Murg (Northern Black Forest)
| Murg | ||
.jpg) The wooded, 700 meter deep Murgtal with industry and viticulture |
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| Data | ||
| Water code | EN : 236 | |
| location |
Black Forest
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| River system | Rhine | |
| Drain over | Rhine → North Sea | |
| origin | in the northern Black Forest : Union of Rechtmurg and Rotmurg in Obertal 48 ° 31 ′ 57 ″ N , 8 ° 17 ′ 18 ″ E |
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| Source height | approx. 595 m above sea level NHN (association) approx. 870 m u. NHN ( Murg origin ; Rechtmurg ) approx. 915 m u. NHN ( Rotmurgbrunnen ; Rotmurg ) |
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| muzzle | near stone walls in the Rhine Coordinates: 48 ° 55 '9 " N , 8 ° 9' 53" E 48 ° 55 '9 " N , 8 ° 9' 53" E |
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| Mouth height | approx. 110 m above sea level NHN | |
| Height difference | approx. 485 m ( Murg only ) approx. 760 m ( Murg with Rechtmurg ) approx. 805 m ( Murg with Rotmurg ) |
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| Bottom slope | approx. 6.7 ‰ | |
| length | 72.4 km ( Murg only ) 80.2 km ( Murg with Rechtmurg ) 79.7 km ( Murg with Rotmurg ) |
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| Catchment area | 617 km² | |
| Discharge at the Rotenfels A Eo gauge : 466 km² Location: 17 km above the mouth |
NNQ (1921) MNQ 1918–2009 MQ 1918–2009 Mq 1918–2009 MHQ 1918–2009 HHQ (1947) |
870 l / s 3.48 m³ / s 15.5 m³ / s 33.3 l / (s km²) 260 m³ / s 603 m³ / s |
| Discharge at the mouth A Eo : 617 km² |
MQ Mq |
18.4 m³ / s 29.8 l / (s km²) |
| Left tributaries | Tonbach , Schönmünz , Raumünzach , Oos (north arm) | |
| Right tributaries | Forbach , Sasbach | |
| Reservoirs flowed through | Kirschbaumwasen collecting basin , Forbach compensation basin | |
| Medium-sized cities | Gaggenau , Rastatt | |
| Small towns | Gernsbach | |
| Communities | Baiersbronn , Forbach | |
| Residents in the catchment area | 178,850 | |
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The Murg is a 80.2 km (with source Bach Rechtmurg ) long, south-southeast, and orographic right tributary of the Rhine in Baden-Wuerttemberg counties Freudenstadt and Rastatt . It flows in the northern Black Forest and in the Upper Rhine Plain .
geography
course
The Murg Valley is one of the largest and deepest valleys in the Black Forest (up to over 700 meters) and generally runs northwards. It separates the rainy main ridge of the northern Black Forest with the Hornisgrinde ( 1164 m ) in the west from the wooded red sandstone plateaus in the east.
The Murg arises from two larger source streams in the western area of the municipality of Baiersbronn . Below the Schliffkopf at about 870 m above sea level. NHN Höhe emerges, a little above the source of the Murg , as the main source stream , the Rechtmurg . The other source brook on the left is the Rotmurg , which flows below the Ruhestein pass ( 915 m ) from the Rotmurgbrunnen (also 915 m ) and, along with smaller steps, forms the Teufelsmühle waterfall .
From the junction of its two source streams at a height of about 595 m , the Murg flows southeast through the Mitteltal to Baiersbronn, where it swings in the direction of the Forbach, which flows in from the south. From here you follow the federal highway 462 and the Murgtalbahn . Initially it runs north-east to Klosterreichenbach , but from now on north-north-west. In the wide meadow valley it passes the places Röt , Huzenbach and Schönmünzach . After a narrow area with few settlements and particularly steep slopes, Forbach , Gausbach , Langenbrand and Au im Murgtal follow in a rocky section . In its slowly widening valley, the towns of Weisenbach , Hilpertsau , Obertsrot , Schänen , the town of Gernsbach and finally Hörden lie in close succession . Between now gently rising slopes, the Murg runs northwest through Ottenau , past the industrial town of Gaggenau and the towns of Bad Rotenfels , Oberndorf , Bischweier and Kuppenheim , where it reaches the Upper Rhine Plain . Here it crosses under the A 5 near Niederbühl before flowing around the city center of Rastatt . Below Rheinau , the Murg flows into the Rhine at Steinmauern at a height of around 110 m at Rhine kilometer 344.5 .
