Millennium Park
The Millennium Park is a public park in Chicago , which opened originally the eponymous millennium was planned. The park, with an area of 99,000 square meters, is a northwest extension of the much larger Grant Park , which extends on the shores of Lake Michigan .
The park was created on the edge of the downtown Chicago Loop on an area that was previously used by the Illinois Central Railroad as a marshalling yard and parking lot. Bounded by Michigan Avenue , Randolph Street , Columbus Drive, and East Monroe Drive , it contains a variety of attractions and venues that make it a popular local recreation area . Millennium Park has been Chicago's second largest tourist attraction after Navy Pier since 2009 .
The planning of the park began in October 1997, the construction work in October 1998 and the Millennium Park was opened in a ceremony on July 16, 2004. Due to numerous design changes and budget overruns, the opening took place four years later than originally planned. Around 300,000 people attended the three-day opening ceremony, at which the Grant Park Orchestra performed the opening concert. The park received awards for its accessibility and eco-friendly design. It has free entry to attractions such as the Jay Pritzker Pavilion , Cloud Gate , Crown Fountain and Lurie Garden . The BP Pedestrian Bridge and Nichols Bridgeway connect the park to other parts of Grant Park . The park was built over an underground car park and the Millennium Station S-Bahn .
The total cost of construction was $ 475 million, of which $ 270 million came from tax revenue, with the remainder being financed by private donors. The original budget of USD 150 million has been exceeded several times. The delays and cost overruns in construction were attributed to planning errors, many design changes, and nepotism . Still, after its completion , the Chicago Tribune praised the park for its combination of engineering, architecture, art, and landscaping.
history
Previous use of the site
Between 1852 and 1997, the Illinois Central Railroad had the right of way between downtown Chicago and Lake Michigan , in the area where Grant Park was built, and used it for railroad tracks. In 1871 a ballpark , Union Base-Ball Grounds , was built on part of the future Millennium Park. The Chicago Cubs played their home games there until the great Chicago fire destroyed the stadium. The Lakefront Park , the new field of the Cubs, was built in 1878 with a shortened because of the railway tracks right field.
The facility was repaired and the audience doubled in 1883, but the team had to move after the end of the following season because the federal government of the United States had given the city the area on a non-commercial basis. Daniel Burnham planned Grant Park around the grounds of the Illinois Central Railroad in his Plan of Chicago from 1909. The Burnham Plan for Chicago recommended an integrated series of projects, including new and widened roads, parks, new railroad and port facilities as well new public buildings. Although only parts of the plan were implemented, the plan had a major impact on the urban planning of Chicago.
Planning and implementation phase
In 1997, when the city acquired the right to build the railway tracks, it decided to build a parking lot in the northwest corner of Grant Park and a large urban park on the Chicago Loop around Buckingham Fountain and the Art Institute of Chicago to build. It was originally planned as Lakefront Millennium Park . Due to limited financial possibilities, the city turned on John Bryan, a prominent manager, who was supposed to look for sponsors from business and wealthy families. Bryan came up with the idea not to raise funds for the park, but to ask the sponsors to completely take over individual attractions in the park. As a result, all facilities in Millennium Park now bear the name of a company or a Chicago family.
The basis of the plans of the original planning office of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill was a 65,000 square meter open space with an underground parking facility above the tracks of the METRA / Illinois Central Railroad on the edge of Grant Park . Thanks to the sponsors and their projects, star architects such as Frank Gehry and Thomas Beeby were added.
In February 1999, the Pritzker family was introduced as the first partner , on whose behalf Frank Gehry was to build a concert shell and a pedestrian bridge over Columbus Drive . The Chicago Tribune then praised Gehry as the hottest architect in the universe for recognition for his Guggenheim Museum Bilbao . Millennium Park Project Leader Edward Uhlir noted through Frank Gehry that he was at the forefront of the next century of architecture . Additional sponsor-funded facilities and attractions were added to the planning in the following years.
Use of the park
With families and children which is very popular Crown Fountain , the high of two approximately 15 meters glass brick towers there. Behind the glass blocks , a video of the faces of the city's residents is projected onto LED screens. Towards the end of a video sequence, water spurts out of the projected mouths, a tribute to the traditional gargoyles of historical fountains. About 1,000 Chicago residents were recorded for the video sequences. The fountain was designed by the Catalan artist Jaume Plensa . Millions of visitors have visited the park since it opened in 2004. The Cloud Gate is a popular art object for photo shoots, whereby licenses are required for professional recordings. In the winter months, visitors use a freely accessible ice rink , the McCormick Tribune Ice Rink .
