Chelyabinsk Meteor

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Smoke trail of the meteor from Yekaterinburg , about 200 km from Chelyabinsk
Meteor explosion, filmed with a car camera in Kamensk-Uralsky , about 200 km north of Chelyabinsk
Reconstructed flight path of the meteor
Projection of the trajectory on a smaller scale

The Chelyabinsk meteor was a meteor that was widely visible on February 15, 2013 at around 9:20 a.m. local time (4:20 a.m. CET ) in the Chelyabinsk Oblast around the city of Chelyabinsk in the Russian Urals , after a meteoroid or small asteroid hit the Earth atmosphere had entered. After reconstructing the trajectory, it was very likely to belong to the group of near-Earth asteroids of the Apollo type .

It was the largest known meteor for over 100 years. An even larger meteor could last have entered the earth's atmosphere during the Tunguska event in 1908. So far, the high number of injured people of around 1500 is also unique for a meteorite fall - most of them through splintering window glass .

consequences

The meteor was observed and filmed many times. Among other things, there are many video recordings that were made with the car cameras widely used in Russia . The breakup of the meteor caused a pressure wave and a loud bang, which were perceived with a time delay . The shock wave caused numerous damage, especially broken windows. An estimated 3,700 buildings were damaged. The roof of a factory collapsed. According to the authorities, there was damage in six cities in the region. 1,491 people were injured and sought medical help. Most of them suffered cuts from splintering glass and bruises. 43 people had to be hospitalized.

According to press reports, a meteorite fragment fell into Lake Chebarkul near the city ​​of the same name about 80 kilometers southwest of Chelyabinsk. This created a hole with a diameter of six meters ( position ) in the ice cover of the frozen lake . The analysis of the fragments found around the hole with a size of 5 to 10 mm showed that it is meteorite rock , namely ordinary chondrites (LL5 chondrites (low metal, low iron)). The meteorite was provisionally named after the nearest town, Tschebarkul , the final name was given in March 2013 by the Meteoritical Society and is Chelyabinsk . On October 16, 2013, a piece of the meteorite weighing more than 570 kg was recovered from the sea deposits.

  • Broken windows in the Chelyabinsk Drama Theater due to the shock wave caused by the meteor

  • The zinc factory in Chelyabinsk damaged by the shock wave

Scientific evaluation

The object came from the direction of the sun and could therefore not be detected by any of the sky monitoring programs (such as NEAT , LINEAR , LONEOS , CSS , CINEOS , Spacewatch ). The asteroid entered the atmosphere at a speed of 19.2 km / s and an angle to the horizontal of 18.3 degrees. The kinetic energy was estimated on the basis of infrasound measurements to be a TNT equivalent of over 500 kilotons, corresponding to a mass of 12 to 13 kt and a diameter of 19 m at a density of 3.3 t / m 3 . The International Astronomical Union classified the event as a " Superbolide ". The pressure wave was triggered by a so-called airburst . The object broke apart as it entered the earth's atmosphere as a result of air friction and compression at an altitude of about 30 km. Overall, the fragments have a much larger friction surface, which leads to a sudden release of energy.

When the object broke apart, it produced a flash of light that was 30 times brighter than the sun. Infrasound measuring points installed by the CTBTO as part of the nuclear test ban contract detected the strongest event to date since the measurements began. Seismograph of the USGS and weather satellites as MeteosatMeteosat -9 and 10, Fengyun 2 and MTSAT -2 also provided data. Suomi NPP examined the fine debris cloud of the meteor in the atmosphere for weeks. A first reconstruction of the elliptical orbit of the meteoroid by NASA showed that it led beyond Mars orbit.

Researchers believe it is possible that the Chelyabinsk object was a fragment of the Apollo asteroid 2011 EO40 . Analyzes published in November 2013 point to asteroid 86039 (1999 NC43) or the mother body could be part of a rubble pile from the Flora group , from the inner asteroid belt . An analysis published in May 2014 confirmed the fragment theory, and the mineral jadeite was also found in the Chelyabinsk meteorite.