On the French side, the Sauer , which comes from the North Vosges , also flows almost opposite .
Water data
From the union of its two source streams ( Rechtmurg and Rotmurg ) in Baiersbronn-Obertal, the Murg is 72.350 km (~ 72.4 km) long to its confluence with the Rhine. Together with the Rotmurg, which rises at the Rotmurgbrunnen near Ruhestein, it is 79.661 km (~ 79.7 km) and together with the Rechtmurg, which swells at the Schliffkopf at the source of the Murg, it is 80.231 km (~ 80.2 km) long with 7.881 km.
The catchment area of the Murg covers 617 km².
In relation to the catchment area, the Murg is very rich in water with an average of 18.4 m³ / s. In the catchment areas of the Murg source brooks and the Schönmünz tributary, the highest regional discharge in Baden-Württemberg occurs at around 50 l / s.km². The Rechtmurg has an average water flow of 1 m³ / s (48.55 l / s km²), the Rotmurg contributes 0.67 m³ / s (49.24 l / s km²).
Natural spaces
The Murg flows through four very different valley landscapes from south to north .
- The upper valley in the area of the municipality of Baiersbronn is a typical Black Forest valley with broad meadows and once predominantly agricultural villages. Many of the side valleys have a typical trough valley shape with steep slopes.
- The middle Murgtal is a lonely forest ravine interspersed with granite cliffs and has a bed slope of up to 3.3% like a high mountain water. Until 1918, the Murg was a famous white water together with the Raumünzach, its most water-rich tributary, because of its water force . Since then, the river's hydroelectric potential has been used in the Murg power plant. It is a little above Forbach , the main town in this section of the valley.
- The lower Murg valley is, similar to the Wiesental , one of the "industrial alleys" in the Black Forest. The valley here is over 700 meters deep, initially with an impassable gorge bottom, which increasingly widens and offers space for a settlement band of numerous villages and towns. The historic center is Gernsbach , which is also the capital of the valley's paper and cardboard industry; the largest city is now Gaggenau, with a long tradition of automotive engineering (including the Unimog ). In many places the river is accompanied by commercial canals and is almost completely canalised from Gernsbach-Nord . Renaturation was carried out in 2011 at Bischweier . The aim is to create a near-natural river bed with differences in flow, substrate and depth, so that different sub-habitats arise for fish and small organisms. The river bed can largely be left to its own devices due to the inconspicuously designed bank protection.
- At Kuppenheim the Murg emerges into the Rhine plain , where it flows around the city center of Rastatt. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the course of the debris flow in the Rhine Valley was straightened. Immediately in front of the current confluence with the Rhine at stone walls, the river canal penetrates the wetlands of the Rastatt Rheinauen . In the course of straightening the Rhine , Johann Gottfried Tulla relocated the estuary about 1.5 kilometers to the northwest.
Tributaries
In its elongated catchment area, the Murg does not flow in the middle, but further east, so that more and larger tributaries reach the Murg from the west (left) than from the east. The main source stream, Rechtmurg, arises from the source streams Schurbach and Tränkenteich; the Rotmurg is joined by the equally strong Muckenbächle and the Höllbach with its waterfalls. The larger tributaries of the Murg include the Tonbach , Schönmünz , Raumünzach and Oos (northern arm) on the left and Forbach and Sasbach on the right .
Administrative division
The former state border between Württemberg and Baden runs between Baiersbronn-Schönmünzach and Forbach- Kirschbaumwasen . The upper, formerly Württemberg valley section is now part of the Freudenstadt district . The lower section, settled from the 12th century under the leadership of the Ebersteiner and later Baden, is now part of the Rastatt district .
cities and communes
These cities and communities lie along the Murg from the source to the mouth:
dialect
Several dialect areas meet in the Murg Valley . The area on the upper reaches, around the old Württemberg Baiersbronn, forms the westernmost tip of the Swabian dialect dream. The old rulership border to Baden, which follows downstream, is identical to the dialect border to Upper Rhine-Manish , which is still very strong today , which dominates the lower part of the Murg Valley . On the lower reaches of the Murg in the Rhine valley there is an Alemannic-Franconian transition dialect with numerous southern Franconian dialect features.