Attractions
The park is open daily between 6 a.m. and 11 p.m., entry is free.
Jay Pritzker Pavilion
The Jay Pritzker Pavilion , a concert shell designed by Frank Gehry , forms the core of Millennium Park . The pavilion has 4000 permanent seats and an additional 7000 lawn seats. The stage is surrounded by the curved plates of stainless steel , a characteristic of Gehry. It was named after Jay Pritzker , whose family is known to own the Hyatt hotel chain and who was a major sponsor of the project. He donated the renowned Pritzker Architecture Prize . The Pritzker Pavilion is the venue for smaller outdoor performing arts activities and complements the Petrillo Music Shell , the largest and oldest concert shell in Grant Park .
The pavilion is built partially over the Harris Theater for Music and Dance , the park's performing arts venue, with which it shares a loading dock and backstage facilities . The pavilion is seen as a significant improvement over the Petrillo Music Shell . Initially, entry to the grass pitches of the pavilion was free for all concerts. That changed when Tori Amos performed the first rock concert there on August 31, 2005, although most concerts are still free to attend.
The Pritzker Pavilion is home to the Grant Park Symphony Orchestra and Chorus and the Grant Park Music Festival , the only free, community-supported, open-air classical music concert series . The festival is run by the Chicago Park District and the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs . The pavilion hosts a wide range of other series of concerts and annual performing arts events.
The spectrum of performing artists ranges from mainstream rock bands to classical music and opera . The pavilion also has rooms for fitness activities such as yoga . All trial performances in the pavilion are open to the public. Specially trained supervisors are available to visitors to the music festival rehearsals. These so-called lecturers answer questions from visitors and offer informative discussions during rehearsals.
The construction of the pavilion sparked a legal controversy due to historical height restrictions on buildings in Grant Park . To circumvent these restrictions, the city classified the concert shell as a work of art rather than a building. The construction plans were revised over time due to design and assembly problems. Some positions were discarded, others added as successful fundraising increased the budget.
In the end, the pavilion was built with fixed rows of seats, a large lawn, a grid network to support the sound system and a free stainless steel roof in the style of Gehry. It has a sound system with an acoustic design that is equivalent to the sound experience of a concert hall. Critics praised the pavilion and Millennium Park for its accessibility. At an awards ceremony in the pavilion in 2005, it was described as one of the most accessible parks, not just in the United States, but possibly the world . The main acts of the Chicago Jazz Festival have been performing in the Jay Pritzker Pavilion since 2013, including George Freeman , Rufus Reid , Terence Blanchard with Ravi Coltrane , Gary Burton and the Sun Ra Arkestra in 2014 .
AT&T Plaza and Cloud Gate
The AT&T Plaza is a public square on which the Cloud Gate sculpture is placed. It opened with the unveiling of the sculpture in July 2004 during the grand park opening ceremony. Ameritech donated $ 3 million for the naming rights, but the square was named SBC Plaza after SBC Communications due to a business combination. The merger of SBC and AT&T resulted in the current name. The sculpture and the AT&T Plaza are at the top of the Park Grill , between Chase Promenade and the Ice Rink . In the Christmas season the carol singing takes place on the square .
The Cloud Gate is a steel sculpture known as The Bean because of its shape . The sculpture is the first public work of art by the famous artist Anish Kapoor in the United States . At $ 23 million, the privately funded artwork cost significantly more than the originally estimated $ 6 million. It consists of 168 stainless steel plates welded together. No seams are visible on its highly polished outer skin and it weighs 100 tons. The bean is popular with park visitors for taking distorted photographic self-portraits .
