its waterproof linen fabric, which can still be found in the collections today. He died in 1892.

The years 1893–1936: Georges Vuitton

Steamer trunk in the classic Monogram canvas pattern
Historic Louis Vuitton suitcase

After Louis Vuitton's death, his son Georges took over the company. He presented the products at the Chicago World's Fair , the world exhibition in Chicago, in 1893. In the meantime, the product range had grown to include large-format and hinged wardrobe trunks, multifunctional and convertible cases for expeditions, cabin cases for ship travelers, suitcase-like hat boxes and cases with removable interior dividers . For special customers like the researcher Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza , a suitcase that can be converted into a bed was developed.

In 1896, Georges Vuitton created the world - famous LV signet , printed on the proven linen fabric. The pattern was developed to protect against the increasing imitation of Louis Vuitton's suitcase designs by competitors. The use of stylized flowers in this so-called Toile-Monogram or Monogram-Canvas pattern was based on the trend at the time to use Japanese and oriental designs, based on Art Nouveau . In the same year, Vuitton began a tour of the USA and visited large cities such as New York City , Chicago and Philadelphia to sell his goods there.

In 1901 he invented the steamer bag , a cuboid travel bag in portrait format with a fold fastener and handles that could easily be placed in a larger one. The bag became a best seller. In 1914, Georges Vuitton opened the largest shop for travel goods on the Champs-Élysées in Paris. When World War I began, stores also opened in New York City, Bombay , Washington D. C. , London , Alexandria, and Buenos Aires . In the following years, other large travel bags made of leather or linen were added to the portfolio, including the Keepall travel bag in 1930 (originally called Tientout ). In 1932 another bestseller bag from Louis Vuitton came onto the market, the Noé model . The bag in the form of a handy sack with a drawstring closure and shoulder strap was originally designed to carry exactly five bottles of champagne. It was the first real ladies handbag from Louis Vuitton. A short time later, the world-famous Speedy handbag came onto the market, which is roughly similar in shape to a two-handle beauty case that is common today and is still offered today. A special production of this time was, for example, a suitcase that could be converted into a secretary for the conductor Leopold Stokowski .

Georges Vuitton died in 1936 and his son Gaston-Louis Vuitton (1883–1970) took over the company.

The years 1936–1986: Gaston-Louis Vuitton

To expand the range, work was carried out on the Monogram canvas pattern in 1959 to use it for purses, wallets and handbags. The original linen fabric was replaced by a durable, vinyl-soaked cotton fabric ( toile / canvas ). In 1966, Louis Vuitton celebrated the introduction of a cylinder-shaped handbag in landscape format with long handles, called Papillon , which is still in great demand today.

From the late mid-20th century, the demand in Europe for large overseas suitcases declined. For car trips and air travel , suitcases that were even lighter and as indestructible as possible, preferably made of plastic , were desired. As a result, the demand for high-priced Louis Vuitton suitcases decreased. The Louis Vuitton company employed 60 people in the mid-1970s and only operated two boutiques, in Paris and Nice.

After the death of Gaston-Louis Vuitton in 1970, joined in 1971 by his grandson, Patrick-Louis Vuitton (* 1951) into a company, where he led the department until now custom-made pipes for special customer requests, of which each year are met approximately 350th In 1977, at the request of the family, Henry Racamier (1912–2003), husband of Odile Vuitton, daughter of Gaston-Louis Vuitton, took over management of the company at the age of 65 and expanded the company considerably over the next ten years through numerous initiatives. Racamier is credited with the transition of the Louis Vuitton brand from a luxury niche market to a luxury mass market . In 1978, under Racamier's leadership, Louis Vuitton entered the Asian market and opened stores in Tokyo and Osaka , Japan. A few years later, in 1985, also in Seoul , Korea . Production was carried out exclusively in Asnières until 1977, after which Racamier opened additional production facilities in order to meet the increasing demand. In 1983, Louis Vuitton SA became involved in sports sponsorship for the first time and supported the America's Cup sailing regatta by introducing a preliminary round selection, the so-called Louis Vuitton Cup . In 1984 Louis Vuitton went public in Paris in order to generate capital. In 1986, the funds from the IPO were used to buy up the champagne manufacturer Veuve Clicquot , the perfume manufacturer Givenchy and a share in the cosmetics company Guerlain . The group turnover at that time was 3.7 billion francs with a profit of around 400 million francs.