Economy and Infrastructure
traffic
The valley is followed by the Murgtalbahn and the Schwarzwald-Tälerstraße ( Bundesstraße 462 ); both in terms of construction and landscape are among the most remarkable traffic routes in Germany.
The gorge-like character of the middle Murg valley represented a major obstacle to the development of the traffic routes over the centuries. The first road from Gernsbach to the upper valley bypassed this section: the old wine route, called the trade route, initially led steeply uphill and ran along the ridges of the eastern valley flank. Only in the second half of the 18th century was a continuous road built in the valley floor.
The construction of the Murgtalbahn began in the form of independent branch lines from Rastatt and Freudenstadt. On the Baden side, the first Rastatt – Gernsbach section went into operation in 1869, and Württemberg followed in 1901 with the Freudenstadt – Klosterreichenbach line. After several expansion phases, a continuous rail link was not established until 1928, 60 years after construction began and only when the respective regional railways were under the sovereignty of the German Reich.
rafting
Up until the 19th century, the Murg was an important trade route for the valley's timber rafting industry . The timber merchants and sawmill owners in the Eberstein (later Baden) valley section merged to form the Murgschifferschaft trading company , whose first statute dates from 1488. The wood felled in the middle and lower Murg valley was rafted over the Murg to stone walls, where it was dried and assembled into larger rafts. These were brought by the Rhine raftsmen, who had the monopoly on this section, on the Rhine to Mannheim. In Mannheim , even larger floating wood composites were created and some of them floated as far as the Netherlands .
In the 18th century, due to the great demand from the Netherlands for long timber, a great boom in the timber trade developed, which led to major clear cuts in the forests by the end of the century. Instead of the corpses, who specialized in sawn timber and were not financially strong enough to carry out the large log business , other timber companies took over this business.
The timber transport was hampered by the gorge in the middle valley; this section could not be rafted continuously until 1768. As early as the early 18th century, timber trading companies in Württemberg tried to create a raft road by blasting rocks in the river bed in order to bring the trunks from the upper section of the valley to the Rhine and Holland more quickly. However, also because of differences with the Speyer monastery , which is co-ruling in Gernsbach , a large part of the Württemberg wood near Huzenbach had to be transported up the mountain for about 200 meters in order to then flow it over the neighboring valleys of Nagold and Enz . For this purpose, an elevator called a machine was built in 1755 . The tree trunks were pulled up the steep mountain slope on ropes in a wooden channel with a series of running wheels moved by human power . The fragile construction was abandoned after a few years and the transport was taken over again by carts.
In order to flood the trunks from the side valleys into the Murg by drift, dams ( floods ) such as the Herrenwieser Schwallung were built in the forests and existing lakes were dammed up.
After the construction of the Murg Valley Railway, rafting lost its importance. The last raft went down the Murg in 1896, rafting had been suspended since 1913 and was officially prohibited in 1923.
Recreational use
Hiking and biking
The course of the Murg from the source to the mouth has been followed by the approx. 100 km long Murg Valley hiking trail since 1981 . The Murgleiter hiking trail leads 110 km between Gaggenau and Schliffkopf over heights on both sides of the river. The Gernsbacher Runde explores the heights of the Murgtal near Gernsbach. In Forbach, the Westweg crosses the valley as part of the European long-distance hiking trail E1 .
The 67 km long Tour de Murg cycle path, which begins in Freudenstadt , accompanies the river from Baiersbronn to Rastatt.
Kayaking and canoeing
The Murg is navigable for kayakers and canoeists when the water level is high, as occurs after heavy rainfalls or snowmelt, and is considered one of the most beautiful white water rivers in Germany. The stream bed is wide and large rocks shape the character of the river. The increasing use of water power and the weir constructions make it difficult to navigate safely with kayaks and canoeists. Risks a sudden opening of the dams by power plant operators or military conversions to life-threatening stilling basin . For canoeists, the river sections in Murgtal whitewater in the range of offer WW II to WW V .