BP Pedestrian Bridge
The BP Pedestrian Bridge is a cantilever pedestrian bridge over Columbus Drive that connects Millennium Park with the Daley Bicentennial Plaza . Both are part of Grant Park . The pedestrian bridge is the first bridge built by Gehry. It was named after the international energy company BP , which donated USD 5 million to build the park. It opened on July 16, 2004, along with the rest of Millennium Park. Gehry had been courted by the city to design the bridge and the neighboring Jay Pritzker Pavilion . After the Pritzker family had taken over the financing of the pavilion, Gehry agreed. The bridge is known for Gehry's aesthetic ; his style can be seen in his biomorphic allusions and extensive sculptural use of stainless steel panels to express abstraction. It has a serpentine, curved shape. The bridge design meets highway standards, which means that it allows pedestrian traffic to exit the Pritzker Pavilion at events and can carry heavy loads. The pedestrian bridge serves as a noise protection for the pavilion and shields the traffic noise from the direction of Columbus Drive . It is a link between Millennium Park and places to the east such as the nearby lakefront, other parts of Grant Park and an underground car park . Although the bridge is closed in winter because the ice cannot be safely removed from the wooden walkway, it has received good reviews for its design and aesthetics.
Crown Fountain
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In December 1999, Lester Crown and his family decided to sponsor a water feature in Millennium Park. Unlike other sponsors, the Crown family took an active part in the selection of the artist and held a design competition. The choice of Crowns finally fell to the Catalan conceptual artist Jaume Plensa . The Crown Fountain is a water feature , interactive artwork, and video sculpture . It was opened in July 2004. The fountain is made of black granite . The towers are 15 meters high and use light-emitting diodes behind glass blocks . Digital videos of faces are shown via the light emitting diodes. The cost to design and build the fountain was $ 17 million.
At the end of each video sequence recorded by around 1,000 residents of the city, the recorded people perk up their mouths. At the point of the pursed mouth there is a nozzle through which water is injected at this moment, creating the impression of a gargoyle . This happens about every five minutes. The design of the fountain has been praised for its artistic and entertainment features. Plensa wanted to integrate the viewer into an interactive relationship with art. The fountain is known for its visitors splashing around in the reflective pool and juggling for spots under the water outlet. Although the interactivity was planned in, Plensa was surprised at the transformation of the fountain into a children's water park in just a few hours after opening. Before completion, some groups were concerned that the height of the sculpture would violate the aesthetic tradition of the park. After building were surveillance cameras installed on the well up, which led to public protests and finally in response to remove the cameras.
Lurie Garden
The Lurie Garden is a public garden with an area of 10,000 square meters at the southern end of Millennium Park. It was designed by Kathryn Gustafson , Piet Oudolf and Robert Israel and opened on July 16, 2004. The garden contains perennial plants, grasses, shrubs and trees. It is part of the world's largest green roof . The cost of building the garden was $ 13.2 million. A foundation with a budget of USD 10 million has been made available for the care, maintenance and development of the garden. It was named after the philanthropist Ann Lurie, who provided the money for the foundation. The garden is a tribute to the city whose motto is Urbs in Horto (“the city in the garden”).
The Lurie Garden consists of two parts. The dark part represents Chicago's history and carries a combination of trees that form a canopy and provide shade as soon as they bear leaves. The bright part represents Chicago's future with sun-loving shrubs that thrive in heat and light.
Wrigley Square
Wrigley Square is a public space in the northwest corner of Millennium Park near the intersection of East Randolph Street and North Michigan , across from historic Michigan Boulevard District . It houses the Millennium Monument , an almost full-size replica of the semicircle of paired columns in the Greco-Doric style, a so-called peristyle , which was originally located in this area of Grant Park between 1917 and 1953 . A large lawn and a public fountain belong to the square. The William Wrigley Jr. Foundation donated US $ 5 million to the memorial and plaza named after the Foundation's founder. The base of the pillared hall of the Millennium Monument contains the names of 115 donors, 91 of whom have contributed at least $ 1 million to fund Millennium Park.
Exelon Pavilions
The Exelon Pavilions are a series of four solar cell structures in Millennium Park. Planned in January 2001, construction began in January 2004. The southeast and southwest Exelon Pavilions along Madison Street were completed and opened in July 2004 and flank Lurie Garden . The northeast and northwest Exelon Pavilions flank the Harris Theater along Randolph Street and were completed in November 2004. The pavilions were officially opened on April 30, 2005 . In addition to providing energy, three of the four pavilions provide access to the park's underground car parks, while the fourth serves as the park's information center. Exelon, a utility company that sells electricity from its subsidiary Commonwealth Edison , donated approximately $ 5 million to the pavilions.