In 1987, to protect against a hostile takeover, Louis Vuitton SA merged with the French spirits manufacturer Moët Hennessy, which in turn was created in 1971 from a merger between the champagne manufacturer Moët & Chandon and the brandy manufacturer Hennessy. There was the group LVMH Moet Hennessy • Louis Vuitton SA , were bundled in the numerous over the years well-known brand names, including the brand Louis Vuitton. However, the merged company was unable to defend itself against the dreaded hostile takeover, which was ultimately carried out successfully by the French entrepreneur Bernard Arnault , who became LVMH's CEO in 1989 . Racamier himself brought Arnault into the company as an investor in 1988, who in the struggle for power in the company ultimately opposed Racamier and pushed him out of the company in 1990 after massive share purchases. At the end of the 1980s there were around 130 Louis Vuitton boutiques worldwide. Sales in Asia made up 40% of total sales at that time.

1987 – today: LVMH

Product logo

In 1990, the French Yves Carcelle (1948–2014), who had worked for LVMH since 1989, became CEO of Louis Vuitton . Two years later, the first store opened in China at the Peninsula Palace Hotel in Beijing . During this time, the two types of leather Epi and Taiga were developed - today there is a wide range of products of both types.

In the mid-1990s, the Vuitton family's former home in Asniéres was converted into a company museum. At that time there were around 200 Louis Vuitton stores worldwide.

In 1997, the American fashion designer Marc Jacobs was hired to launch a Louis Vuitton clothing line for women and men for the first time in March of the following year. Since then, the collections have been presented twice a year at the Paris fashion shows . Jacobs was the creative director at Louis Vuitton until the end of 2013 and not only determined the designs for the company's fashion collections, but also had a decisive influence on the design of the rest of Louis Vuitton's product range.

In 2000 the first store on the African continent opened in Marrakech , Morocco . In 2001, the American artist and fashion designer Stephen Sprouse (1953–2004) and Marc Jacobs designed a limited edition of handbags, such as the Speedy or the Keepall , with Louis Vuitton lettering in graffiti style. This limited edition was reserved for the celebrities on the company's internal customer list. In 2001 Marc Jacobs also created the high-priced charm bracelet, the first piece of jewelery from Louis Vuitton , which has since appeared in many variations. In 2003, the Japanese artist Takashi Murakami and Marc Jacobs designed a multicolor line with a colorful Monogram pattern on white and black bags and various accessories. Murakami also created the cherry blossom pattern in 2002 with depictions of cherry blossoms and in 2005 the cherry pattern with cherry illustrations on bags and accessories in a limited edition.

At the end of 2005 the Dutchman Paul Helbers, a former Martin Margiela designer, was appointed studio director for the men's fashion collection at Louis Vuitton. From 2008 he also appeared on the catwalk with the creative director Marc Jacobs at the end of the men's fashion shows for the traditional bow. In March 2011, the British couturier and former Dunhill designer Kim Jones, who appeared alone at the end of the fashion shows, was chosen to be Helbers' successor .

In 2008 the Japanese designer Rei Kawakubo created an exclusive canvas bag collection for Louis Vuitton . In 2009 there was a revival of the 2001 collection by Stephen Sprouse, the monogrammed bags were given more color by bright graffiti prints in pink, green and orange. There was also a collection with a rose print. In 2009 all external repair workshops in Europe were closed and the Louis Vuitton repair workshop in Cergy was expanded. <Source?> Since the beginning of 2010, selected products from Louis Vuitton have also been offered as customized mass production . This gives the customer the opportunity to order individual bags and cases with their own initials and colors. In 2011, the Neverfull handbag in the form of a beach bag was added to the LV range. In 2012, Marc Jacobs started a collaboration with the Japanese artist Yayoi Kusama , who designed a women's collection for Louis Vuitton with her typical dot pattern on leather goods, suitcases, ready-to-wear fashion, scarves, sunglasses and jewelry.