See also
literature
- Markus Bittmann, Meinrad Bittmann: The Murgtal: History of a landscape in the northern Black Forest . Special publication of the Rastatt district archive, volume 6. Casimir Katz Verlag, Gernsbach 2009, ISBN 978-3-938047-44-6 .
- Max Scheifele , Casimir Katz, Eckart Wolf: The Murgschifferschaft. History of the raft trade, the forest and the timber industry in the Murg Valley . (= Series of publications of the state forest administration Baden-Württemberg. Volume 66). 2nd Edition. Casimir Katz Verlag, Gernsbach 1995, 521 pages, ISBN 3-925825-20-7 .
- Wilfried Schweinfurth: Geography of anthropogenic influences - The Murg system in the northern Black Forest. (= Mannheim geographical works. Volume 26). Geographical Institute of the University of Mannheim 1990, ISBN 978-3-923750-25-2 .
- Thomas Fleischhacker: How a river experiences industrial development. The Murg from Gernsbach to Rastatt . In: Industrialisierung im Nordschwarzwald , Oberrheinische Studien, Volume 34. Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern 2016, pp. 177–186, ISBN 978-3-7995-7835-6 .
Historical descriptions:
- Karl Friedrich Viktor Jägerschmid : The Murgthal: especially with regard to natural history and statistics . Nuremberg 1800 ( digitized version ).
- Franz von Kettner : Description of the Baden Murg and Oosthals . Frankfurt am Main 1843 ( digitized ).
Web links
- Tourist association in the valley of the Murg
- Bridges over the Murg: Part 1 - Part 2 - Part 3 - Part 4 (main page: karl-gotsch.de )
Individual evidence
- ↑ Heinz Fischer: Geographical Land Survey: The natural spatial units on sheet 169 Rastatt. Federal Institute for Regional Studies, Bad Godesberg 1967. → Online map (PDF; 4.4 MB)
- ^ Friedrich Huttenlocher , Hansjörg Dongus : Geographical land survey: The natural spatial units on sheet 170 Stuttgart. Federal Institute for Regional Studies, Bad Godesberg 1949, revised 1967. → Online map (PDF; 4.0 MB)
- ^ Heinz Fischer, Hans-Jürgen Klink: Geographical land survey: The natural space units on sheet 177 Offenburg. Federal Institute for Regional Studies, Bad Godesberg 1967. → Online map (PDF; 4.0 MB)
- ↑ Friedrich Huttenlocher : Geographical Land Survey: The natural space units on sheet 178 Sigmaringen. Federal Institute for Regional Studies, Bad Godesberg 1959. → Online map (PDF; 4.3 MB)
- ↑ a b c d e f Map services of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation ( information )
- ↑ a b c d e f State Institute for the Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg (LUBW) , see there under Water> Water network> Water network ( AWGN )
- ↑ a b Wilfried Schweinfurth: Surface shape and water network . In: Landesarchivdirektion Baden-Württemberg, Landkreis Rastatt and Landesmedienzentrum Baden-Württemberg (ed.): District descriptions of the state of Baden-Württemberg - The district of Rastatt . Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Stuttgart 2002, p. 43, ISBN 3-7995-1364-7 .
- ^ German Hydrological Yearbook Rhine Region, Part I 2009 State Institute for Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation Baden-Württemberg, p. 90, accessed on January 22, 2016 (PDF, German, 1.85 MB).
- ↑ Government of Freiburg: TBG documentation Murg-Alb (34) A tab 7.2.1, Freiburg i.. Br. 2009 (converted from m³ / a).
- ↑ a b LUBW: Abfluss-BW - data and map service of the LUBW , accessed on September 29, 2016
- ^ Scheifele: Murgschifferschaft , pp. 262–267.
- ↑ Schwarzwaldverein, Murgtal district: Murgtalwanderweg ( Memento from December 5, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ), accessed on September 29, 2016
- ↑ Tourismus Zweckverband Im Tal der Murg : Cycling in the Valley of Murg , accessed on December 5, 2013, at murgtal.org
- ↑ Manuel Arnu, Christoph Scheuermann: Four stars for Germany. Canoe magazine 6/2014
- ↑ Bianca Banschbach: Three days in the valley of the Murg. Canoe magazine 6/2017
- ↑ Access information on Murg: Untere Murg , on kajaktour.de
- ↑ Access information on the Lower Murg , on soulboater.com