Boeing Galleries
The Boeing Galleries are two exhibition spaces in Millennium Park, located above and east of Wrigley Square and the Crown Fountain . They were completed after the park opened. In March 2005, Boeing President and Chief Executive Officer James Bell announced that the company would provide a $ 5 million grant to help finance the construction and construction of the space and a foundation that supports visual arts exhibitions. The galleries, built between March and June 2005, now housed a number of exhibitions, some of which lasted over two years.
Chase boardwalk
The Chase Promenade is a tree-lined promenade in the Millennium Park and was opened on 16 July of 2004. It was made possible by a donation from the Bank One Foundation . After Bank One's merger with JPMorgan Chase in 2004, the name was changed to Chase Promenade . The 32,000 square meter promenade offers space for exhibitions and festivals. It can be rented for private events. In 2009 it was home to the Burnham Pavilions , which were the cornerstone of the citywide Burnham Plan centenary.
Harris Theater
The Joan W. and Irving B. Harris Theater for Music and Dance is a 1,525-seat theater at the northeast end of Millennium Park. It was built from 2002 to 2003 and is one of the best venues in town for small and medium-sized ensembles . The theater, which is largely underground due to the height restrictions, is named after its sponsors, the American businessman and philanthropist Irving Harris and his wife Joan.
Groups such as the Joffrey Ballet , the Hubbard Street Dance Chicago Ballet and the Chicago Opera Theater perform regularly in the theater . The rent for the groups performing there is subsidized and the groups are advised and supported in technical and commercial areas. In the Harris Theater nationally and internationally renowned artists perform, like the New York City Ballet , the San Francisco Ballet , or Mikhail Baryshnikov and Stephen Sondheim . The theater was already operating profitably for the fourth year.
McDonalds Cycle Center
The McDonalds Cycle Center is an air-conditioned bike station in the northeast corner of Millennium Park. The complex offers lockers, showers, a snack bar with outdoor seating in summer, bike repair, bike rental and other amenities for cyclists. The station is also used by joggers and inline skaters . A bicycle group from the Chicago Police Department is also housed there. The McDonalds Cycle Center was sponsored by McDonald’s after the park opened .
McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink
The McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink is a multi-purpose facility on the west edge of Millennium Park across from the Historic Michigan Boulevard District . It opened on December 20, 2001 as the first Millennium Park attraction. The facility was built with a donation from the Robert R. McCormick Foundation of 3.2 million USD. Four months a year, from mid-November to mid-March, the facility serves as a free public ice rink . The rink is operated by the Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs.
The rest of the year it serves as the Park Grill Plaza , Chicago's largest 150-seat outdoor restaurant serving contemporary American cuisine. It offers a beautiful view of the park and hosts various culinary and musical events during the summer months. The Park Grill Plaza is associated with the Park Grill Restaurant . The restaurant has been the focus of numerous controversies, in which Mayor Daley's employees, who are investors in the restaurant, its exclusive location and the lucrative contract terms were argued. Despite being one of Chicago's most financially successful restaurants, the Park Grill remains exempt from property taxes after a multi-year lawsuit that led to the Illinois appeals courts. In addition, the owners do not pay for the gas and water supply or the garbage collection.
Uses
Millennium Park had three million visitors when it opened and four million in 2009 according to the Crain's Chicago Business . In addition to the various uses of the permanent installations, the park hosted several other notable events, including the annual Grant Park Music Festival and Daniel's Centenary Burnham's Plan of Chicago from 1909 , for which the so-called Burnham Pavilions were temporarily built. Millennium Park has been featured in several films and television shows. Millennium Park has hosted the Chicago Jazz Festival since 2013 .
Grant Park Music Festival
The Grant Park Music Festival is an annual ten-week series of classical music concerts by the Grant Park Symphony Orchestra and Grant Park Chorus, as well as performances by guest musicians and conductors. The festival has been held in the Jay Pritzker Pavilion since 2004 . Occasionally it took place in the Harris Theater . The festival has the status of a non-profit organization , and claims to be the only open-air concert series of classical music with free admission.
The Grant Park Music Festival has been a Chicago tradition since 1931, when Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak suggested that free concerts improve the spirits of Chicago residents during the Great Depression . The tradition of concerts at the Grant Park Symphonic Music Festival began in 1935. The 2004 season, when the festival moved to the Jay Pritzker Pavilion , was the seventieth season of the event. Previously, the Grant Park Music Festival was performed at the Petrillo Music Shell in Grant Park .
