Mikhail Wassiljewitsch Frunze

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Portrait of Mikhail Frunze

Mikhail Frunze ( Russian Михаил Васильевич Фрунзе ; born January 21, jul. / 2. February  1885 greg. In Bishkek , Location Semirjetschje, General Turkestan , Russian Empire (now Kyrgyzstan ); † 31 October 1925 in Moscow ) was a Soviet military leader during the Russian Civil War .

Life

Origin and early political activity

The son of a from Bessarabia originating Romanian farmers joined early on Lenin and his Bolsheviks to. His mother came from a farming family in Voronezh Governorate . In 1904 Frunze finished high school in Werny (today Almaty ) and then entered the Petersburg Polytechnic Institute . In the first year of his studies he was a member of the social democratic movement. He was one of the leading figures among the striking textile workers in Ivanovo during the Russian Revolution of 1905 . After the suppression of the revolution, he was arrested and sentenced to death, but then pardoned for lifelong forced labor . After ten years in Siberia, he managed to flee to Chita . Here he worked as an editor of a Bolshevik weekly newspaper.

General of the Bolsheviks

During the February Revolution of 1917 Frunze was the leader of the Bolsheviks in Minsk . After that he was at the head of the Soviet in Belarus . After the beginning of the October Revolution with the occupation of the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg , he conquered Moscow with 2,000 fighters.

In the first half of 1918 Frunze was chairman of the Ivanovo-Vosnesensk Committee of the Communist Party. From August 1918 he was military commissioner for the Yaroslavl region . From February to May 1919 he led the 4th Red Army on the Eastern Front of the Civil War , then the Southern Army Group on the Eastern Front and from July to August 1919 the entire Eastern Front. In these functions he and the troops subordinate to him played a decisive role in the victory over the White troops under Admiral Kolchak . He also conquered the Turkestan area and defeated the last whites under Wrangel in the Crimea in the fall of 1920 , which earned him particular popularity in Soviet Russia.

After the suppression of the anarchists under Nestor Makhno in Ukraine , he was elected to the Central Committee in 1921 . From January 1925 until his death, he was Trotsky 's successor to the People's Commissar for the Army and Navy and chairman of the Revolutionary War Council , i.e. commander in chief of the Soviet armed forces.

The conversion of the demobilized Red Army into a combined cadre / militia army was completed under Frunse's leadership . An army reform associated with his name also resulted in the first conscription law valid for the entire Soviet Union of September 18, 1925. In the mid-1920s, the army had a peacetime level of around 560,000 men. As a supporter of Zinoviev , he came into opposition to Stalin in the intra-communist power struggle .

death

Michail Frunse's funeral at the Kremlin wall in Moscow. Stalin gives the funeral oration for Frunze on the wooden Lenin mausoleum . (November 3, 1925)

On October 31, 1925, he died of heart failure during gastric surgery . The suspected gastric ulcer turned out to be a scar from an ulcer that had already healed. Rumors that he was given an overdose of anesthetics at Stalin's behest during the operation have not died down to this day. They are based on statements by I. K. Gamburg, which he also took up in his novel So was das . Even Boris Pilnyak put this version of his story , the story of the uncancelled Moon (1926) is based. Thereafter, Stalin and Mikoyan are said to have gone to hospital to insist on an operation on Professor Rosanov. Frunze himself wrote to his wife shortly before the operation:

“I feel completely healthy now, and it's actually a little weird not only to go to the operation but also to think about it. Nevertheless, it was decided by two councils. "

Stalin said at his funeral:

“Perhaps it has to be that the old comrades sink into the grave so easily and so easily. Unfortunately, however, our young comrades do not move up so easily and by far not so easily to replace the old ones. "

According to Dmitri Volkogonov, some suspect “there is a hidden meaning in these words, known only to Stalin”. If this is the case, then it is revealed by the fact that Stalin's statement is clearly reminiscent of his formulation in the organizational report of the Central Committee of April 17, 1923 at the XII. CPSU party congress where he said:

"It is easier to conquer this or that country with the help of Comrade Budjonny's cavalry than to train two or three leaders from below, people who can become true leaders of the country in the future."

Posthumous honors

MW Frunze - Selected Writings

On November 3, 1925, Stalin gave a commemorative address at the funeral of Frunze. He began this with the words “Comrades! I am unable to speak for long, my mental constitution does not allow it. ”Frunze was given a single grave in the necropolis on the Kremlin wall , which was later reserved almost exclusively for the heads of state and party leaders of the Soviet Union. In honor of Frunze, his hometown Bishkek was renamed Frunze in 1926 (until 1991).

In 1955, the Ministry of the Interior of the GDR arranged for selected Frunze writings to be translated from the military publishing house in Moscow.

The military academy "MW Frunze" still bears his name today. Likewise, the Frunzenskaya metro station in Moscow, which opened in May 1957 . There is also a metro station with this name in Minsk and St. Petersburg, and urban districts (Rajons) are named after him in several Russian cities (see Frunzensky rajon ). In numerous cities of the former Soviet Union, streets are also named in honor of Frunze. Frunze's birthplace in Bishkek is now part of the Frunze Museum .

In 1985 a guided missile cruiser of the Kirov class was named after Frunze. In the 1980s, the 17th POS Berlin-Treptow (Baumschulenstrasse 79/81) bore his name. There is a district named after him in Tiraspol .

Fonts

  • Selected Writings. Publishing house of the Ministry of the Interior, Berlin 1955 (German first edition).
  • About socialist national defense. Military publishing house of the German Democratic Republic, Berlin 1977.

Movie and TV

literature

Web links

Commons : Michail Wassiljewitsch Frunze  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Autobiography MW Frunze. In: MW Frunse: Selected writings. Publishing house of the Ministry of the Interior, Berlin 1955. p. 51.
  2. ^ Iosif Karlowitsch Gamburg: Tak ėto bylo , Moskwa 1965, p. 182; see. Roy Medvedev : The judgment of history , Volume 1, Berlin 1992, p. 151.
  3. ↑ a b c Dmitri Wolkogonow: Triumph and Tragedy , Volume 1/1; P. 120.
  4. ↑ Stalin Werke 7, p. 217.
  5. ↑ Stalin Werke 5, p. 193.
  6. ↑ Michail Wassiljewitsch Frunze: Selected writings . Publishing house of the Ministry of the Interior, Berlin 1955, p. 36.
personal data
SURNAME Frunze, Michail Wassiljewitsch
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Frunze, Michail; Фрунзе, Михаил Васильевич (Russian)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Soviet general during the Russian Civil War
DATE OF BIRTH February 2, 1885
PLACE OF BIRTH Bishkek , Russian Empire
DATE OF DEATH October 31, 1925
Place of death Moscow , Soviet Union