At the end of 2012, after 22 years at the helm of Louis Vuitton, Yves Carcelle was replaced as CEO by the Spaniard Jordi Constans, a former Danone manager. However, Constans had to give up his post after three weeks in office for health reasons. Since then, LVMH manager Michael Burke - previously CEO of Louis Vuitton USA, Fendi and Bulgari - has headed the Louis Vuitton company. In November 2013, Louis Vuitton announced that Marc Jacobs was leaving the company at the end of the year and would be replaced by former Balenciaga designer Nicolas Ghesquière as creative director of the women's collections.

Kim Jones joined Dior Homme in January 2018 . Louis Vuitton announced at the end of March 2018 that the American Virgil Abloh, founder of his own streetwear brand Off-White and long-term business partner of Kanye West , would succeed Jones.

The British Guardian found out in 2017 that Louis Vuitton had its shoes produced by the LVMH subsidiary Somarest in Cisnădie , Romania . The materials are delivered to Romania and made into shoes there at low cost. The shoes are then sent to Italy and soled there. That is why the Made in Italy label can be used.

Collections

Bag and accessories from the Monogram canvas and the limited Perfo series
Bag and shoes from the limited Monogram Denim series

Under the brand name Louis Vuitton, high-priced leather goods for men and women, clothing, shoes, accessories, jewelry, watches and perfume are offered via the international network of Louis Vuitton boutiques and selected retailers, e.g. shops-in-shops in upscale department stores .

Bags, leather goods and luggage

The leather goods are divided into different collections according to the materials and patterns used. The different shapes of the models - for the bags for example the Keepall , Speedy or Neverfull models - exist in different material designs , patterns and colors.

  • Toile Monogram / Monogram Canvas,
    the best-known pattern for women and men: with superimposed, brass-colored letters "L" and "V" ( monogram ) next to stylized, four-petalled flowers on a dark brown background. The material used is not leather, but since 1959 vinyl-soaked cotton fabric ( toile / canvas ), previously it was linen. Bags and suitcases in this series usually have handles made of light-colored leather. In the Multicolore version , the letters and flowers are applied in bright colors on a white or black background. The cotton material of the Idylle version is not surface-treated and is available in different colors with dark leather fittings and handles. For men there is also the Macassar version with borders and handles made of dark cowhide.
  • Toile Damier / Damier Canvas
    a pattern based on a chess or checkerboard with dark brown and brass-colored fields in the Ebène version or blue and cream-colored fields in the Azur version , on which the lettering "Louis Vuitton Paris" is applied at regular intervals; the main material used here is also treated cotton. For men there is the Graphite version in the color combination gray-black. The men's version Damier Géant is adorned with an oversized checkerboard pattern with a large logo lettering.
  • Cuir Monogram / Monogram Leather
    Genuine leather series for women with a stamped monogram and stylized flowers. In the Empreinte version made of grained leather in different colors, in the Vernis version made of patent leather in different colors, some with handles and fittings in the same color. In the Python version made of snakeskin , in the Exotique version made of snakeskin and / or ostrich leather .
  • Cuir Epi / Epi Leather
    Real leather series for women and men made of structured leather with a single LV logo in many colors.
  • Mahina
    real leather series for women with a     monogram pattern in different colors created by punching holes or perforations .
  • Antheia
    real leather series for women made of lamb leather with monogram pattern embroidered in the same color in different basic colors. Also available in suede .
  • Sofia Coppola Collection
    Genuine leather series for women in collaboration with Sofia Coppola in a simple, elegant design made of nappa or suede with brass-colored fittings.
  • Taïga
    real leather series for men made of grained leather with a single LV logo.
  • Nomade
    real leather series for men made of smooth leather with a single LV logo.
  • Utah
    real leather series for men made of grained leather with a single LV logo in dark brown and black.
  • Naxos
    real leather series for men made of nappa leather in black with logo on the attached name tag.

In addition, special series appear from time to time, e.g. made of special materials, or limited editions, sometimes in collaboration with other designers or artists.