Burnham Pavilions
In 2009, architects Zaha Hadid and Ben van Berkel were invited to design and build two pavilions on Chase Promenade to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Daniel Burnham's Chicago plan. The pavilions were privately financed and designed as temporary installations. They were the focus of the Burnham Plan celebrations .
The van Berkel Pavilion was formed by two parallel levels that were held together by curved cones. It was mounted on a steel frame and covered with glossy white plywood. The Hadid Pavilion consisted of stretched fabric covers over a curved aluminum frame. A video presentation related to the centenary of the Burnham Plan was projected onto its internal fabric walls after dark.
Both pavilions were due to be unveiled on June 19, 2009, but the Hadid pavilion was not completed in time. Only the aluminum skeleton was open to the public on the scheduled date. The work was not completed until August 4, 2009. Both pavilions were dismantled after November 1st, 2009.
budget
Private donors donated $ 205 million to build the park. These were only sought by invitation, with the minimum commitment initially being $ 15 million.
The city's contribution was $ 270 million. Of this, $ 95 million came from tax revenue generated through Tax Increment Financing , a local-style public funding method used as a grant for infrastructure or other community operations in the United States. It was assumed that the construction of the Millennium Park will lead to an increase in the value of the surrounding properties . $ 175 million came from construction bonds associated with the proceeds from a public parking garage under the park. The combined funding system partially affected the public function of the park as parts of the park were closed to sponsor activities. This procedure was canceled due to public pressure. The sights are linked to the names of the donors.
There were many design changes and many structures added, redesigned or changed during the development and construction of the park. These changes often resulted in budget overruns . For example, the budget for the Pritzker Pavilion was $ 10.8 million. Gehry's elaborate, cantilevered design required another pile foundation for the extra weight. The cost of construction ended up being $ 60.3 million. The total cost of the park was nearly $ 500 million.
Mayor Daley initially blamed much of the delay and costs on Frank Gehry, who designed the pavilion and BP Pedestrian Bridge . Daley's office later apologized to the architect.
An investigative report by the Chicago Tribune described the park and budget overruns as
"... expensive public-works debacle that can be traced to haphazard planning, design snafus and cronyism."
"... an expensive public building debacle that can be traced back to arbitrary planning, design chaos and nepotism."
| Project | Planned costs | Final cost | % of the planned costs |
|---|---|---|---|
| garage | $ 87.5 million | $ 105.6 million | 121% |
| Metra structure | $ 43.0 million | $ 60.6 million | 141% |
| Jay Pritzker Pavilion | $ 10.8 million | $ 60.3 million | 558% |
| Harris Theater | $ 20.0 million | $ 60.0 million | 300% |
| Park expansion / open spaces | $ 42.9 million | ||
| Design and administration costs | $ 39.5 million | ||
| Furnishing | $ 10.0 million | $ 25.0 million | 250% |
| Crown Fountain | $ 15.0 million | $ 17.0 million | 113% |
| BP Pedestrian Bridge | $ 8.0 million | $ 14.5 million | 181% |
| Lurie Garden | $ 4.0-8.0 million | $ 13.2 million | 330% - 165% |
| Cloud Gate sculpture | $ 6.0 million | $ 23.0 million | 383% |
| Exelon Pavilions | $ 7.0 million | ||
| Hypostyle Hall / Wrigley Square | $ 5.0 million | $ 5.0 million | 100% |
| Chase boardwalk | $ 6.0 million | $ 4.0 million | 67% |
| McCormick Tribune Plaza & Ice Rink | $ 5.0 million | $ 3.2 million | 64% |
| Different. (Fences, terraces, drawings) | $ 1.6 million | ||
| Total (with higher cost for Lurie Garden) | $ 224.3 million | $ 482.4 million | 215% |
| Source: Chicago Tribune . Note: does not include Boeing Galleries or Nichols Bridgeway . | |||
According to Louis Weisberg, the cultural affairs officer, and James Law, the executive director of the mayor's special affairs office, once the planning was complete, the project was completed under the revised budget.
Public perception and criticism
The park was largely rated positively. The Financial Times describes the Millennium Park as
"An extraordinary public park that is set to create new iconic images of the city [...] a genuinely 21st-century interactive park [that] could trigger a new way of thinking about public outdoor spaces."