  • The clearly eccentric orbit of the Chelyabinsk meteoroid almost touched the orbit of Venus at its point close to the sun. On the other side, the orbit led into the asteroid belt .

  • Size comparison of the estimated sizes of the Barringer Crater Meteorite, the Chelyabinsk Meteorite (red), the Hoba Meteorite and a Boeing 747

  • Meteorite find from the Ural Federal University of the Urals , found on Lake Chebarkul near the meteor impact

  • Characteristic fracture surface with enamel clasts , shock planes and clearly visible breccation

  • Macro photo of a sliced ​​find

  • Another find

  • Various fragments found in different sizes

  • Diagrams of the infrasound recording of the CTBTO

  • Trajectory projection and stray field map with 253 documented find positions of Chelyabinsk meteorites

Coincidence (367943) Duende

The orbits of the Chelyabinsk Meteoroid and (367943) Duende are completely different
Closest approach of the asteroid (367943) Duende to the earth, true to scale.

The meteorite fall took place only about 20 hours before the closest approach of the asteroid (367943) Duende . This has about twice the diameter of the Chelyabinsk meteoroid and an estimated mass of 130,000 tons . According to the European Space Agency and NASA, a connection between the two events can be ruled out due to the strongly different orbits of the objects.

See also

literature

Web links

Commons : Chelyabinsk Meteor  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
 Wikinews: Urals: Many injured after meteorite impact  - news