Clothing, shoes and accessories

There has been a prêt-à-porter clothing line for both men and women since 1997, both of which are presented to an international audience twice a year at the Paris fashion shows. The American fashion designer Marc Jacobs , who launched the clothing collections on behalf of the then management of Louis Vuitton, acted as artistic director of the house from 1997 to 2013 ( directeur artistique ), developed the women's collections during this time and was also in the first few years responsible for the design of the men's collections. For men's fashion, the Dutchman Paul Helbers was hired as studio director ( directeur du studio homme ) in 2005 . His successor was the Briton Kim Jones from 2011 to 2018. Since then, the American Virgil Abloh has designed men's fashion. The successor to Jacobs and the new head of the women's collections has been Nicolas Ghesquière since 2014 . In addition to small leather goods, the accessories offered include foulards , scarves, gloves, belts, sunglasses, headgear, ties, cufflinks, fashion jewelry , key rings , etc. In the past, the Louis Vuitton Cup has had its own, sporty, small-scale fashion collections.

watches and jewelry

Louis Vuitton has been offering wristwatches for women and men since 2002.

In 2001, Marc Jacobs launched the high-priced jewelry division of Louis Vuitton with the charm bracelet. The charm bracelets and the associated pendants, which can cost up to 50,000 euros depending on the version, are still in the range. In 2009 Louis Vuitton entered the haute joaillerie business with precious jewelry made from pearls , precious metals and stones . The chief designer of the jewelry division is the Franco-German Lorenz Bäumer, who has been running his own company named after him with high-priced jewelry in Paris since 1995. In mid-2012, the first was on the elegant Place Vendôme in Paris, where many well-known jewelers and watchmakers such as Cartier , Bulgari , Van Cleef & Arpels, Mikimoto , the jewelry divisions of Chanel and Dior as well as Patek Philippe , Piaget , Breguet SA and Rolex are based Louis Vuitton flagship store for fine jewelry and watches opens. A second jewelry boutique within the existing Louis Vuitton store in Vienna was announced for March 2013 .

Perfume

In 2011, the company announced that it would re-enter the perfume business after it had already been making fragrance waters from Louis Vuitton from the 1920s to 1946. The reintroduction of the perfume was planned for the end of 2013, but was not completed until September 2016. The perfumer Jacques Cavallier-Belletrud from Grasse developed several women's fragrances on behalf of Louis Vuitton, seven of which were most recently selected for a high-priced perfume series that are exclusively available in Louis Vuitton boutiques in bottles designed by Marc Newson .

In mid-2018, a five-part LV fragrance series for men, also conceived by Cavallier-Belletrud, was launched, which is also bottled in bottles by Marc Newson.

marketing

The company is very concerned about its good reputation and selects strictly when choosing new advertising faces. Gisele Bündchen , Jennifer Lopez and Naomi Campbell have already been photographed for the French company's advertising campaigns. An advertising campaign starting in 2007 with the name of core values (dt. Values ) dealt with the theme "Travel" for which Louis Vuitton is a term for decades. From 2007, the advertising media included Steffi Graf with Andre Agassi , Catherine Deneuve , Michail Gorbatschow , from 2008 Keith Richards and Madonna , from 2009 Sean Connery , from 2010 Annie Leibovitz with Mikhail Baryshnikov , Bono with his wife Ali Hewson, Zinédine Zidane with Pelé and Diego Maradona and from 2011 Angelina Jolie . In addition, the company does extensive print advertising with celebrities as well as well-known models and renowned photographers such as Steven Meisel and Annie Leibovitz. A large-scale advertising campaign showed, for example, from 2005 the actress Uma Thurman , whose face, among other things, was emblazoned around the world in oversized size from selected house facades above Louis Vuitton boutiques.