"An extraordinary public park ready to create new iconic images of the city [...] a truly interactive park of the 21st century [that] could spark a new way of thinking about open-air public areas."
Time magazine recommends planning both a visit to the Cloud Gate and the Jay Pritzker Pavilion when visiting Chicago as must-see attractions. The Frommers travel guide rated Millennium Park one of Chicago's best free things to do and praised the park for its various artistic offerings. The San Francisco Chronicle praises the park as a showcase for art and urban design , Time writes of a bourgeois phantasmagoria like Antonio Gaudi's Park Güell in Barcelona, with the difference that this is the product of an ensemble of creative minds .
Richard Solomon, director of the Graham Foundation for Advanced Studies in the Fine Arts , described the park as follows:
“This is not simply a background park, where a series of individual objects exist in a field. The objects here have become the field. It is densely packed like the city itself. This is a different idea of an exterior experience than in most parks. It is closer to a theme park or a shopping mall. "
“This is not just a park of the past where a number of individual objects exist in a field. The objects become a field here. It is tightly packed like the city itself. This is a different idea of an outdoor experience than most parks. It is closer to an amusement park or a shopping center. "
The Chicago Tribune architecture critic , Blair Kamin , who won the Pulitzer Prize for his work on Chicago's Lakefront , praised the park with the words:
“This bold combination of engineering, architecture, public art and landscape design, which reprises the alliance that built the triumphant 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, propels the city into the new millennium - a definitive moment in the architectural revival that has replaced the timid traditionalism of the mid-1990s with the bold modernism of today. "
“This bold combination of technology, architecture, public art and landscaping, a new staging by Allianz, which created the triumphant World's Fair in Chicago in 1893, is propelling the city into the new millennium - a definite point in time for the architectural revival that is the center of shy traditionalism of the 1990s replaced by the bold modernity of today. "
literature
- Nicholas Baume: Anish Kapoor: Past Present Future . The MIT Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-262-02659-8 .
- Timothy J. Gilfoyle: Millennium Park: Creating a Chicago Landmark . University of Chicago Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-226-29349-3 .
- Philip Jodidio: Architecture: Art . Prestel, 2005, ISBN 3-7913-3279-1 .
- Janice A. Knox, Heather Olivia Belcher: Then & Now: Chicago's Loop . Arcadia Publishing, 2002, ISBN 0-7385-1968-5 ( online ).
- Tony Macaluso, Julia S. Bachrach, Neal Samors: Sounds of Chicago's Lakefront: A Celebration Of The Grant Park Music Festival . Chicago's Book Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-9797892-6-7 .
- Gail Satler: Two tales of a city: rebuilding Chicago's architectural and social landscape . Northern Illinois University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-87580-357-1 .
- Alice Sinkevitch (Ed.): AIA Guide To Chicago . 2nd edition. Harcourt Books, ISBN 0-15-602908-1 , Central City.
Web links
- Millennium Park homepage. Retrieved November 2, 2013 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Picture of Grant Park before Millennium Park (top right) was built. Retrieved August 26, 2012 .
- ↑ Crain's List: Chicago's Largest Tourist Attractions (Sightseeing): Ranked by 2009 attendance. In: Crain's Chicago Business. March 22, 2010.
- ↑ Alice Sinkevitch: AIA Guide to Chicago. Harvest Books, 2004, ISBN 0-15-602908-1 , p. 37 ff.
- ↑ Laurie Cohen, Liam Ford: $ 16 million in lawsuits ensnare pavilion at Millennium Park. In: Chicago Tribune . July 18, 2004, accessed August 6, 2008 .
- ↑ a b Blair Kamin: A no place transformed into a grand space - What was once a gritty, blighted site is now home to a glistening, cultural spectacle that delivers joy to its visitors. In: Chicago Tribune. July 18, 2004, accessed August 6, 2008 .
- ↑ a b c Michael J. Lewis: No Headline. In: The New York Times. August 6, 2006, accessed June 1, 2008 .
- ↑ Timothy J. Gilfoyle: Millennium Park. In: The New York Times. August 6, 2006, accessed June 24, 2008 .
- ^ Ward Case Summaries. Neweastside.org, accessed May 15, 2011 .
- ↑ implementation. Chicago Historical Society, accessed June 19, 2014 .