Videos

  • Asteroid Initiative Workshop Cosmic Explorations Speakers Session on YouTube NASA, November 21, 2013, (Video 1:03:41) - Previous speaker: Andy Shaner (LPI); Introduction: Stephen (Steve) J. Mackwell (director LPI) (1: 55-5: 26; insert 3: 18/1: 03: 41); Presentation: David (Dave) A. Kring (LPI) (5: 16 – end; insert 5: 36/1: 03: 41). - Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI), Houston, Texas, founded around 1968, operated by: Universities Space Research Association (USRA) in cooperation with NASA.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Flickr page with details of the camera location
  2. ↑ Drawing based on Zuluaga, JI and Ferrin, I: A preliminary reconstruction of the orbit of the Chelyabinsk Meteoroid , arxiv : 1302.5377 .
  3. ↑ Russian Meteor . NASA. Retrieved February 15, 2013.
  4. ↑ Around 500 injured by a meteorite impact on the Urals. In: RIA Novosti. February 15, 2013, accessed February 15, 2013 .
  5. ↑ Daniel Lingenhöhl: On the trail of the Chelyabinsk meteorite. Message from February 25, 2013 at Spektrum.de.
  6. ↑ Jorge I. Zuluaga, Ferrìn, Ferrìn, Ignacio: A preliminary reconstruction of the orbit of the Chelyabinsk Meteoroid . In: Cornell University . 1302, 2013, p. 5377. arxiv : 1302.5377 . bibcode : 2013arXiv1302.5377Z .
  7. ↑ Fireball sparks alarm in Russia. Retrieved February 15, 2013 .
  8. ↑ Kathrin Spoerr : Why Russians have dashboard cameras . In: Die Welt, February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  9. ↑ http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324162304578305163574597722.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_LEFTTopStories#
  10. ↑ 400 injured by meteorite falls in the Russian Urals. Retrieved February 15, 2013 .
  11. ↑ Число пострадавших при падении метеорита приблизилось к 1500 ( Memento of the original from May 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Russian) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / top.rbc.ru
  12. ↑ Hundreds of people injured by meteor showers in Russia. Retrieved February 15, 2013 .
  13. ↑ Military discovered six-meter crater. Retrieved February 15, 2013 .
  14. ↑ Weather satellite filmed entry into the earth's atmosphere. 20 minutes online, accessed February 15, 2013 .
  15. ↑ Russian scientists find parts of the meteorite , zeit.de
  16. ↑ Scientists: Fragments of the meteorite found in Russia , derstandard.at
  17. ↑ Russians Wade Into the Snow to Seek Treasure From the Sky , nytimes.com, accessed February 19, 2013
  18. ↑ Russian Meteorite May Be Named Chebarkul ( Memento from May 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  19. ↑ Chelyabinsk Official entry of the meteorite 'Chelyabinsk' in the database of the Meteoritical Society, lpi.usra.edu, accessed on November 11, 2013
  20. ↑ Осколок метеорита весом около 600 кг достали из озера в Челябинской области (Russian)
  21. ↑ Meteorite pulled from Russian lake (English)
  22. ^ A b NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory: Additional Details on the Large Feb. 15 Fireball over Russia. February 15 and March 21, 2013.
  23. ↑ Russian meteor largest in a century , nature.com
  24. ↑ CTBTO Infrasound Stations Detect Russian Meteorite Blast , ctbto.org
  25. ↑ Quirin Schiermeier: Risk of massive asteroid strike underestimated. Nature, November 6, 2013.
  26. ^ Tilmann Althaus: The Chelyabinsk bolide - its origin and its consequences. Spektrum.de, November 6, 2013.
  27. ↑ PG Brown et al .: A 500-kiloton airburst over Chelyabinsk and an enhanced hazard from small impactors. Nature Letter, November 6, 2013, doi: 10.1038 / nature12741 .
  28. ↑ a b Olga P. Popova et al. (Chelyabinsk Airburst Consortium): Chelyabinsk Airburst, Damage Assessment, Meteorite Recovery, and Characterization. Science 342, 2013, doi: 10.1126 / science.1242642 ( free full text ).
  29. ↑ CBET 3423: 20130223: Trajectory and Orbit of the Chelyabinsk Superbolide , Astronomical Telegrams, International Astronomical Union, cbat.eps.harvard.edu; repro .
  30. ↑ a b Additional Details on the Large Fireball Event over Russia on Feb. 15, 2013 . NASA / JPL. March 1, 2013. Accessed March 24, 2013.
  31. ↑ Russian Fireball Largest Ever Detected by CTBTO's Infrasound Sensors , Feb. 18, 2013
  32. ↑ magnitude? (uncertain or not yet determined) - Ural Mountains Region, Russia ( Memento from February 18, 2013 in the Internet Archive );
  33. ↑ M4.2 - Meteor Explosion Near Chelyabinsk, Russia usgs.gov, accessed February 10, 2016
  34. ↑ Meteorite Slams into Atmosphere Above Chelyabinsk, Russia ( Memento of the original from February 23, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. noaa.gov @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nnvl.noaa.gov
  35. ↑ Satellite Views of Meteor Vapor Trail Over Russia , wisc.edu
  36. ↑ Getting to Know Meteors Better  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. lbl.gov; Tracking the Chelyabinsk Meteor Plume , nasa.gov, accessed February 27, 2017@1@ 2Template: dead link / newscenter.lbl.gov  
  37. ↑ The Chelyabinsk meteor has a family scienceblogs.de/astrodicticum-simplex
  38. ↑ C. de la Fuente Marcos, et al .: The Chelyabinsk superbolide: a fragment of asteroid 2011 EO40? arxiv : 1307.7918
  39. ↑ Chelyabinsk meteorite: The power of 600 kilotons of TNT , spiegel.de
  40. ↑ Unexpectedly huge impact , heise.de, accessed on November 8, 2013
  41. ↑ The product of a cosmic collision , orf.at
  42. ↑ Jadeite in Chelyabinsk meteorite and the nature of an impact event on its parent body , nature.com, accessed on May 23, 2014
  43. ↑ NASA report from February 4, 2013
    outdated ESA estimate from March 15, 2012
  44. ↑ 500 people injured in meteor rain. Retrieved February 15, 2013 .
  45. ^ LPI> About> Andy Shaner , accessed October 31, 2016.
  46. ↑ Dr. Stephen Mackwell LPI> Science> Staff> Mackwell, accessed October 31, 2016.

Coordinates: 55 ° 9 ′ 17 ″  N , 61 ° 22 ′ 33 ″  E