copyright

As early as the end of the 19th century, the company fought against competitors who copied the design of the Louis Vuitton suitcase , which is why Georges Vuitton launched the monogram pattern as an imprint in 1896 . However, this measure had the undesirable effect that the pattern by which the products could be recognized as status symbols was subsequently forged all the more intensely . Since the middle of the 20th century, Louis Vuitton SA has increasingly been fighting against counterfeit products and plagiarism from Asia and Russia. Louis Vuitton ranks first among the fake brand names worldwide. For this purpose, the company employs its own department, which is to track down production sites for counterfeit goods worldwide and combat them with legal means. In 2008, for example, the company initiated 13,000 legal proceedings against counterfeiters worldwide and initiated over 6,000 searches of business premises. The company takes action against any proven or suspected points of sale of counterfeit products such as Ebay , against other operators of online shops , against black market sellers or against end consumers who purchase counterfeit goods. 2009 called for lawyers of the company Louis Vuitton from a Altkleiderladen of the Red Cross in Marburg a fine of 2,600 euros for selling a fake Louis Vuitton bag, which had been donated to the business.

Louis Vuitton also takes action against companies outside the industry if they have similarities with the products or the name of the company. A South Korean takeaway operator was sued for € 11,000 in damages. He had called his chicken grill in Seoul Louisvui Ton Dak , an allusion to tongdak , the Korean term for whole chicken .

In Austria, Louis Vuitton took legal action in 2018 against several confectioners and private cake makers who had produced cakes with LV trademarks, so-called 'pocket cakes', and published photos of them on the Internet without the permission of the French company.

Louis Vuitton and Britney Spears

On November 19, 2007, there was a legal case between Sony BMG and Louis Vuitton. The reason was a music video by Britney Spears , in which she taps with her fingers on a car shelf that is covered with a fake cherry blossom pattern. Louis Vuitton pushed through the removal of the video on MTV and any further marketing of the video by Sony BMG. Sony BMG, its subsidiary Zomba and the broadcaster MTV had to pay Louis Vuitton 80,000 euros in compensation. In addition, they are not allowed to distribute or trade the video, especially not over the Internet.

Louis Vuitton and Nadia Plesner

The Danish artist Nadia Plesner made in the political paintings Darfurnica a carrying bag according to EC Design Regulation protected Multicolore canvas from design. The painting is an adaptation of Picasso's Guernica , with which the artist wants to point out that the media attention is too much on luxury and celebrities and too little on hunger and poverty in crisis areas such as the Sudanese province of Darfur . One element of Darfurnica is the picture, created earlier under the title Simply Living , of an emaciated Sudanese boy with a Paris Hilton Chihuahua on his arm and a pocket around his wrist that looks very much like a Louis Vuitton bag. This motif was sold as a poster and t-shirt, with the proceeds going to a charitable organization active in Darfur, and used as an eye-catcher.

The company sued and invoked its property right under Article 1 of the Additional Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The District Court of The Hague ruled otherwise on May 4, 2011, revoking the injunction and giving priority to freedom of art and expression according to Article 10 of the ECHR. As long as the reputation is not deliberately exploited for commercial purposes and the company is placed in the wrong context, such a representation is permissible and especially globally known companies would have to expect critical use of their products.