- ↑ a b Blair Kamin: Will Too Many Architects Spoil Grant Park's Redesign? In: Chicago Tribune. March 18, 1999, accessed June 19, 2014 .
- ↑ Richard White: City must do things 'great,' not well , The Calgary Herald, June 15, 2013
- ^ Millennium Park History. City of Chicago, accessed June 19, 2014 .
- ^ A b Lee Bey: Building for future - Modern architect sought for park. In: Chicago Sun-Times . February 18, 1999, p. 4, News section , accessed July 24, 2008 .
- ^ The City. In: Daily Herald . February 18, 1999, accessed July 24, 2008 .
- ↑ Ellen Warren, Teresa Wiltz: City Has Designs On Ace Architect For Its Band Shell. In: Chicago Tribune. February 17, 1999, accessed July 24, 2008 .
- ↑ Andrew Martin, Laurie Cohen: Fence Foes Wondering What Daley Has Wrought. In: Chicago Tribune. February 3, 2002, accessed July 20, 2014 .
- ^ Millennium Park, Landscape Performance Benefits. (No longer available online.) February 8, 2013, archived from the original on July 25, 2014 ; Retrieved July 17, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 13th Season Of Free Ice Skating In Millennium Park. City of Chicago, October 13, 2013, accessed July 19, 2014 .
- ^ Millennium Park - Plan Your Visit. City of Chicago, accessed July 14, 2014 .
- ↑ Debbie Howlett: A band shell on steroids. In: USA Today . July 15, 2004, accessed July 31, 2008 .
- ^ Millennium Park - Jay Pritzker Pavilion Facts and Figures. City of Chicago, accessed June 19, 2014 .
- ^ Joan W. and Irving B. Harris Theater for Music and Dance, at Chicagotribune.com. Retrieved November 1, 2013 .
- ↑ Howls over charge for Millennium Park concert, Watchdog contends lawn seats supposed to be free. Retrieved November 1, 2013 .
- ↑ Homepage of the festival. Retrieved November 1, 2013 .
- ↑ Tony Macaluso, Julia S. Bachrach, Neal Samors: Sounds of Chicago's Lakefront: A Celebration Of The Grant Park Music Festival . Chicago's Book Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-9797892-6-7 , pp. 216 .
- ^ Urban politics - Not in my front yard, at economist.com. Retrieved November 1, 2013 .
- ↑ City Tweaks Millennium Park Design, at chicagotribune.com. Retrieved November 1, 2013 .
- ^ Chicago's Millennium Park to be Recognized for Accessibility, at pva.org. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on November 4, 2013 ; Retrieved November 1, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 36th Annual Chicago Jazz Festival. In: Jazzchicago.org. Retrieved July 13, 2014 .
- ^ Millennium Park - Art & Architecture, Cloud Gate. Retrieved October 16, 2013 .
- ↑ City Tweaks Millennium Park Design. Retrieved October 16, 2013 .
- ^ BP Pedestrian Bridge. (No longer available online.) In: Glass, Steel and Stone. Artefaqs Corporation, archived from the original on June 8, 2008 ; Retrieved May 31, 2008 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ BP Pedestrian Bridge in Millennium Park. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on July 14, 2014 ; Retrieved June 19, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Della De LaFuente: Architect on board to help build bridge to 21st century. In: Chicago Sun-Times. April 28, 1999, accessed July 24, 2008 .
- ^ Crown Fountain. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on July 14, 2014 ; Retrieved June 19, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b About the Lurie Garden. Retrieved June 19, 2014 .
- ↑ Chicago's Lurie Garden. Retrieved June 19, 2014 .
- ^ Andrew Herrmann: Sun-Times Insight. In: Chicago Sun-Times. July 15, 2004, accessed June 1, 2008 .
- ↑ Beth Botts: Glimpsing a garden: From the ground up: Lurie will take time to reach potential. In: Chicago Tribune. July 15, 2004, accessed July 16, 2010 .
- ↑ Blair Kamin: Millennium Monument at Wrigley Square. In: Chicago Tribune. July 18, 2007, accessed June 22, 2014 .
- ↑ Blair Fireplace: Exelon Pavilions. In: Chicago Tribune. July 18, 2004, accessed June 19, 2014 .
- ↑ a b c Harris Theater's Mission. Retrieved June 19, 2014 .
- ^ IB Harris, 94, Philanthropist and Executive, Dies. In: The New York Times. September 28, 2004, accessed June 12, 2014 .
- ↑ Elizabeth Canning Blackwell: Frommer's Chicago 2010. Frommer's Verlag, ISBN 0-470-50468-4 , pp. 251-252.
- ^ San Francisco Ballet — America's Oldest Professional Ballet Company — Embarks on a Four-city American Tour as Part of Its Year-long 75th Anniversary Celebration. In: San Francisco Ballet . June 10, 2008, accessed April 13, 2010 .
- ↑ John von Rhein: A starry Harris Theater lineup on tap for '09 –'10. In: Chicago Tribune. May 6, 2009, accessed April 13, 2010 .
- ^ Harris Theater by the numbers. In: Chicago Tribune. September 4, 2008, accessed June 12, 2014 .
- ^ Daley Opens New Millennium Park Bicycle Station. In: City of Chicago. July 19, 2004, accessed June 12, 2014 .
- ↑ Blair Kaminr: Bicycle Station. In: Chicago Tribune. July 18, 2004, accessed June 12, 2014 .
- ↑ Monica Davey: Winter Day Out in Chicago. In: The New York Times. January 18, 2008, accessed June 12, 2014 .
- ^ Still No Property Tax Bill for the Park Grill. Retrieved June 12, 2014 .
- ↑ The maddening Park Grill mess. Chicago Tribune, November 7, 2013, accessed July 19, 2014 .
- ↑ Navy Pier, by the numbers. Chicago Tribune, accessed June 19, 2014 .
- ^ Howard Reich: Millennium Park elevates Jazz Fest, but not enough. In: Chicago Tribune. July 11, 2014, accessed July 12, 2014 .
- ^ A b Tony Macaluso, Julia S. Bachrach, Neal Samors: Sounds of Chicago's Lakefront: A Celebration Of The Grant Park Music Festival . Chicago's Book Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-9797892-6-7 , pp. 168 .
- ^ A b Grant Park Music Festival, Chicago. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on July 14, 2014 ; Retrieved June 19, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ John von Rhein: Grant Park Music Festival promises big 'Plans'. In: Chicago Tribune. March 18, 2009, accessed April 17, 2010 .
- ^ About the Grant Park Music Festival. Retrieved June 19, 2014 .
- ^ Janice A. Knox, Heather Olivia Belcher: Then & Now: Chicago's Loop . Arcadia Publishing, 2002, ISBN 0-7385-1968-5 , pp. 15 .
- ↑ Wynne Delacoma: The Jay Pritzker Music Pavilion Sounds as Good as it Looks. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on September 19, 2007 ; Retrieved September 20, 2007 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ 2 architects to design Burnham pavilions. Retrieved June 12, 2014 .
- ↑ The Z-pod has landed: Delayed but worth the wait, Hadid's Burnham pavilion is a small structure that celebrates big plans. Retrieved June 12, 2014 .
- ^ The Burnham Pavilions in Millennium Park. Retrieved June 19, 2014 .
- ^ Sid Smith: Sponsors put money where their names are. In: Chicago Tribune. July 15, 2004, accessed July 17, 2014 .
- ↑ Andrew Martin, Laurie Cohen: Millennium Park fund plan fails. In: Chicago Tribune. January 13, 2002, accessed July 17, 2014 .
- ↑ a b Liam Ford: City to finally open its new front yard - Millennium Park's price tag tripled. In: Chicago Tribune. July 11, 2004, accessed June 1, 2008 .
- ↑ Kevin Nance: Snakelike walkway by Gehry dedicated at Millennium Park. In: Chicago Sun-Times. May 23, 2005, accessed June 1, 2008 .
- ^ Andrew Martin, Laurie Cohen: Millennium Park flounders as deadlines, budget blown - Poor plans, constant changes slow progress, drive up price - and city taxpayers may have to help make up difference. In: Chicago Tribune. NewsBank, August 5, 2001, accessed August 10, 2010 .
- ^ Louis Weisberg, James Law: Singing the praises of Millennium Park. In: Chicago Tribune. July 12, 2004, accessed June 23, 2010 .
- ↑ a b Caroline Daniel: How a steel bean gave Chicago fresh pride. In: The Financial Times. July 20, 2004.
Coordinates: 41 ° 52 ′ 57.7 " N , 87 ° 37 ′ 21.6" W.