Web links

Commons : Louis Vuitton  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Louis Vuitton and Yayoi Kusama , Wall Street Journal, July 10, 2012
  2. ^ Louis Vuitton to launch first fragrance since the 1930s. New York Daily News January 6, 2012, archived from the original January 30, 2013 ; Retrieved August 3, 2012 .
  3. ^ A b Louis Vuitton: The fine way of traveling , bilanz.ch, October 13, 2004
  4. ↑ Luxury goods group LVMH wins in Asia , handelsblatt.com, February 2, 2012
  5. ^ LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton (MC.PA) - Key Figures , finance.yahoo.com, August 4, 2012
  6. ↑ Best global brands. Interbrand, 2008, accessed December 3, 2018 .
  7. ↑ Leading Luxury Brands 2008 Rankings. Interbrand, 2008, archived from the original on December 15, 2018 ; Retrieved August 3, 2012 .
  8. ↑ BrandZ Top 100 2008 Report. Millward Brown, archived from the original on March 26, 2009 ; Retrieved August 3, 2012 .
  9. ↑ a b The story of Louis Vuitton , manager-magazin.de , December 14, 2001
  10. ↑ a b Kult mit Koffern , Der Spiegel, November 8, 1982
  11. ↑ a b c The world of Louis Vuitton → Histoire & Savoir faire → A fabulous story. Retrieved December 4, 2018 . , louisvuitton.com .
  12. ^ Vogue's Who's Who Louis Vuitton .
  13. ^ The story of Louis Vuitton , manager-magazin.de, December 14, 2001
  14. ^ Vogue's Who's Who Marc Jacobs
  15. ↑ Louis Vuitton: Kim Jones becomes HAKA designer , textilwirtschaft.de, March 1, 2011
  16. ^ Individuals from Louis Vuitton. May 20, 2010, archived from the original on May 23, 2010 ; Retrieved May 21, 2010 .
  17. ↑ Louis Vuitton Points , welt.de, June 15, 2012
  18. ↑ Bea Gottschlich: Louis Vuitton: Michael Burke becomes CEO. textilwirtschaft.de, December 19, 2012, accessed on October 11, 2014 .
  19. ↑ Marc Jacobs successor: Nicolas Ghesquière goes to Louis Vuitton , spiegel.de.
  20. ↑ Louis Vuitton confirms Nicolas Ghesquière as the new creative director , fashionmag.de, November 4, 2013
  21. ↑ Virgil Abloh becomes creative director of menswear at Louis Vuitton vogue.de, March 26, 2018
  22. ↑ Not because of "Made in Italy". In: sueddeutsche.de. June 19, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2018 .
  23. ↑ Bea Gottschlich: Louis Vuitton: No perfume before 2016. textilwirtschaft.de, November 4, 2013, accessed on October 11, 2014 .
  24. ↑ Pretty jewelry , welt.de, August 20, 2012
  25. ↑ "Haute Joaillerie": Meeting Place Vendome , diepresse.com, October 11, 2012
  26. ^ Jean-Paul Leroy: Louis Vuitton: Perfume Comeback. fashionmag.com, January 23, 2012, archived from the original on October 28, 2012 ; accessed on October 11, 2014 .
  27. ↑ Publication for the campaign by Thomas Neubner in collaboration with Jessica Breidbach: “The true Spirit of Africa.” Africa as a projection surface for colonial fantasies in marketing. A motif-complex-oriented interdisciplinary advertising analysis using the example of the fashion brand Louis Vuitton. In: Aßner, Manuel / Breidbach, Jessica / Mohammed, Abdel-Amine / Schommer, David / Voss, Katja (eds.): AfrikaBilder im Wandel? Sources, continuities, effects and breaks. Appeared in the series “Africa and Europe. Colonial and Post-Colonial Encounters ”by Prof. Dr. Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang International Science Publishing House 2012.
  28. ^ Plagiarism process: $ 32 million in damages for Louis Vuitton , netzwelt.de, September 30, 2009
  29. ↑ LVMH wins lawsuit against eBay. fashionunited.de, July 2, 2008, accessed December 6, 2018 .
  30. ^ Undercover on Canal St., With Louis Vuitton Impostors in His Sights , nytimes.com, January 29, 2006
  31. ↑ 900 francs: Louis Vuitton fines bargain hunter , Schweizer Fernsehen, June 18, 2012
  32. ↑ Spiegel article .
  33. ↑ Chicken roaster has to pay fine to Louis Vuitton. In: sueddeutsche.de . April 19, 2016, accessed October 13, 2018 .
  34. ↑ Excitement about pocket cake Louis Vuitton is targeting rows of confectioners in the Kleine Zeitung on March 3, 2018, accessed on March 7, 2018.
  35. ↑ Louis Vuitton threatens confectioners with lawsuit against ORF from March 13, 2018, accessed on March 13, 2018.
  36. ↑ Louis Vuitton has Britney Spears video banned , SPIEGEL-Online , November 17, 2007
  37. ↑ Judgment of May 4, 2011, 389526 / KG ZA 11-294
  38. ↑ Decision of January 27, 2011, KG RK 10-214
  39. ↑ Freedom of art and freedom of expression: artist prevails against Louis Vuitton , copyright.org, May 9, 2011